Carroll-Harris v. DVA

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
• Decided: May 7, 2026
• Docket: 24-2213
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 1 Filed: 05/07/2026

NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ______________________

J. CARROLL-HARRIS, Petitioner

v.

DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, Respondent ______________________

2024-2213 ______________________

Petition for review of the Merit Systems Protection Board in No. CH-1221-15-0543-W-1. ______________________

Decided: May 7, 2026 ______________________

CYNTHIA JOYCE GAITHER, Detroit, MI, argued for peti- tioner.

MATTHEW LEWIS, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing- ton, DC, argued for respondent. Also represented by LAURA OFFENBACHER ARADI, ELIZABETH MARIE HOSFORD, PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY, BRETT SHUMATE. ______________________ Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 2 Filed: 05/07/2026

Before HUGHES and CUNNINGHAM, Circuit Judges, and BURROUGHS, District Judge. 1 BURROUGHS, District Judge. Jennifer Carroll-Harris claims that the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) fired her and took other personnel actions against her in retaliation for protected whistleblow- ing activity. She filed a complaint with the Office of Special Counsel and subsequently filed an individual-right-of-ac- tion (“IRA”) appeal to the Merit Systems Protection Board (“Board”). An administrative judge issued an initial deci- sion denying her appeal and the Board affirmed that deci- sion in a final order. Because the Board correctly concluded that Carroll-Harris did not prove that the VA re- taliated against her for protected whistleblowing activity, we affirm. BACKGROUND Carroll-Harris, a Navy veteran, worked for the VA at the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center in Detroit, Michi- gan, from 2001 to 2005 and from 2013 to 2015. Between 2013 and 2015, she was employed as a Medical Support As- sistant. In 2004 to 2005, Carroll-Harris complained to the VA Office of Inspector General that the VA employed doctors without proper medical licenses, improperly disposed of documents containing patient identifying information, and left doctor’s orders on printers close to open traffic areas. Many years later, in 2012, after the VA failed to select her for several positions, including a position as a Medical Sup- port Assistant, she complained to the Department of Labor (“DOL”), claiming that the VA had failed to properly

1 Honorable Allison D. Burroughs, District Judge, United States District Court for the District of Massachu- setts, sitting by designation. Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 3 Filed: 05/07/2026

CARROLL-HARRIS v. DVA 3

account for her veterans’ preference. In April 2014, she filed an Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) com- plaint, alleging that the VA had failed to accommodate her disability, including by failing to provide her with speech recognition software. In November 2014, the VA reas- signed Carroll-Harris from her position in the nursing- home unit to one in the same-day-surgery unit. The VA removed her effective March 13, 2015, for inappropriate and unprofessional behavior, failure to follow a direct or- der, and absence without leave. On March 22, 2015, Carroll-Harris filed the underlying whistleblower retaliation complaint with the Office of Spe- cial Counsel, alleging that the VA’s decision to remove her and to take other personnel actions against her was retali- ation for protected disclosures and activities between 2004 and 2014. In May 2015, the Office of Special Counsel ad- vised Carroll-Harris that it would not be taking any action in her case and told her that she had a right to seek correc- tive action from the Merit Systems Protection Board. In July 2015, Carroll-Harris timely filed an IRA appeal with the Board. In January 2017, after a three-day hear- ing, an administrative judge issued an initial decision denying Carroll-Harris’s request for corrective action. The administrative judge concluded (1) that Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 complaint was a protected disclosure but that her 2012 and 2014 complaints were not, and (2) that her 2012 nonselection and her 2015 removal were adverse personnel actions within the meaning of the Whistleblower Protec- tion Act (“WPA”) but that her 2014 reassignment was not. The administrative judge also found that her 2004–05 com- plaint was not a contributing factor to her nonselection or removal because Carroll-Harris had failed to prove that two agency officials, Michelle Werner and Dr. Pamela Reeves, who testified at the hearing, had either actual or constructive knowledge about her complaint when they proposed or decided her nonselection or removal. Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 4 Filed: 05/07/2026

