Carrick v. Peloton Interactive, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: December 21, 2023
• Docket: 5:23-cv-04233
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 GABRIELLE E CARRICK, Case No. 23-cv-04233-SVK

8 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING 9 v. MOTION TO STAY

10 PELOTON INTERACTIVE, INC., Re: Dkt. No. 12 11 Defendant.

12 Plaintiff Gabrielle Carrick commenced this putative class action against Defendant Peloton 13 Interactive, Inc. (“Peloton”), alleging that Peloton violated several provisions of the California 14 Labor Code (the “CLC”) in connection with its employment of Plaintiff and the members of 15 Plaintiff’s putative class. See Dkt. 3, Ex. A (the “Complaint”). It turns out that this is now at least 16 the third lawsuit pending against Peloton alleging substantially the same violations of law 17 stemming from substantially the same conduct. In light of these earlier-filed, overlapping actions, 18 Peloton moves to dismiss or stay this action under the “first-to-file” rule. See Dkt. 12 (the 19 “Motion”). Plaintiff opposes the Motion. See Dkt. 17 (the “Opposition”). Peloton filed a reply. 20 See Dkt. 20. All necessary parties—Plaintiff and Peloton—have consented to the jurisdiction of a 21 magistrate judge.1 See Dkts. 14, 19. The Court has determined that the Motion is suitable for 22 resolution without oral argument. See Civil Local Rule 7-1(b). After considering the Parties’ 23 briefing, relevant law and the record in this action, and for the reasons that follow, the Court 24

25 1 Plaintiff also sued 100 Doe Defendants. See Complaint ¶¶ 6-7. These Doe defendants are not 26 “parties” for purposes of assessing whether there is complete consent to magistrate-judge jurisdiction. See Williams v. King, 875 F.3d 500, 502-505 (9th Cir. 2017) (magistrate-judge 27 jurisdiction vests only after all named parties, whether served or unserved, consent); RingCentral, Inc. v. Nextiva, Inc., No. 19-cv-02626-NC, 2020 WL 978667, at *1 n.1 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 28, 2020) 1 GRANTS the Motion and STAYS this action. 2 I. BACKGROUND 3 Peloton currently faces at least three actions alleging it violated the CLC.2 4 A. The Cohen Action 5 Originally filed in California state court on January 3, 2022, the first action is currently 6 pending in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. See Cohen v. 7 Peloton Interactive, Inc., No. 22-cv-01425-MFW, Dkt. 1 (C.D. Cal.); Dkt. 12-3, Ex. A (the 8 “Cohen Complaint”). In the Cohen action, the plaintiff asserts 10 causes of action against Peloton 9 and 50 Doe defendants based on violations of the CLC and the California Unfair Competition Law 10 (the “CUCL”), stemming from Peloton’s alleged failure to comply with the requirements of the 11 CLC in connection with its employment of the plaintiff and the members of his putative class. See 12 Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 31-103. He seeks to certify the following class: “[A]ll current and former 13 hourly, non-exempt employees who worked for Defendants [i.e., Peloton and Doe defendants] in 14 California at any time from at least four years prior to filing this action [i.e., January 3, 2018] and 15 through the present (the Class).” See id. ¶ 19. He also seeks to certify nine subclasses. See id. 16 The parties in the Cohen action have reached a settlement in principle and intend to seek 17 court approval of their settlement upon execution of a settlement agreement. See Cohen, No. 22- 18 cv-01425-MFW, Dkt. 49 at 2-3. It is not clear whether or how this settlement would impact the 19 claims asserted in this action. 20 B. The McKinnon Action 21 Originally filed in California state court on April 15, 2022, the second action is currently 22 pending in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. See McKinnon v. 23 Peloton Interactive, Inc., No. 22-cv-03368-MFW, Dkt. 1 (C.D. Cal.); Dkt. 12-3, Ex. B (the 24 “McKinnon Complaint”). In the McKinnon action, the plaintiffs assert nine causes of action 25

