This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1720 A15-1725
Carole Jean Halverson, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
and
Carole Jean Halverson, Appellant.
Filed August 29, 2016 Affirmed Larkin, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-21282
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
David K. Ross, Maple Plain City Attorney, Carson, Clelland & Schreder, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Sara J. Euteneuer, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant) Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LARKIN, Judge
In these consolidated appeals, appellant challenges her conviction of third-degree
driving while impaired (DWI). In file A15-1725, appellant argues that the district court
erred by denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained during a traffic stop. In file
A15-1720, appellant challenges the postconviction court’s denial of relief, but she does not
allege error. We affirm.
FACTS
Respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Carole Jean Halverson with two
counts of third-degree DWI. Halverson moved to suppress evidence obtained during the
underlying traffic stop of her vehicle, arguing that the stop was unlawful. The district court
held a hearing on Halverson’s motion, heard testimony from West Hennepin Public Safety
Officer Matthew Rosati, and found the relevant facts to be as follows.
At approximately 6:45 p.m. on June 27, 2014, the Hennepin County Police
Department received a call from a citizen reporting that a blue BMW with license plate
145GMG was driving extremely slowly and weaving across the fog and center lines.
Officer Rosati responded to the report and located the car, which was unoccupied and
parked in a parking lot. Officer Rosati testified that he ran a computer check and learned
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
2 that the vehicle was registered to V.H., who had a revoked driver’s license. Officer Rosati
testified that he looked for V.H. in the area, did not find her, and left the area to assist an
officer in another location.
About two hours later, Officer Rosati saw the vehicle leave the parking lot where
he had observed it earlier. He followed the vehicle until it pulled over to the side of the
road. After the vehicle did not move for approximately 30 seconds, Officer Rosati turned
on his emergency lights and initiated a traffic stop. Halverson was driving the vehicle.
When Officer Rosati approached the vehicle, he smelled alcohol and noticed that
Halverson’s eyes were bloodshot and watery and that her speech was slurred. Halverson
failed field sobriety tests, and Officer Rosati arrested her for DWI.
The district court denied Halverson’s motion to suppress. According to the district
court, Halverson “entered a Lothenbach plea,” “[t]he parties stipulated to facts pursuant to
Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 26.01, subdivisions 3 and 4,” and the district
court found Halverson guilty of both counts and convicted her. 1 Halverson petitioned for
postconviction relief, arguing that she did not understand the court procedure or the
consequences of waiving her rights. She also argued that she was not the driver of the
vehicle. The postconviction court denied relief. Halverson separately appealed the district
1 In describing the “stipulated facts” procedure to Halverson on the record, her attorney stated that “we’re letting the State enter all of their evidence to the judge” and that the procedure “preserves your right to appeal the judge’s pretrial hearing.” It appears that the parties intended to proceed under Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4. See State v. Myhre, 875 N.W.2d 799, 802 (Minn. 2016) (noting that Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, “replaced Lothenbach as the method for preserving a dispositive pretrial issue for appellate review in a criminal case”).
3 court’s final judgment and the postconviction court’s denial of relief, and this court
consolidated the appeals.
DECISION
Halverson argues that “[t]he district court’s suppression ruling must be reversed
because the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop [her] vehicle.” The
United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures by
the government. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. However, a police
officer may initiate a limited, investigative stop without a warrant if the officer has
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Dickerson, 481 N.W.2d 840,
843 (Minn. 1992) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1884 (1968)), aff’d,
508 U.S. 366, 113 S. Ct. 2130 (1993).
In assessing reasonable suspicion, Minnesota courts “consider the totality of the
circumstances and acknowledge that trained law enforcement officers are permitted to
make inferences and deductions that would be beyond the competence of an untrained
person.” State v. Richardson, 622 N.W.2d 823, 825 (Minn. 2001). The reasonable-
suspicion standard is “less demanding than probable cause,” but requires more than an
unarticulated “hunch.” State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (quotation
omitted). Reasonable suspicion justifies a seizure “so long as the facts support at least one
inference of the possibility of criminal activity.” State v. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d 687, 693
(Minn. App. 2012) (quotation omitted). This court reviews a district court’s reasonable
suspicion determination de novo, but accepts the district court’s factual findings unless
they are clearly erroneous. State v. Smith, 814 N.W.2d 346, 350 (Minn. 2012).
4 State v. Pike is dispositive of the issue in this case. 551 N.W.2d 919 (Minn. 1996).
In Pike, an officer observed a vehicle traveling at a low speed, became suspicious, ran a
computer check, and discovered that the registered owner of the vehicle had a revoked
driver’s license. Id. at 921. The officer observed that the driver of the vehicle was a man
who appeared to be in the same age category as the registered owner and stopped the
vehicle. Id. at 920-21.
