[Cite as Carpenter v. Carpenter, 2013-Ohio-4980.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
CURTIS WAYNE CARPENTER, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : CASE NO. CA2013-05-083
: OPINION - vs - 11/12/2013 :
MICAH MAY CARPENTER, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION Case No. DS12-10-0081
Richard A. Hyde, 6 South Second Street, Suite 311, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for plaintiff- appellant
Ched H. Peck, 304 North Second Street, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for defendant-appellee
RINGLAND, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Curtis Wayne Carpenter (father), appeals a decision of the
Butler County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, designating Micah May
Carpenter (mother), residential parent and legal custodian of the parties' daughter.1
1. Pursuant to Loc.R. 6(A), we sua sponte remove this case from the accelerated calendar and place it on the regular calendar for purposes of issuing this opinion. Butler CA2013-05-083
{¶ 2} Mother and father were married on September 6, 2008 and two children, a son
and a daughter, were born during the marriage. On October 8, 2012, father filed a complaint
for custody of their daughter.2 A hearing over multiple days was held before a magistrate.
During the hearing, father testified that mother's behavior is often erratic and unsafe for the
daughter including mother's suddenly moving the daughter to the west coast in the summer
of 2012 and exposing her to an uncle who had sexually abused mother. The evidence also
established that father suffers from a drug addiction but is attending a drug rehabilitation
program, has a criminal record, and tested positive for cocaine on a court-ordered hair follicle
test administered in late 2012.
{¶ 3} At the conclusion of the hearings, the magistrate granted father residential
parent and legal custodian status while mother was granted parenting time with the daughter.
Subsequently, mother filed an objection to the magistrate's decision. While the custody
matter was pending, father filed for divorce from mother.3 The divorce action is a separate
case and has not been consolidated with the custody dispute.
{¶ 4} On May 13, 2013, the trial court entered its decision regarding custody of the
daughter. The court overruled the magistrate's decision and ordered that mother be named
residential parent and legal custodian of the daughter and granted father parenting time. In
its decision, the trial court acknowledged the pending divorce action between the parties.
The court instructed the parties to incorporate the parenting orders into their divorce decree
after the issuance of a final child support order and to dismiss the present case upon the
filing of the divorce decree. The court then remanded the present case to the magistrate to
2. Father filed a complaint for custody of both children in the Butler County Common Pleas Courts, Division of Domestic Relations. However, the parties' other child, the son, was under the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Division and therefore the custody of the son is not at issue in this case.
3. The divorce case was filed in Butler County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Case No. DR13020136. -2- Butler CA2013-05-083
"calculate child support, give orders regarding health insurance and payment of medical
expenses, and properly allocate the tax exemption for the [daughter]."
{¶ 5} Father now appeals, raising a sole assignment of error:
{¶ 6} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF [FATHER] IN
OVERRULING THE DECISION OF THE MAGISTRATE AND GRANTING [MOTHER]
RESIDENTIAL PARENT STATUS OF [DAUGHTER].
{¶ 7} Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in designating mother
residential parent and legal custodian of the daughter. Specifically, father asserts the trial
court failed to consider that mother has mental health issues and has exhibited poor
judgment.
{¶ 8} Before we address the merits of the instant appeal, we must determine whether
this court has jurisdiction. It is well-established that appellate courts have jurisdiction to
review only judgments or "final orders." Section 3(B)(2), Article IV, Ohio Constitution and
R.C. 2505.03(A). Final orders are those that dispose of the whole case or some separate
and distinct subdivision of it while leaving nothing for future determination. Hetterick v.
Hetterick, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2012-02-002, 2013-Ohio-15, ¶ 13. If an order appealed
from is not final and appealable, a court of appeals has no jurisdiction to rule on the appeal
and must dismiss it, sua sponte, even if neither party has raised the issue. Ossai-Charles v.
Charles, 188 Ohio App.3d 503, 2010-Ohio-3558, ¶ 12 (12th Dist.). 4 {¶ 9} R.C. 2505.02(B) defines several types of "final orders" that may be "reviewed,
affirmed, modified, or reversed, with or without retrial." R.C. 2505.02(B)(1) states that a final
order is one that "affects a substantial right in an action that in effect determines the action
and prevents a judgment." Additionally, R. C. 2505.02(B)(2) states that an order is final and
4. R.C. 2505.02 was amended by 2013 Ohio Laws File 25 (Am.Sub.H.B. 59). However these changes do not affect the relevant provision of the statute in this case. -3- Butler CA2013-05-083
appealable when it "affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding * * *." Divorce
and ancillary custody proceedings did not exist at common law, but were created by statute,
and therefore are special proceedings within the meaning of Section 2505.02 of the Ohio
Revised Code. State ex rel. Papp v. James, 69 Ohio St.3d 373, 379 (1994). Therefore, R.C.
2505.02(B)(2) is the proper subsection to determine whether a custody decision is final and
appealable.