26 2 Peloton requests that the Court judicially notice the operative complaints in the two earlier-filed 27 actions. See Dkt. 12-3. The Court “may take judicial notice of court filings and other matters of public record” and does so here. Reyn’s Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc., 442 F.3d 741, 746 1 against Peloton and 50 Doe defendants based on violations of the CLC and the Fair Labor 2 Standards Act, stemming from Peloton’s alleged failure to comply with the requirements of those 3 statutes in connection with its employment of the plaintiffs and the members of their putative 4 class. See McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ 95-173. They seek to certify the following class: “All current 5 and former hourly, non-exempt employees employed by Defendant [i.e., Peloton] at one of 6 Defendant’s warehouse locations in California including Treadmill Specialists, Assemblers, 7 Warehouse Associates, Tread Operations, Drivers, Warehouse Associates, Master Technicians, 8 Field Operations Leads, and other similar positions, at any time starting November 18, 2020 until 9 resolution of this action.” See id. ¶ 82. They also seek to certify seven subclasses. See id. ¶¶ 83- 10 91. 11 On May 19, 2022, the McKinnon court transferred the action to the Honorable Michael W. 12 Fitzgerald who was already presiding over the Cohen action. See McKinnon, No. 22-cv-03368- 13 MFW, Dkt. 11. The court listed two “reason[s] for transfer as indicated by counsel”: (1) the two 14 actions “[a]rise from the same or closely related transactions, happenings or events;” and (2) the 15 two actions “[c]all for determination of the same or substantially related or similar questions of 16 law and fact.”3 Id. The McKinnon court subsequently stayed that action in light of the Cohen 17 action.4 See id., Dkts. 45, 55. 18 C. This Action 19 Originally filed in California state court on June 16, 2023, the instant action was removed 20 to this Court on August 18, 2023. See Dkt. 1. In this action, Plaintiff asserts seven causes of 21 action against Peloton and 100 Doe defendants based on violations of the CLC and the CUCL, 22 stemming from Peloton’s alleged failure to comply with the requirements of the CLC in 23 connection with its employment of Plaintiff and the members of her putative class. See Complaint 24 25

26 3 Peloton is represented by the same counsel in the Cohen action as in the McKinnon action. Peloton is represented by different counsel in this action. 27 4 The Parties to the Cohen action have indicated that their tentative settlement encompasses the 1 ¶¶ 41-100. She seeks to certify nine different classes5, all of which effectively constitute 2 subclasses to the following overarching class: “All current and former hourly non-exempt 3 employees employed by Defendants [i.e., Peloton and Doe defendants] as direct employees as well 4 as temporary employees employed through temp agencies in California[.]” See id. ¶ 39. 5 D. Overlap Between The Three Actions6 6 The following chart illustrates the overlap between the claims asserted in the instant action 7 and the claims asserted in the Cohen and McKinnon actions: Claim Asserted Asserted In Asserted In 8 In This Action Cohen Action? McKinnon Action? 9 Failure To Pay Overtime Wages Yes Yes (CLC §§ 510, 1194) (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 47- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ 10 (Complaint ¶¶ 41-50) 51) 125-36) Failure To Authorize Yes Yes 11 Or Permit Meal Periods (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 31- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ (CLC §§ 226.7, 512) 35) 105-15) 12 (Complaint ¶¶ 51-59) 13 Failure To Authorize Yes Yes Or Permit Rest Periods (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 36- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ 14 (CLC § 226.7) 42) 116-24) (Complaint ¶¶ 60-68) 15 Failure To Indemnify Yes Yes 16 Employment-Related Expenses (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 72- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ (CLC § 2802) 78) 157-67) 17 (Complaint ¶¶ 69-76) Failure To Provide Yes Yes 18 Accurate Wage Statements (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 43- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ (CLC § 226) 46) 150-56) 19 (Complaint ¶¶ 77-86) 20 Failure To Timely Pay All Wages Due Yes Yes 21