In February 2017, Carroll-Harris petitioned for review of the initial decision by the full Board. In May 2024, the Board issued its final order. The Board agreed that Car- roll-Harris’s 2012 and 2014 complaints were not protected disclosures and that her 2014 reassignment was not a per- sonnel action. The Board also agreed that Carroll-Harris failed to prove that her 2004–05 disclosure was a contrib- uting factor in either her nonselection or removal. It based this determination, in part, on the administrative judge’s finding that the officials involved in Carroll-Harris’s 2012 nonselection and 2015 removal did not know about her 2004–05 disclosure, deferring to this finding because it was based on the demeanor of the officials who testified at the hearing. The Board additionally concluded that the agency’s selection of a nonveteran over Carroll-Harris in 2012 without following required pass-over procedures was the result of the agency’s mistaken belief that those proce- dures did not apply to the position in question, rather than any retaliatory motive. The Board also emphasized that the agency’s stated reasons for removing Carroll-Harris in 2015 were strong and noted that Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 complaint was not directed at either Werner or Reeves. Ac- cordingly, the Board denied Carroll-Harris’s petition for re- view and affirmed the administrative judge’s denial of corrective action. Carroll-Harris’s petition for this court’s review was re- ceived on August 7, 2024, outside the sixty-day window to file, and the agency thus moved to dismiss as untimely. ECF No. 1; ECF No. 21. The agency’s motion was denied “without prejudice to [the agency] making its arguments in its response brief,” ECF No. 26, which the agency failed to do. Because the timing requirement of 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1) “is not jurisdictional,” Harrow v. Dep’t of Def.¸ 601 U.S. 480, 482 (2024), we exercise our discretion to reach the merits of Carroll-Harris’s petition. We have ju- risdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(9). Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 5 Filed: 05/07/2026

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DISCUSSION We review the Board’s decisions under 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c), which permits us to set them aside only if they are “(1) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or oth- erwise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without procedures required by law, rule, or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported by substantial evidence.” Biswas v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 127 F.4th 332, 339 (Fed. Cir. 2025). To establish a prima facie case of reprisal under the WPA, as amended in 2012, an employee must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) she made a disclo- sure or engaged in activity covered by 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8) or (b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D); and (2) the disclosure or pro- tected activity was a contributing factor in a personnel ac- tion prohibited under the statute. 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1); see also Sistek v. Dep’t of Veterans Affs., 955 F.3d 948, 953 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Once the employee has done so, the agency may rebut the employee’s prima facie case with “clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same personnel action in the absence of such disclosure.” 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(2). Carroll-Harris argues that the Board erred in holding that her 2012 complaint to the DOL and her 2014 EEO complaint were not protected disclosures covered by the WPA and in finding that her 2004–05 disclosure was not a contributing factor to the agency’s decisions not to select her for a Medical Support Assistant position in 2012 and to remove her in 2015. We disagree. A The Board correctly concluded that Carroll-Harris’s 2012 complaint to the DOL and her 2014 EEO complaint were not disclosures protected by the WPA. The WPA provides federal employees the right to seek corrective action from the Board for the prohibited Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 6 Filed: 05/07/2026

personnel practices enumerated in 5 U.S.C. § 1221(a). This includes the prohibited personnel practices outlined in §§ 2302(b)(8) and (b)(9)(A)(i). See 5 U.S.C. § 1221(a). Car- roll-Harris argues that her DOL and EEO complaints qual- ified as whistleblower disclosures pursuant to § 2302(b)(8)(A)(i), which protects “any disclosure of infor- mation by an employee . . . which the employee . . . reason- ably believes evidences . . . any violation of any law, rule, or regulation.” We have, however, repeatedly rejected the argument that exercising a grievance or complaint right is protected by § 2302(b)(8). The statute “differentiate[s] be- tween reprisal based on disclosure of information,” i.e., re- taliation for whistleblowing covered by § 2302(b)(8), and “reprisal based upon exercising a right to complain,” i.e., retaliation for filing a complaint or grievance. Spruill v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 978 F.2d 679, 690 (Fed. Cir. 1992); see also Abutalib v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 127 F.4th 373, 378– 79 (Fed. Cir. 2025); Young v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 961 F.3d 1323, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2020); Serrao v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 95 F.3d 1569, 1575 (Fed. Cir. 1996). And retaliation for filing a complaint or grievance, regardless of its substance, is protected by § 2302(b)(9)(A), not (b)(8). See Serrao, 95 F.3d at 1576. Thus, Carroll-Harris’s DOL and EEO complaints cannot be protected disclosures under § 2302(b)(8). Section 2302(b)(9)(A) protects against retaliation for exercising complaint rights, but it has two subparts, only the first of which can form the basis for a whistleblower retaliation claim under the IRA cause of action. See 5 U.S.C. §§ 2302(b)(9)(A)(i)–(ii), 1221(a). Section 2302(b)(9)(A)(i) protects employees from “retaliation for ex- ercising any appeal, complaint or grievance right relating to whistleblowing, i.e., retaliation for seeking to remedy a violation of [§ 2302(b)(8)].” Young, 961 F.3d at 1329 (em- phasis added). Section 2302(b)(9)(A)(ii), by contrast, is not included in the list of prohibited personnel practices action- able under § 1221(a) and covers retaliation for filing other Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 7 Filed: 05/07/2026