{¶ 10} A "[s]ubstantial right" is defined as "a right that the United States Constitution,
the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a person to
enforce or protect." R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that
"parental custody of a child is an important legal right protected by law and, thus, comes
within the purview of a 'substantial right' for purposes of applying R.C. 2505.02." In re T.G.,
12th Dist. No. CA2008-01-026, 2008-Ohio-4165, ¶ 13, quoting In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d
155, 157 (1990). An order affects a substantial right if, in the absence of an immediate
appeal, one of the parties would be foreclosed from appropriate relief in the future if an
appeal were not immediately allowed. E.g., Jennings v. Hall, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-
12-259, 2013-Ohio-1731, ¶ 7.
{¶ 11} This court has joined with many of our sister appellate Districts in holding that,
"where the amount of child support is ambiguous, or left to be calculated at a later date, there
is not a final appealable order because the order contemplates further action by the trial
court." In re B.H.S., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2009-05-129, 2010-Ohio-2706, ¶ 11, quoting
Coleman v. Vickers, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 480, 1993 WL 120657, *1 (Apr. 20, 1993). Similarly,
the Eighth District has held that an order was not final when child custody was determined
but calculation of child support was deferred to a later date. In re Burke, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
Nos. 78982, 79414, 2002 WL 102960, *2 (Jan. 24, 2002). See Robinson v. Robinson, 9th
Dist. Summit No.
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[Cite as Carpenter v. Carpenter, 2013-Ohio-4980.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
CURTIS WAYNE CARPENTER, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : CASE NO. CA2013-05-083
: OPINION - vs - 11/12/2013 :
MICAH MAY CARPENTER, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION Case No. DS12-10-0081
Richard A. Hyde, 6 South Second Street, Suite 311, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for plaintiff- appellant
Ched H. Peck, 304 North Second Street, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, for defendant-appellee
RINGLAND, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Curtis Wayne Carpenter (father), appeals a decision of the
Butler County Court of Common Pleas, Domestic Relations Division, designating Micah May
Carpenter (mother), residential parent and legal custodian of the parties' daughter.1
1. Pursuant to Loc.R. 6(A), we sua sponte remove this case from the accelerated calendar and place it on the regular calendar for purposes of issuing this opinion. Butler CA2013-05-083
{¶ 2} Mother and father were married on September 6, 2008 and two children, a son
and a daughter, were born during the marriage. On October 8, 2012, father filed a complaint
for custody of their daughter.2 A hearing over multiple days was held before a magistrate.
During the hearing, father testified that mother's behavior is often erratic and unsafe for the
daughter including mother's suddenly moving the daughter to the west coast in the summer
of 2012 and exposing her to an uncle who had sexually abused mother. The evidence also
established that father suffers from a drug addiction but is attending a drug rehabilitation
program, has a criminal record, and tested positive for cocaine on a court-ordered hair follicle
test administered in late 2012.
{¶ 3} At the conclusion of the hearings, the magistrate granted father residential
parent and legal custodian status while mother was granted parenting time with the daughter.
Subsequently, mother filed an objection to the magistrate's decision. While the custody
matter was pending, father filed for divorce from mother.3 The divorce action is a separate
case and has not been consolidated with the custody dispute.
{¶ 4} On May 13, 2013, the trial court entered its decision regarding custody of the
daughter. The court overruled the magistrate's decision and ordered that mother be named
residential parent and legal custodian of the daughter and granted father parenting time. In
its decision, the trial court acknowledged the pending divorce action between the parties.
The court instructed the parties to incorporate the parenting orders into their divorce decree
after the issuance of a final child support order and to dismiss the present case upon the
filing of the divorce decree. The court then remanded the present case to the magistrate to
2. Father filed a complaint for custody of both children in the Butler County Common Pleas Courts, Division of Domestic Relations. However, the parties' other child, the son, was under the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Division and therefore the custody of the son is not at issue in this case.
3. The divorce case was filed in Butler County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Case No. DR13020136. -2- Butler CA2013-05-083
"calculate child support, give orders regarding health insurance and payment of medical
expenses, and properly allocate the tax exemption for the [daughter]."
{¶ 5} Father now appeals, raising a sole assignment of error:
{¶ 6} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF [FATHER] IN
OVERRULING THE DECISION OF THE MAGISTRATE AND GRANTING [MOTHER]
RESIDENTIAL PARENT STATUS OF [DAUGHTER].
{¶ 7} Father argues that the trial court abused its discretion in designating mother
residential parent and legal custodian of the daughter. Specifically, father asserts the trial
court failed to consider that mother has mental health issues and has exhibited poor
judgment.
{¶ 8} Before we address the merits of the instant appeal, we must determine whether
this court has jurisdiction. It is well-established that appellate courts have jurisdiction to
review only judgments or "final orders." Section 3(B)(2), Article IV, Ohio Constitution and
R.C. 2505.03(A). Final orders are those that dispose of the whole case or some separate
and distinct subdivision of it while leaving nothing for future determination. Hetterick v.
