Rtjgg, C.J.
This is an action by a husband to recover expenses for medical attendance, nursing and medicine incurred by him as a result of injuries sustained by his wife through the negligence of the defendant. Testimony was excluded' to the effect that probably as a further future result of such injuries an operation and additional treatment at an estimated cost would become necessary. A requested ruling that if the plaintiff were entitled to recover, he might recover for probable future expenses in treating his wife for the injuries sustained by her was [57] denied. The correctness of these rulings is the question to be decided.
A plaintiff, other than a married woman and a minor in some circumstances, in an action to recover compensation for personal injuries sustained through the negligence of the defendant is entitled to have considered not only-disbursements made and liabilities incurred for nursing and physicians’ care before the time of trial, but also unascertained expenses of that nature likely to arise in the future as the result of the wrong done by the defendant. Turner v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 158 Mass. 261, 266, 267. There can be but one recovery and all factors of damages must be sought in a single action. Cole v. Bay State Street Railway, 223 Mass. 442. It is a part of the rule of damages in actions of negligence that a reasonable sum for estimated future necessary expenses of the kind here sought to be recovered constitutes a part of the liability of the wrongdoer.
At common law and before the enactment of statutes affecting the rights of married women a husband might without the consent of his wife release damages for injury to her person or, if collected in her lifetime, they became his separate property, and he might maintain an action in his own name alone for an injury to his wife which resulted in his loss of consortium with her. Kelley v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 168 Mass. 308, 311. Nolin v. Pearson, 191 Mass. 283, 285. A necessary concomitant of such powers was the right to recover every element of damage founded on expenses for nursing and physicians whether already accrued or likely to arise in the future. An equally certain consequence of those principles was that there could be no recovery for such expenses by the wife: Most of these common law powers of the husband and limitations upon the wife have faded away under modern statutes, including the right to recover for loss of consortium arising out of actions for personal injuries to the wife. Bolger v. Boston Elevated, Railway, 205 Mass. 420. Feneff v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 203 Mass. 278. Actions for such personal [58] injuries must now be maintained by the wife or by her representative. The husband still remains the nominal and legal head of the family and is responsible for the reasonable support of the wife and for affording her necessary nursing and physicians’ care. Kenyon v. Vogel, 250 Mass. 341, 344. The wife may, however, bind her separate estate for service of this nature. Charron v. Day, 228 Mass. 305. In those circumstances, if properly pleaded, she might recover therefor in an action for personal injuries sustained by her. The husband is presumed to be liable therefor and the wrongdoer is liable to him for his disbursements and obligations already incurred by him on this account. Driscoll v. Gaffey, 207 Mass. 102, 108. Braun v. Bell, 247 Mass. 437, 440. Stated as a principle of law the measure of damages against a wrongdoer is the same whether the person injured is a married woman, single woman or man. He is bound to make compensation for the injury inflicted. As a practical matter the wrongdoer ought not to escape in part the consequences of his tort provided the person injured is a married woman. This precise question is not settled by authority in this Commonwealth. The point was not raised in Hunt v. Boston Terminal Co. 212 Mass. 99, and all that there was said related to different contentions.
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Rtjgg, C.J.
This is an action by a husband to recover expenses for medical attendance, nursing and medicine incurred by him as a result of injuries sustained by his wife through the negligence of the defendant. Testimony was excluded' to the effect that probably as a further future result of such injuries an operation and additional treatment at an estimated cost would become necessary. A requested ruling that if the plaintiff were entitled to recover, he might recover for probable future expenses in treating his wife for the injuries sustained by her was [57] denied. The correctness of these rulings is the question to be decided.
A plaintiff, other than a married woman and a minor in some circumstances, in an action to recover compensation for personal injuries sustained through the negligence of the defendant is entitled to have considered not only-disbursements made and liabilities incurred for nursing and physicians’ care before the time of trial, but also unascertained expenses of that nature likely to arise in the future as the result of the wrong done by the defendant. Turner v. Boston & Maine Railroad, 158 Mass. 261, 266, 267. There can be but one recovery and all factors of damages must be sought in a single action. Cole v. Bay State Street Railway, 223 Mass. 442. It is a part of the rule of damages in actions of negligence that a reasonable sum for estimated future necessary expenses of the kind here sought to be recovered constitutes a part of the liability of the wrongdoer.
