In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
__________________
NO. 09-20-00206-CV __________________
CAROLDENE CAHILL, Appellant
V.
MARK CAHILL, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 Montgomery County, Texas Trial Cause No. 18-11-14523-CV __________________________________________________________________
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Caroldene Cahill appeals from a judgment awarding damages and
attorney’s fees to Appellee Mark Cahill and Intervenor Kenna Seiler for breach of
fiduciary duties as Executrix of a Will. We affirm.
1 Background
Aletha Wolf passed away on June 7, 2012. Aletha1 was married to Allen Wolf,
and she had two children: a daughter, Caroldene Cahill, and a son, Mark Cahill. Her
Will stated that Caroldene should be appointed as Independent Executrix, and the
court appointed her as executrix on June 12, 2012. The Will named the following
beneficiaries and the share of the Estate they should receive: Caroldene 50%; Mark
25%; Alfred (Caroldene’s son) 15%; Stephen (Mark’s son) 5%; and Blain
(Caroldene’s grandson) 5%. The Will did not provide for a bequest to Allen2 and
stated that Aletha’s estate “consists of my undivided interest in the community
property of my husband and myself, as well as my separate property.” Caroldene
prepared an Inventory in March 2013, which valued the Estate at $1,128,883, and
the court approved the Inventory.
In June 2015, Mark filed a motion to remove Caroldene as executrix, alleging
that she had failed to distribute the Estate, she failed to respond to inquiries about
the Estate, she admitted to making unauthorized payments of Estate funds, and she
entered into a mediated settlement with Allen to convey real property in the Estate
to Allen without requesting court approval or applying for an order of sale. In
September 2016, the court appointed Aurelia Weems, C.P.A. to audit the Estate and
1 We refer to the family members by first names. 2 At trial, Caroldene testified that, at the time of Aletha’s death, Aletha and Allen were in the process of divorcing. 2 produce a list of Estate assets. In May 2017, the court entered an order removing
Caroldene as executrix and taxing all costs in the removal against her.
In October 2017, the court appointed Mark as Dependent Administrator of the
Estate. Mark filed an Inventory that reported that the Estate was valued at
$250,025.13 as of December 2017. In June 2018, Mark filed a Verified Petition to
File Claims to Recover Estate Monies, alleging that Caroldene had overdistributed
Estate assets to herself and her son Alfred. According to Mark, Weems estimated
the value of the Estate at about $1,838,635.46. Mark also alleged that Weems’s
report reflected that $863,528 had been distributed from the Estate to Caroldene, her
son Alfred, and her grandson Blain, and that no distributions of the Estate had been
made to Mark or his son Stephen.
In November 2018, Mark filed an Original Petition against Caroldene and
Alfred, stating claims for breach of fiduciary duty, money had and received,
conversion, conspiracy, and civil theft. Mark also requested attorney’s fees.
Caroldene filed an Original Answer, asserting a general denial and affirmative
defenses of laches and limitations. In a supplemental answer, Caroldene also
asserted the affirmative defense of justification and that some actions she took were
on the advice of counsel. Alfred filed an Original Answer, asserting a general denial
and affirmative defense of limitations. The district court later transferred the case to
County Court at Law No. 2.
3 In January 2020, Kenna Seiler filed a Motion for Substitution of Party and
Attorney as Successor Dependent Administratrix of the Estate of Aletha Wolf. In it
Seiler stated in October 2019, she was appointed as the Successor Dependent
Administratrix, that she was “the correct party to this lawsuit[,]” and that Mark
remained a plaintiff in his individual capacity. The court granted the motion.
In March and May 2020, Mark filed a First Amended Original Petition and
two amended petitions, alleging that $275,903 of Estate assets were unaccounted
for; stating claims for breach of fiduciary duty, conspiracy; and for declaratory relief,
seeking a determination of the amount of the Estate that was payable to him. He also
alleged that Caroldene embezzled $13,130 from the Estate; she distributed $863,528
to herself, Alfred, and Blain; and no distributions had been made to Mark or Stephen.