The supreme court held that “it is not unconstitutional for an officer to make a brief,
investigatory, Terry-type stop of a vehicle if the officer knows that the owner of the vehicle
has a revoked license so long as the officer remains unaware of any facts which would
render unreasonable an assumption that the owner is driving the vehicle.” Id. at 922. The
supreme court reasoned that “[w]hen an officer observes a vehicle being driven, it is
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1720 A15-1725
Carole Jean Halverson, petitioner, Appellant,
vs.
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
and
Carole Jean Halverson, Appellant.
Filed August 29, 2016 Affirmed Larkin, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-21282
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
David K. Ross, Maple Plain City Attorney, Carson, Clelland & Schreder, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Sara J. Euteneuer, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant) Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Rodenberg, Judge; and
Randall, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
LARKIN, Judge
In these consolidated appeals, appellant challenges her conviction of third-degree
driving while impaired (DWI). In file A15-1725, appellant argues that the district court
erred by denying her motion to suppress evidence obtained during a traffic stop. In file
A15-1720, appellant challenges the postconviction court’s denial of relief, but she does not
allege error. We affirm.
FACTS
Respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Carole Jean Halverson with two
counts of third-degree DWI. Halverson moved to suppress evidence obtained during the
underlying traffic stop of her vehicle, arguing that the stop was unlawful. The district court
held a hearing on Halverson’s motion, heard testimony from West Hennepin Public Safety
Officer Matthew Rosati, and found the relevant facts to be as follows.
At approximately 6:45 p.m. on June 27, 2014, the Hennepin County Police
Department received a call from a citizen reporting that a blue BMW with license plate
145GMG was driving extremely slowly and weaving across the fog and center lines.
Officer Rosati responded to the report and located the car, which was unoccupied and
parked in a parking lot. Officer Rosati testified that he ran a computer check and learned
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
2 that the vehicle was registered to V.H., who had a revoked driver’s license. Officer Rosati
testified that he looked for V.H. in the area, did not find her, and left the area to assist an
officer in another location.
About two hours later, Officer Rosati saw the vehicle leave the parking lot where
he had observed it earlier. He followed the vehicle until it pulled over to the side of the
road. After the vehicle did not move for approximately 30 seconds, Officer Rosati turned
on his emergency lights and initiated a traffic stop. Halverson was driving the vehicle.
When Officer Rosati approached the vehicle, he smelled alcohol and noticed that
Halverson’s eyes were bloodshot and watery and that her speech was slurred. Halverson
failed field sobriety tests, and Officer Rosati arrested her for DWI.
The district court denied Halverson’s motion to suppress. According to the district
court, Halverson “entered a Lothenbach plea,” “[t]he parties stipulated to facts pursuant to
Minnesota Rules of Criminal Procedure, Rule 26.01, subdivisions 3 and 4,” and the district
court found Halverson guilty of both counts and convicted her. 1 Halverson petitioned for
postconviction relief, arguing that she did not understand the court procedure or the
consequences of waiving her rights. She also argued that she was not the driver of the
vehicle. The postconviction court denied relief. Halverson separately appealed the district
1 In describing the “stipulated facts” procedure to Halverson on the record, her attorney stated that “we’re letting the State enter all of their evidence to the judge” and that the procedure “preserves your right to appeal the judge’s pretrial hearing.” It appears that the parties intended to proceed under Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4. See State v. Myhre, 875 N.W.2d 799, 802 (Minn. 2016) (noting that Minn. R. Crim. P. 26.01, subd. 4, “replaced Lothenbach as the method for preserving a dispositive pretrial issue for appellate review in a criminal case”).
3 court’s final judgment and the postconviction court’s denial of relief, and this court
consolidated the appeals.
DECISION
Halverson argues that “[t]he district court’s suppression ruling must be reversed
because the police lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop [her] vehicle.” The
United States and Minnesota Constitutions prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures by
the government. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I, § 10. However, a police
officer may initiate a limited, investigative stop without a warrant if the officer has
reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity. State v. Dickerson, 481 N.W.2d 840,
843 (Minn. 1992) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 1884 (1968)), aff’d,
508 U.S. 366, 113 S. Ct. 2130 (1993).
In assessing reasonable suspicion, Minnesota courts “consider the totality of the
circumstances and acknowledge that trained law enforcement officers are permitted to
make inferences and deductions that would be beyond the competence of an untrained
person.” State v. Richardson, 622 N.W.2d 823, 825 (Minn. 2001). The reasonable-
suspicion standard is “less demanding than probable cause,” but requires more than an
unarticulated “hunch.” State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (quotation
omitted). Reasonable suspicion justifies a seizure “so long as the facts support at least one
inference of the possibility of criminal activity.” State v. Klamar, 823 N.W.2d 687, 693
(Minn. App. 2012) (quotation omitted). This court reviews a district court’s reasonable
suspicion determination de novo, but accepts the district court’s factual findings unless
they are clearly erroneous. State v. Smith, 814 N.W.2d 346, 350 (Minn. 2012).
