Opinion by
Judge Barker
Reversing.
The one question involved on this appeal is whether or not J. A. Beliles is entitled to have rescinded a conveyance made by him to his sister, Mrs. M. M. Summerville. In his petition he states the facts as to the conveyance from himself to his sister as follows : ‘ ‘ That about the time the deed was made plaintiff (J. A. Beliles) was threatened with a suit for damages or bastardy proceedings, which plaintiff knew to he wholly unfounded in truth, and false and unwarranted and malicious, and to discharge such a suit plaintiff', after he had brought suit to divide said land, and when the deed was to be made by master commissioner, plaintiff simply ordered the commissioner to make the deed to Margaret Summerville, wife of defendant M. M. Summerville, without- consideration from her (Margaret), and without her knowledge or consent, and plaintiff after-wards informed her of what had been done, and she agreed that she would hold the land in her name and would deed it hack to plaintiff upon his request to do so.” If the foregoing statements are true, do they warrant a judgment of rescission as against appellants, who are the children and heirs at law of Margaret Summerville, now deceased? If so, the [297]*297judgment must be affirmed; if, not, it should be reversed.
In the case of Tantum v. Miller, 11 N. J. Eq., 551, the plaintiff alleged that she, being threatened with prosecution for a larceny, of which she was entirely innocent, in order to discourage it, made a conveyance-of her property to Eliza, the wife of Charles Miller, upon the secret trust that she would hold it, and reconvey it upon demand. In sustaining a demurrer to the bill, it was said: “If this bill can be maintained, the court must take the broad ground that if a person charged with a crime conveys away his property for the avowed purpose of - protecting it against the consequence of his conviction, if he escapes such conviction, a court of equity will aid him in recovering back his property. It is not alleged, in this case, that any fraud was practiced upon the complainant by the defendants or by any one else. It is not alleged that the prosecution was a malicious one, and that those concerned in it have been any way benefited by the conveyance, or that by their advice, or through their contrivance, the complainant was induced to execute the deed. But the complainant was charged with larceny; and, although it is alleged that she was entirely innocent of the charge, it does not appear but that there were good grounds of suspicion, .or that her accusers were actuated by any other than a most laudable desire to promote public justice. Under these circumstances, the complainant made the conveyance for the unlawful purpose of placing it beyond the reach of the law, if the threatened prosecution should prove successful. The information alleged to have been given her by her friends was correct. Her property was in jeopardy from the consequences of such a prosecution. If convicted, her property was liable for the costs. [298]*298The court might, upon such conviction, impose a fine of $500, which would be a lien upon her property. She made the deed for the purpose of placing her property beyond the reach of the process of the law in case she should be convicted. This was against public policy. This court can not aid a person under such circumstances. The complainant confided in the honesty of her niece, and there the court must leave her.”
In Cameron v. Romele, 53 Tex., 238, the vendor conveyed property to the vendee under the belief, inspired by the vendee, that she (the vendor) was about to be sued, and that she would, therefore, likely lose her property. In refusing to set aside the conveyance, the court stated the rule as follows: “It may, we think, be well questioned whether the alleged trust upon which this deed was executed is not of a character which the policy of the law forbids the courts to enforce. The purpose of the execution of the deed by appellee was to protect the property from liability for a debt which, through the fraudulent misrepresentation of Mather, she was induced to believe other parties were seeking to hold her liable. If the facts were as she supposed when she made the deed, however fraudulent may have been the conduct of the vendee, the court could give her no relief. But her motive in executing the deed is precisely the same, whether she acted upon her knowledge of the facts, or upon a mistaken belief in regard to them, growing out of the fraudulent representations of her vendee.”
In Harris v. Harris’ Ex’or, 23 Grat. (Va.), 737, one, believing himself about to be wrongfully sued for damages, executed bonds in large sums without any consideration therefor, in order to protect himself from wrongful judgments which he anticipated [299]*299would be recovered against him. In refusing to cancel these bonds the Court of Appeals of Virginia said: “It is, however, urged with much ingenuity and force that this case does not come within the operation of the statute of frauds, because these bonds were not given to hinder and delay creditors, but only to protect the defendant against the assertion of unjust demands, which he apprehended might be recovered against him because of the ‘unfavorable and unjust constitution of courts and juries at that time;’ that there was no fraudulent intent to secure his property against the claims of creditors, but the scheme resorted to was one intended for protection against unjust claimants. Now, it must be conceded that a party claiming damages for the acts of another must be regarded in law as much the creditor of that other as one holding his bonds or other promises to pay. Every person having a legal demand against another is his creditor, whether that demand is one sounding in damages or one that comes under a contract. This is a proposition too plain for argument. And it is to my mind equally plain that the question whether the demand asserted is a just and legal one, and whether the courts and juries will be likely to enforce an illegal and unjust claim, is not one for the party himself to decide. Nor will another court, passing upon his transactions in transferring his property to another to protect himself against such demands, made in regular legal proceedings, inquire whether apprehensions were justified, or whether the suits pending against him were proper suits. All these must necessarily be questions wliieh another court can not inquire into, and which certainly the party can not be allowed to decide for himself.”