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types of complaints, i.e., complaints that do not seek to remedy a violation of § 2302(b)(8). Id. Retaliation for filing such complaints is not remediable by an IRA appeal to the Board, but, rather, “through different mechanisms.” Id. Here, Carroll-Harris’s DOL and EEO complaints did not concern remediating an instance of retaliation for whis- tleblowing, so any retaliation claim for filing them falls un- der § 2302(b)(9)(A)(ii), not § 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), and is thus not actionable under § 1221(a). Because neither complaint sought to remedy a violation of § 2302(b)(8), the Board cor- rectly concluded that Carroll-Harris’s claims that the VA retaliated against her for filing them were not within the Board’s jurisdiction under § 1221(a). Section 1221(a) per- mits the Board to order corrective action based only on the prohibited personnel practices described in § 2302(b)(8) and (b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C), or (D), which do not include violat- ing a veterans’ preference, 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(11), or disa- bility discrimination, id. § 2302(b)(1). B With regard to Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 disclosure to the VA Office of Inspector General, substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that it was not a contributing factor in the agency’s decisions not to select her for a Med- ical Support Assistant position in 2012 and then to fire her in 2015. An employee may establish that a disclosure is a contributing factor through circumstantial evidence that “the official taking the personnel action knew of the disclo- sure” and “the personnel action occurred within a period of time such that a reasonable person could conclude that the disclosure . . . was a contributing factor in the personnel action.” 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1). Here, the administrative judge expressly credited testimony by Werner, who was re- sponsible for selecting Medical Support Assistants hired in 2012 and proposed Carroll-Harris’s removal in 2015, and Reeves, who removed Carroll-Harris, that they did not know of Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 disclosure. The Board Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 8 Filed: 05/07/2026

did not disturb this credibility finding in its review, and Carroll-Harris’s assertion that Reeves’s testimony was not credible because she knew about Carroll-Harris’s EEO complaint is insufficient to overcome the administrative judge’s “virtually unreviewable” credibility determination on appeal. Hambsch v. Dep’t of Treasury, 796 F.2d 430, 436 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Thus, substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that Carroll-Harris could not satisfy the statutory knowledge/timing test. The Board also relied on evidence other than knowledge and timing. Regarding Carroll-Harris’s nonse- lection for a Medical Support Assistant position in 2012, the Board noted that (1) Werner denied any knowledge of the decision not to select Carroll-Harris; (2) the record sug- gested that the agency’s selection of a nonveteran for the position without requesting permission for the pass-over from the Office of Personnel Management was due to the agency’s mistaken belief that such permission was not re- quired for the position rather than any retaliatory motive; and (3) Werner later selected Carroll-Harris for another Medical Support Assistant position, further suggesting that her prior nonselection was due to a misapplication of the pass-over procedures rather than any retaliatory mo- tive. Regarding Carroll-Harris’s removal in 2015, the Board found the agency’s stated reasons for removing her—namely, inappropriate and unprofessional behavior, failure to follow a direct order, and absence without leave— to be strong and emphasized that Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 complaint was not directed at either Werner or Reeves. This evidence provides further support for the Board’s find- ing that Carroll-Harris’s 2004–05 disclosure was not a con- tributing factor to her 2012 nonselection or her 2015 removal. Carroll-Harris’s argument that her nonselection and removal were retaliatory is, at best, a request for us to reweigh the evidence on appeal, which we may not do. See Jones v. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 834 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (“Under the substantial evidence Case: 24-2213 Document: 88 Page: 9 Filed: 05/07/2026

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standard of review, we ‘do[] not reweigh evidence on ap- peal.’” (quoting In re NTP, Inc., 654 F.3d 1279, 1292 (Fed. Cir. 2011))). CONCLUSION We have considered Carroll-Harris’s other arguments and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Board’s decision. AFFIRMED COSTS No costs.