At common law and before the enactment of statutes affecting the rights of married women a husband might without the consent of his wife release damages for injury to her person or, if collected in her lifetime, they became his separate property, and he might maintain an action in his own name alone for an injury to his wife which resulted in his loss of consortium with her. Kelley v. New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, 168 Mass. 308, 311. Nolin v. Pearson, 191 Mass. 283, 285. A necessary concomitant of such powers was the right to recover every element of damage founded on expenses for nursing and physicians whether already accrued or likely to arise in the future. An equally certain consequence of those principles was that there could be no recovery for such expenses by the wife: Most of these common law powers of the husband and limitations upon the wife have faded away under modern statutes, including the right to recover for loss of consortium arising out of actions for personal injuries to the wife. Bolger v. Boston Elevated, Railway, 205 Mass. 420. Feneff v. New York Central & Hudson River Railroad, 203 Mass. 278. Actions for such personal [58] injuries must now be maintained by the wife or by her representative. The husband still remains the nominal and legal head of the family and is responsible for the reasonable support of the wife and for affording her necessary nursing and physicians’ care. Kenyon v. Vogel, 250 Mass. 341, 344. The wife may, however, bind her separate estate for service of this nature. Charron v. Day, 228 Mass. 305. In those circumstances, if properly pleaded, she might recover therefor in an action for personal injuries sustained by her. The husband is presumed to be liable therefor and the wrongdoer is liable to him for his disbursements and obligations already incurred by him on this account. Driscoll v. Gaffey, 207 Mass. 102, 108. Braun v. Bell, 247 Mass. 437, 440. Stated as a principle of law the measure of damages against a wrongdoer is the same whether the person injured is a married woman, single woman or man. He is bound to make compensation for the injury inflicted. As a practical matter the wrongdoer ought not to escape in part the consequences of his tort provided the person injured is a married woman. This precise question is not settled by authority in this Commonwealth. The point was not raised in Hunt v. Boston Terminal Co. 212 Mass. 99, and all that there was said related to different contentions.
There are two ways of meeting the situation. One is by resorting to the common law history of the relation- of husband and wife and'by emphasizing the fact that in any event the husband will be liable for such future expenses as and when they arise. ¡By this line of reasoning the conclusion logically might be reached that the husband ought to recover for such future estimated expenses. The other method of approach to the problem is through the modern statutes as to the rights of married women. “A married woman may sue ... in the same manner as if she were sole; but this section shall not authorize suits between husband and wife.” G. L. c. 209, § 6. See Frankel v. Frankel, 173 Mass. 214. These words in this context interpreted in the light of the preexisting law and the mischief intended to be remedied can hardly be given a narrow [59] meaning. They mean that in the main she stands in the courts on the same footing as other litigants. The obligation of the husband to support her is for her advantage and not to her detriment. To sue “in the same manner” as if she were sole according to the common and approved usage of the language means that, if entitled to recover, her damages are to be measured by the same standard as those of other litigants. We think that these words refer both to the extent of rights to be established and to the mode of ascertaining and declaring those rights. Natick Gas Light Co. v. Natick, 175 Mass. 246, 248. The rule has been established, as already pointed out, that if nothing appears the husband is presumed to have incurred such expenses as theretofore have been necessary. The presumption is not absolute; the facts may be proved. If the husband should recover for such estimated future expenses, that money would be his. Erickson v. Buckley, 230 Mass. 467, 471. He would not hold it upon any trust. He could dispose of it as he chose. He could give it away or spend it. It would become a part of his estate and in case of his death, would be liable for his debts and might not be available for the benefit of the wife when the necessary expense should be incurred. Husbands like everybody else may be presumed to do their duty. Patterson v. Pendexter, 259 Mass. 490, 494. It is, however, common knowledge that divorces are frequent, that husbands occasionally squander their substance and sometimes desert their wives and otherwise fail in the performance of their full conjugal duties. So far as policy is to be considered, it points to the desirability of recovery by the wife of this element of damage. We think that on a fair interpretation of G. L. c. 209, § 6, the wife is entitled to recover damages based on proved future probable medical expenses, and that she is denied recovery of such expenses in the past unless she can prove that the payment therefor has been made by her or that the liability therefor rests on her. Of course there cannot be a double recovery. It follows that the plaintiff is not entitled to recover such estimated future expenses and that the residuum of the common law rights still left [60] under modern statutes to her husband does not include this element. This is the role established as to minors even though liability for future support rests on the father or parent. Horgan v. Pacific Mills, 158 Mass. 402, 404. Clarke v. Eighth Avenue Railroad, 238 N. Y. 246, 250, 251. There are decisions having a contrary appearance. Indianapolis Street Railway v. Robinson, 157 Ind. 414. See Butler v. Manhattan Railway, 143 N. Y. 417, 420. But they do not overcome the force of the reasons upon which this judgment rests. There was no error in excluding the evidence and in denying the requested ruling.
Order dismissing report affirmed.