22 5 Plaintiff also seeks to certify a tenth class that aggregates her nine other classes. See Complaint ¶ 39. 23 6 On December 20, 2023, with approval of the court, the parties in the Cohen action filed a third 24 amended complaint solely for purposes of effectuating their tentative settlement. See Cohen, No. 22-cv-01425-MFW, Dkts. 50-51. This amended pleading consolidates the parties and claims of 25 the Cohen and McKinnon actions. However, if the Cohen court “declines to approve the settlement and the parties void the settlement agreement, the Third Amended Complaint shall have 26 no force or effect, and Plaintiff Cohen shall withdraw the Third Amended Complaint and refile the Second Amended Complaint.” See id., Dkt. 50. It is not clear whether or how the tentative 27 settlement in the Cohen action would impact the claims asserted in this action. Accordingly, the Court focuses its analysis in this Order on the second amended complaint in the Cohen action and Upon Termination Of Employment (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 79- (McKinnon Complaint ¶¶ 1 (CLC §§ 201-03) 88) 168-73) 2 (Complaint ¶¶ 87-96) UCL Violations For Yes No 3 All CLC Violations (Cohen Complaint ¶¶ 89- (Complaint ¶¶ 97-100) 93) 4 Similarly, the following chart illustrates the overlap between the putative classes in all three 5 actions: 6 This Action The Cohen Action The McKinnon Action (Complaint ¶ 39) (Cohen Complaint ¶ 19) (McKinnon Complaint ¶ 82) 7 All current and former [A]ll current and former All current and former 8 hourly non-exempt hourly, non-exempt hourly, non-exempt employees employed by employees who worked for employees employed by 9 Defendants [i.e., Peloton and Defendants [i.e., Peloton and Defendant [i.e., Peloton] at Doe defendants] as direct Doe defendants] in one of Defendant’s warehouse 10 employees as well as California at any time from at locations in California 11 temporary employees least four years prior to filing including Treadmill employed through temp this action [i.e., January 3, Specialists, Assemblers, 12 agencies in California[.] 2018] and through the present Warehouse Associates, Tread (the Class). Operations, Drivers, 13 Warehouse Associates, Master Technicians, Field 14 Operations Leads, and other 15 similar positions, at any time starting November 18, 2020 16 until resolution of this action. 17 II. LEGAL STANDARD 18 “There is a generally recognized doctrine of federal comity which permits a district court 19 to decline jurisdiction over an action when a complaint involving the same parties and issues has 20 already been filed in another district.” Pacesetter Sys., Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 94-95 21 (9th Cir. 1982) (citations omitted). This “first-to-file rule was developed to ‘serve[ ] the purpose 22 of promoting efficiency well and should not be disregarded lightly.’” Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld 23 Prods., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 625 (9th Cir. 1991) (citations omitted). “When applying the first-to- 24 file rule, courts should be driven to maximize ‘economy, consistency, and comity.’” Kohn L. 25 Grp., Inc. v. Auto Parts Mfg. Miss., Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). 26 “Courts look to three factors when applying the first-to-file rule: ‘(1) the chronology of the two 27 actions; (2) the similarity of the parties[;] and (3) the similarity of the issues.’” Fossum v. Nw. 1 (citation omitted). The rule does not require identical parties or issues; “substantial” similarity 2 suffices. See Kohn, 787 F.3d at 1240. Whether a court dismisses, stays or transfers an action 3 under the rule rests within its discretion. See Fossum, 2010 WL 11054415, at *1. 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 All three factors of the first-to-file rule weigh in favor of applying the rule in this action. 6 Chronology. Indisputably, Plaintiff commenced this action after commencement of the 7 Cohen and McKinnon actions. Plaintiff does not argue otherwise. Thus, this factor weighs in 8 favor of applying the rule. 9 Similarity Of Parties. In analyzing the similarity of parties in the context of class actions, 10 courts in this District “compar[e] the putative classes even prior to certification.” Wallerstein v. 11 Dole Fresh Vegetables, Inc., 967 F. Supp. 2d 1289, 1295 (N.D. Cal. 2013).7 “[P]roposed classes 12 in class action lawsuits are substantially similar where both classes seek to represent at least some 13 of the same individuals,” even if the class proposed in one action is broader than the class 14 proposed in the other. See Hill v. Robert’s Am. Gourmet Food, LLC, No. 13-cv-00696-YGR, 15 2013 WL 3476801, at *4 (N.D. Cal. July 10, 2013). Here, all three actions effectively seek to 16 certify a class covering all current and former hourly, non-exempt employees who worked for 17 Peloton in California, and the proposed classes vary only in terms of how they subdivide this class 18 and the class periods applied. Contrasting these minor differences, the similarities among the 19 putative classes are substantial. See, e.g., Wallerstein, 967 F. Supp. 2d at 1296 (putative classes 20 substantially similar, even though one action “does not specify a class period” and “seeks to 21 represent a potentially larger class” than other action); Hill, 2013 WL 3476801, at *4 (putative 22 classes substantially similar, even though “plaintiffs in [other action] seek to represent a larger and 23