Hetterick, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2012-02-002, 2013-Ohio-15, ¶ 13. If an order appealed
from is not final and appealable, a court of appeals has no jurisdiction to rule on the appeal
and must dismiss it, sua sponte, even if neither party has raised the issue. Ossai-Charles v.
Charles, 188 Ohio App.3d 503, 2010-Ohio-3558, ¶ 12 (12th Dist.). 4 {¶ 9} R.C. 2505.02(B) defines several types of "final orders" that may be "reviewed,
affirmed, modified, or reversed, with or without retrial." R.C. 2505.02(B)(1) states that a final
order is one that "affects a substantial right in an action that in effect determines the action
and prevents a judgment." Additionally, R. C. 2505.02(B)(2) states that an order is final and
4. R.C. 2505.02 was amended by 2013 Ohio Laws File 25 (Am.Sub.H.B. 59). However these changes do not affect the relevant provision of the statute in this case. -3- Butler CA2013-05-083
appealable when it "affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding * * *." Divorce
and ancillary custody proceedings did not exist at common law, but were created by statute,
and therefore are special proceedings within the meaning of Section 2505.02 of the Ohio
Revised Code. State ex rel. Papp v. James, 69 Ohio St.3d 373, 379 (1994). Therefore, R.C.
2505.02(B)(2) is the proper subsection to determine whether a custody decision is final and
appealable.
{¶ 10} A "[s]ubstantial right" is defined as "a right that the United States Constitution,
the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a person to
enforce or protect." R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that
"parental custody of a child is an important legal right protected by law and, thus, comes
within the purview of a 'substantial right' for purposes of applying R.C. 2505.02." In re T.G.,
12th Dist. No. CA2008-01-026, 2008-Ohio-4165, ¶ 13, quoting In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d
155, 157 (1990). An order affects a substantial right if, in the absence of an immediate
appeal, one of the parties would be foreclosed from appropriate relief in the future if an
appeal were not immediately allowed. E.g., Jennings v. Hall, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-
12-259, 2013-Ohio-1731, ¶ 7.
{¶ 11} This court has joined with many of our sister appellate Districts in holding that,
"where the amount of child support is ambiguous, or left to be calculated at a later date, there
is not a final appealable order because the order contemplates further action by the trial
court." In re B.H.S., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2009-05-129, 2010-Ohio-2706, ¶ 11, quoting
Coleman v. Vickers, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 480, 1993 WL 120657, *1 (Apr. 20, 1993). Similarly,
the Eighth District has held that an order was not final when child custody was determined
but calculation of child support was deferred to a later date. In re Burke, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
Nos. 78982, 79414, 2002 WL 102960, *2 (Jan. 24, 2002). See Robinson v. Robinson, 9th
Dist. Summit No. 21440, 2003-Ohio-5049, ¶ 6 ("[w]hen a trial court grants a monetary award -4- Butler CA2013-05-083
that is left unresolved, a final appealable order does not exist"). See also Michael v. Michael,
12th Dist. Preble No. CA99-05-12 (Dec. 13, 1999)(noting that a custody decision was not a
final appealable order when the issues of visitation of child support were not determined).
We note that while some of these cases determined that the order was not final under R.C.
2505.02(B)(1), an analysis under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) is more appropriate.
{¶ 12} The trial court's May 13, 2013 entry declaring mother residential parent and
legal custodian of the daughter and granting father parenting time was not a final appealable
order. While the entry declared mother residential parent and legal custodian, the case was
remanded to the magistrate to calculate child support, determine health insurance and
payment of medical expenses, and properly allocate the tax exemption for daughter. As
noted above, this court and others have determined that where the amount of child support is
undetermined, there is not a final appealable order. The determination of child support and
custody are hand in glove; trial courts cannot determine child custody without also issuing an
award of support. See R.C. 3109.04(A); R.C. 3105.21(A). The order does not dispose of the
whole case or a separate and distinct part of it while leaving nothing for further determination.
{¶ 13} Accordingly, we hold that an order related to custody does not affect a
substantial right until there is both an order determining custody and a support order based
on that order. There has been no showing that father would be denied the ability to obtain
appropriate relief by being required to raise his argument that the trial court incorrectly
granted custody to mother after the court determines the amount of father's support
obligation. In so holding, we note that some legal scholars have interpreted Walburn v.
Dunlap, 121 Ohio St.3d 373, 2009-Ohio-1221, ¶ 24, as creating an "immediate
consequences" test in determining whether an order was final and appealable. Painter and
Pollis, Baldwin's Ohio Handbook Series Ohio Appellate Practice, Section 2:14 (2012). Even
if we were to accept and apply this test, our holding would not change because the evidence -5- Butler CA2013-05-083
established that the daughter was residing with mother before the custody proceedings and
therefore granting mother custody would not result in "immediate consequences" to the
parties.
{¶ 14} Therefore, the trial court's order granting custody does not result in any
"immediate consequences" nor does it foreclose either party from appropriate relief in the
future.
{¶ 15} Appeal dismissed for lack of a final appealable order.
HENDRICKSON, P.J., and S. POWELL, J., concur.
-6-