In the case of Harper v. Harper, 85 Ky., 161, 8 [300]*300Ky. Law Rep., 820, 3 S. W., 5, 7 Am. St. Rep., 583, it appeared that the vendor, who was an old and rather timid and weak-minded lady, conveyed her property to a relative, Charles Harper, who had fraudulently and" falsely frightened her into the belief that she was to be sued for libel. In an action to recover the property this court clearly recognized the rule that, if one undertakes to defeat a claim asserted against him by conveying his property to another, he can not afterwards recover that which he fraudulently conveyed. In the case cited, however, the deed was rescinded on the ground that the parties "were not in pari delicto; that the timid, weak-minded Vendor was the victim, rather than the accomplice, of the vendee. Judge Holt, who spoke for the court, said: “It is true that in cases of executed contracts, if the parties be in pari delicto, they will be left where they have placed themselves. If, however, one party is but an instrument in the hands of the other, then they are not in pari delicto.”
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Opinion by
Judge Barker
Reversing.
The one question involved on this appeal is whether or not J. A. Beliles is entitled to have rescinded a conveyance made by him to his sister, Mrs. M. M. Summerville. In his petition he states the facts as to the conveyance from himself to his sister as follows : ‘ ‘ That about the time the deed was made plaintiff (J. A. Beliles) was threatened with a suit for damages or bastardy proceedings, which plaintiff knew to he wholly unfounded in truth, and false and unwarranted and malicious, and to discharge such a suit plaintiff', after he had brought suit to divide said land, and when the deed was to be made by master commissioner, plaintiff simply ordered the commissioner to make the deed to Margaret Summerville, wife of defendant M. M. Summerville, without- consideration from her (Margaret), and without her knowledge or consent, and plaintiff after-wards informed her of what had been done, and she agreed that she would hold the land in her name and would deed it hack to plaintiff upon his request to do so.” If the foregoing statements are true, do they warrant a judgment of rescission as against appellants, who are the children and heirs at law of Margaret Summerville, now deceased? If so, the [297]*297judgment must be affirmed; if, not, it should be reversed.
In the case of Tantum v. Miller, 11 N. J. Eq., 551, the plaintiff alleged that she, being threatened with prosecution for a larceny, of which she was entirely innocent, in order to discourage it, made a conveyance-of her property to Eliza, the wife of Charles Miller, upon the secret trust that she would hold it, and reconvey it upon demand. In sustaining a demurrer to the bill, it was said: “If this bill can be maintained, the court must take the broad ground that if a person charged with a crime conveys away his property for the avowed purpose of - protecting it against the consequence of his conviction, if he escapes such conviction, a court of equity will aid him in recovering back his property. It is not alleged, in this case, that any fraud was practiced upon the complainant by the defendants or by any one else. It is not alleged that the prosecution was a malicious one, and that those concerned in it have been any way benefited by the conveyance, or that by their advice, or through their contrivance, the complainant was induced to execute the deed. But the complainant was charged with larceny; and, although it is alleged that she was entirely innocent of the charge, it does not appear but that there were good grounds of suspicion, .or that her accusers were actuated by any other than a most laudable desire to promote public justice. Under these circumstances, the complainant made the conveyance for the unlawful purpose of placing it beyond the reach of the law, if the threatened prosecution should prove successful. The information alleged to have been given her by her friends was correct. Her property was in jeopardy from the consequences of such a prosecution. If convicted, her property was liable for the costs. [298]*298The court might, upon such conviction, impose a fine of $500, which would be a lien upon her property. She made the deed for the purpose of placing her property beyond the reach of the process of the law in case she should be convicted. This was against public policy. This court can not aid a person under such circumstances. The complainant confided in the honesty of her niece, and there the court must leave her.”
In Cameron v. Romele, 53 Tex., 238, the vendor conveyed property to the vendee under the belief, inspired by the vendee, that she (the vendor) was about to be sued, and that she would, therefore, likely lose her property. In refusing to set aside the conveyance, the court stated the rule as follows: “It may, we think, be well questioned whether the alleged trust upon which this deed was executed is not of a character which the policy of the law forbids the courts to enforce. The purpose of the execution of the deed by appellee was to protect the property from liability for a debt which, through the fraudulent misrepresentation of Mather, she was induced to believe other parties were seeking to hold her liable. If the facts were as she supposed when she made the deed, however fraudulent may have been the conduct of the vendee, the court could give her no relief. But her motive in executing the deed is precisely the same, whether she acted upon her knowledge of the facts, or upon a mistaken belief in regard to them, growing out of the fraudulent representations of her vendee.”