24 7 At least one court in this District has compared named plaintiffs in putative class actions instead of comparing putative classes before certification. See Lac Anh Le v. Pricewaterhousecoopers 25 LLP, No. 07-cv-05476-MMC, 2008 WL 618938, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 4, 2008). “[T]he more widely accepted rule,” however, permits comparing putative classes before certification. See 26 Wallerstein, 967 F. Supp. 2d at 1295. Waiting until a court certifies a class before dismissing, staying or transferring an action under the first-to-file rule may unnecessarily require the 27 prosecution of parallel litigations. Accordingly, this Court believes comparing putative classes before certification comports with the goals of the first-to-file rule (i.e., economy, consistency and 1 broader class”). Further, all three actions assert claims against a single named defendant: Peloton. 2 Plaintiff argues that the putative class in the McKinnon action is not substantially similar to 3 the putative class in this action, because “the McKinnon Action seeks to represent hourly non- 4 exempt employees who worked at Defendant’s warehouse locations,” rendering the putative class 5 in this action broader than the putative class in the McKinnon action. See Opposition at 2. But the 6 substantial-similarity factor does not require identical class definitions; the putative classes must 7 simply “seek to represent at least some of the same individuals” (Hill, 2013 WL 3476801, at *4), 8 and the putative class members in the McKinnon action fall within the broad class definition 9 proposed in this action. Even if the Court agreed with Plaintiff, Plaintiff does not dispute that the 10 putative class in this action is substantially similar to the putative class in the Cohen action. Thus, 11 this factor weighs in favor of applying the rule. 12 Similarity Of Issues. The claims in this action substantially overlap with the claims in the 13 Cohen and McKinnon actions. Peloton faces six of the claims asserted in this action in both the 14 Cohen and McKinnon actions, and Peloton faces all of the claims asserted in this action in the 15 Cohen action. Further, all three actions seek recovery for the same alleged conduct (i.e., Peloton’s 16 failure to comply with the requirements of the CLC in connection with its employment practices). 17 This overlap constitutes a substantial similarity of issues. See, e.g., Wallerstein, 967 F. Supp. 2d 18 at 1297 (issues substantially similar where some of the same statutory claims brought in both 19 actions, and “the thrust of the lawsuits is identical”); Hill, 2013 WL 3476801, at *4 (issues 20 substantially similar where some of the same statutory claims brought in both actions, and “both 21 actions implicate the same factual issues”). 22 Plaintiff argues that the issues raised in the three actions are not substantially similar, 23 because the McKinnon action does not involve an indemnity claim, and the indemnity claim in the 24 Cohen action “involves entirely different factual allegations.” See Opposition at 2. The Court 25 disagrees. All three actions seek indemnification under CLC Section 2802 for similar categories 26 of work-related expenses incurred by putative class members: 27  This Action: “Defendants violated Labor Code section 2802 by employing policies, 1 Plaintiff and Indemnification Class Members who worked remotely. These policies, 2 practices, and/or procedures included, but were not limited to, requiring Plaintiff and 3 Indemnification Class Members who work remotely to use or purchase their own tools 4 and/or resources in order to work for Defendants, including but not limited to their 5 internet, and/or cell phone (including both telephone use and cellular data use) for work- 6 related purposes - without reimbursing Plaintiff and Indemnification Class Members for 7 such use.” Complaint ¶ 71. 8  Cohen Action: “Defendants have violated Labor Code § 2802 by failing to indemnify 9 Plaintiff and the members of the Indemnification Class necessary expenditures they 10 incurred in the discharge of their duties. Specifically, Defendants employed a policy, 11 practice, and procedure whereby Plaintiff and similarly situated employees were required 12 [to] use their personal vehicles for employment-related purposes as well as their personal 13 cell phones for employment-related purposes. Plaintiff and similarly situated employees 14 accumulated mileage and other driving costs on their own personal vehicles, and they were 15 also required to pay their monthly cell phone costs, which Defendants routinely utilized to 16 contact Plaintiff and similarly situated employees to implement their schedules and/or 17 direct their daily work activities.” Cohen Complaint ¶ 74. 18  McKinnon Action: “As alleged supra, Defendant required Plaintiffs and Class/Subclass 19 Members to use their personal cell phones, personal cell phone data plans, personal 20 Internet access, home Internet access and to purchase uniforms to perform their job duties 21 and for Plaintiffs and Class/Subclass members, it is also essential for them to use the GPS 22 function on their own personal cell phones via their personal cell phone data plans. . . . As 23 a result of Defendant’s violation of Labor Code § 2802, Plaintiffs seek reimbursement for 24 all business-related expenses they have incurred working for Defendant . . . .”8 McKinnon 25 Complaint ¶¶ 159-67. 26