4 State v. Pike is dispositive of the issue in this case. 551 N.W.2d 919 (Minn. 1996).
In Pike, an officer observed a vehicle traveling at a low speed, became suspicious, ran a
computer check, and discovered that the registered owner of the vehicle had a revoked
driver’s license. Id. at 921. The officer observed that the driver of the vehicle was a man
who appeared to be in the same age category as the registered owner and stopped the
vehicle. Id. at 920-21.
The supreme court held that “it is not unconstitutional for an officer to make a brief,
investigatory, Terry-type stop of a vehicle if the officer knows that the owner of the vehicle
has a revoked license so long as the officer remains unaware of any facts which would
render unreasonable an assumption that the owner is driving the vehicle.” Id. at 922. The
supreme court reasoned that “[w]hen an officer observes a vehicle being driven, it is
rational for him or her to infer that the owner of the vehicle is the current operator.” Id.
However, such an inference would be unreasonable when, for example, the officer knows
“that the owner is a 22-year-old male, and the officer observes that the person driving the
vehicle is a 50- or 60-year-old woman.” Id.
Halverson contends that the facts of this case fall within the Pike exception.
Halverson argues that “[u]nlike the officer in Pike, Rosati did not have any information
about the appearance of either the earlier or later driver to create the reasonable inference
that the revoked registered owner was the driver.” She further argues that “without this
information, any reasonable suspicion that the driver was the primary owner with a revoked
license evaporated.”
5 Halverson misconstrues Pike’s holding. Pike does not require an officer to observe
or otherwise confirm that a driver’s physical appearance is consistent with that of the
vehicle’s registered owner before stopping the vehicle based on the owner’s revoked status.
To the contrary, “[w]hen an officer observes a vehicle being driven, it is rational for him
or her to infer that the owner of the vehicle is the current operator.” Id. Thus, Officer
Rosati’s failure to observe the driver’s appearance before stopping the vehicle does not
invalidate the stop.
Halverson argues that Officer Rosati’s knowledge of the existence of a secondary
registered owner rendered the assumption that V.H. was driving unreasonable. Officer
Rosati testified that his computer check revealed that the vehicle had a main registered
owner, V.H., and a secondary registered owner. But the computer check did not provide
identifying information regarding the secondary registered owner.
Knowledge regarding the existence of an unidentified secondary owner did not
make the assumption that V.H. was driving unreasonable. Given that Officer Rosati did
not observe the driver’s appearance before the stop and did not have identifying
information regarding the secondary registered owner, the facts here are not comparable to
the example described in Pike. See id. (contrasting a 22-year-old male registered owner
with a driver who appears to be a 50- or 60-year-old woman). Absent information to the
contrary, Officer Rosati could reasonably infer that the primary registered owner of the
vehicle was driving, even though he knew there was a secondary registered owner.
Halverson further argues that Officer Rosati knew that V.H. was not in the vicinity
of the vehicle because he looked for her in the area when he first observed the vehicle and
6 did not find her. We are not persuaded that Officer Rosati’s inability to locate V.H. changes
the outcome. The fact that Officer Rosati did not initially locate V.H. in the area of the
vehicle does not make his assumption that she was driving the vehicle approximately two
hours later unreasonable.
Once again, it was not necessary for Officer Rosati to confirm the assumption that
the revoked registered owner of the vehicle was driving the vehicle. What matters is that
Officer Rosati was not aware of any facts that would render that assumption unreasonable.
Thus, Officer Rosati’s knowledge that V.H.’s driver’s license was revoked, coupled with
his observation of the vehicle being driven, provided reasonable suspicion to stop the
vehicle. See id. (allowing traffic stop where officer knows the owner of a vehicle has a
revoked license and sees the vehicle being driven).
Although Halverson appealed the postconviction court’s denial of relief, she has not
assigned error to that decision on appeal. Error is never presumed on appeal; the party
claiming error has the burden of demonstrating it. White v. Minn. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 567
N.W.2d 724, 734 (Minn. App. 1997), review denied (Minn. Oct. 31, 1997). Because
Halverson has not alleged or shown error stemming from the postconviction court’s ruling,
we affirm its decision.
Affirmed.