In Harris v. Harris’ Ex’or, 23 Grat. (Va.), 737, one, believing himself about to be wrongfully sued for damages, executed bonds in large sums without any consideration therefor, in order to protect himself from wrongful judgments which he anticipated [299]*299would be recovered against him. In refusing to cancel these bonds the Court of Appeals of Virginia said: “It is, however, urged with much ingenuity and force that this case does not come within the operation of the statute of frauds, because these bonds were not given to hinder and delay creditors, but only to protect the defendant against the assertion of unjust demands, which he apprehended might be recovered against him because of the ‘unfavorable and unjust constitution of courts and juries at that time;’ that there was no fraudulent intent to secure his property against the claims of creditors, but the scheme resorted to was one intended for protection against unjust claimants. Now, it must be conceded that a party claiming damages for the acts of another must be regarded in law as much the creditor of that other as one holding his bonds or other promises to pay. Every person having a legal demand against another is his creditor, whether that demand is one sounding in damages or one that comes under a contract. This is a proposition too plain for argument. And it is to my mind equally plain that the question whether the demand asserted is a just and legal one, and whether the courts and juries will be likely to enforce an illegal and unjust claim, is not one for the party himself to decide. Nor will another court, passing upon his transactions in transferring his property to another to protect himself against such demands, made in regular legal proceedings, inquire whether apprehensions were justified, or whether the suits pending against him were proper suits. All these must necessarily be questions wliieh another court can not inquire into, and which certainly the party can not be allowed to decide for himself.”
In the case of Harper v. Harper, 85 Ky., 161, 8 [300]*300Ky. Law Rep., 820, 3 S. W., 5, 7 Am. St. Rep., 583, it appeared that the vendor, who was an old and rather timid and weak-minded lady, conveyed her property to a relative, Charles Harper, who had fraudulently and" falsely frightened her into the belief that she was to be sued for libel. In an action to recover the property this court clearly recognized the rule that, if one undertakes to defeat a claim asserted against him by conveying his property to another, he can not afterwards recover that which he fraudulently conveyed. In the case cited, however, the deed was rescinded on the ground that the parties "were not in pari delicto; that the timid, weak-minded Vendor was the victim, rather than the accomplice, of the vendee. Judge Holt, who spoke for the court, said: “It is true that in cases of executed contracts, if the parties be in pari delicto, they will be left where they have placed themselves. If, however, one party is but an instrument in the hands of the other, then they are not in pari delicto.”
The refusal of the chancellor to interfere where the vendor, for a fraudulent purpose, has conveyed liis property on a secret trust to reconvey, is not alone to protect the creditors, although that consideration has its weight in the problem. The creditors have a remedy of their own by a proceeding to set aside the conveyance that their debts may be paid. Of course, to do this there must be creditors in existence; for, if there are no creditors, there is no injury, and the conveyance stands. But that is not the case here. In this case the appellee, according to his own statement, in order to discourage one who sought, or was contemplating seeking, to enforce a claim against him, conveyed his property to his sister, and is now, after the feared prosecution has failed and his sister dead, seeking to recover it. [301]*301It is contrary to the policy of the law that one should he “discouraged” in the assertion of a legal right by his adversary conveying his property without consideration.' The transaction involves moral turpitude in the intention with which it is done. What actually happens may be immaterial. Suppose, for an example, one conveys his property on secret trust for the purpose of defrauding his creditors, and then should afterwards pay all his debts; would the fact, that no creditor was actually injured enable him to. recover from his vendee? Or suppose one having no creditors should convey his property for the purpose of becoming indebted, and of then defrauding his dupes by being insolvent, but should repent before the fraud was committed; could it be maintained that, because he had paid his creditors in the first, case, and never had any in the second, he could recover the property so conveyed? We think both these questions should be answered in the negative. The enforcement of a trust is a purely equitable remedy. The chancellor, originally, as a matter of grace — not legal right — seized upon the conscience of the trustee, and forced him to do justice, because it was immoral that he should defraud one who had confided in his honor. But he would not so aid one whose hardship arose from his own evil intent or moral turpitude. That which was conceived in sin, as to the interest of the wrongdoer, was permitted to be brought forth in iniquity; or, as one of the older opinions has it, “he who doeth fraud may not borrow the hand of the chancellor to draw equity from a fountain his own hath polluted.” Believing it to be contrary to public policy that one should undertake to defeat a claim about to be asserted against him through the machinery of the law by conveying his property upon a- secret trust, with a [302]*302false statement that it was made for a valuable consideration, we think the chancellor should have dismissed the bill which sought to recover the property so conveyed by appellee.
In arriving at the conclusion we have reached in this case, we are not unmindful of the fact that there is high authority opposing it, notably sec. 441, Bump on Fraudulent Conveyances (4th Ed.), and the cases cited in the note in support of the text; but we believe that the authorities we have followed are based upon a sounder policy and a more cogent logic.
Wherefore the judgment is reversed, for proceedings consistent herewith.