27 8 The plaintiffs in the McKinnon action also seek indemnification for other categories of work- related expenses in addition to those listed above. See, e.g., McKinnon Complaint ¶ 161 ] Even if the Court agreed with Plaintiff that the indemnity claims asserted in the three actions do 2 || not overlap, Plaintiff does not dispute that Plaintiff's remaining claims overlap with the claims 3 asserted in the Cohen and McKinnon actions. Thus, this factor weighs in favor of applying the 4 |} rule. 5 ok 6 In sum, all three factors weigh in favor of applying the first-to-file rule. The Court must 7 || now determine whether it will dismiss or stay this action. “Dismissal is proper where the court of 8 first filing provides adequate remedies. If there are concems regarding the availability of remedies 9 || in the court of first filing, . . . then the court of second filing should consider a stay.” Molander v. 10 Google LLC, 473 F. Supp. 3d 1013, 1020 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (citations omitted). Here, the 11 McKinnon court has stayed that action, and the parties in the Cohen action have reached a 12 || settlement in principle that encompasses both the Cohen and McKinnon actions. It is not clear 13. || whether or how this settlement would impact the claims asserted in this action. Accordingly, 14 || “there are concerns regarding the availability of remedies in the court of first filing.” The Court 2 15 || will therefore stay this action. 16 |v. CONCLUSION i 17 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the Motion and STAYS this action. The Z 18 || Parties shall file a status report by the earlier of (1) 14 days after the Cohen court preliminarily 19 || approves settlement in that action or (2) June 21, 2024. 20 SO ORDERED. 21 Dated: December 21, 2023 22 23 Sess □□□ SUSAN VAN KEULEN 24 United States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28