Mark’s First Amended Original Petition also alleged that the claims asserted in the
Original Petition were owned by Kenna Seiler as Dependent Administrator, that he
joined in those claims, and that Seiler had filed an intervention asserting those
claims.
In March 2020, Seiler filed a petition in intervention against Caroldene and
Alfred, stating claims for breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, civil theft, and
conspiracy, and included a request for attorney’s fees. An inventory attached to the
petition listed the total value of the Estate as $250,208.33 and the value of claims
against Caroldene owed to the Estate as $1,202,561. Seiler filed a First Amended
4 Petition in Intervention in June 2020, adding a claim for declaratory judgment “that
Caroldene and Alfred violated the in terrorem clause contained in the Will by failing
to distribute estate assets in accordance with the Will’s terms, and as a result
Caroldene and Alfred have forfeited their interests” in the Estate. 3 Caroldene filed
an Original Answer to Petition in Intervention, asserting a general denial and the
affirmative defenses of laches, limitations, justification, and that she acted on the
advice of counsel. Alfred also filed an Original Answer to Petition in Intervention,
asserting a general denial and asserting the affirmative defense of limitations.
Evidence at Trial
The claims were tried to the bench in July 2020.
Testimony of Caroldene Cahill
Caroldene agreed that in her March 2013 inventory, she listed the total value
of the Estate as $1,128,883. Caroldene also agreed that, before being removed as
executrix, she made distributions from the Estate to herself, to her son Alfred, and
to her grandsons Blain and Stephen, including $65,000 to Alfred and $25,000 to
3 At the same time, Seiler filed a Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, arguing that the Intervenor was entitled to a declaration that Caroldene had violated the Will’s in terrorem clause. The motion alleged that shortly after Mark filed the Motion for Removal of Independent Executrix, Caroldene transferred $546,733.86—the entire amount of the Estate account—to herself, her son Alfred, and her grandson Blain. According to the motion, in her deposition Caroldene confirmed the transfers of $360,733.36 to herself, $65,000 to her son, and $25,000 to her grandson, but she denied knowing who received the remaining $161,000. The court denied the motion. 5 Blain. She testified that she bought a Mustang with Estate money that was intended
as an investment and that “when it was all settled,” the Mustang would be part of
Alfred’s distribution. She agreed that she made no distributions to Mark other than
$10,000 for attorney’s fees for a dispute with Aletha’s husband Allen, but she
testified that she set up a savings account to take care of any payment to him. She
also agreed that she had written herself checks for $50,000, $161,000, and $360,000,
but she testified that $25,000 of the $360,000 was transferred to Stephen’s bank
account.
Caroldene testified the mediated settlement agreement with Allen valued the
marital estate at $1,851,721.73, and that she received $424,000 that went into the
Estate even though she had said the Estate should have received $600,000.
Caroldene also testified that some of her mother’s accounts were payable-on-death
(“POD”) to her and did not belong to the Estate and that her original inventory of
the Estate was “flawed.”
According to Caroldene, her brother Mark filed a motion to remove her as
executor because she “took too long[]” and because “he didn’t get any distribution.”
Caroldene testified that her attorney sent Mark copies of everything and “everything
was made available to him at the auditors.” She stated that “[a]ll the files were at the
auditors. He never even showed up.” She also testified that she did not disagree with
the findings by the court-appointed auditor Aurelia Weems. She agreed that, while
6 executrix, she paid herself some money and bought a home in Washington state and
she did not distribute funds to the other beneficiaries because “Mark would not settle.
He wanted more than he was entitled to.” When asked how much of the Estate’s
assets she spent between September 2014 and May 2017, she responded “I’m not
sure.” Caroldene testified that when she was removed as executor and the accounts
were taken over, the estate account had $250,000 in it. She also agreed that after she
was removed as executrix, the Estate received $250,000 of the total of about
$521,730 she transferred to herself.
Caroldene testified that, when Mark was appointed executor of the Estate, she
did not deliver the Mustang to him because it was not “titled for the road.” She also
agreed that she listed the $30,000 for purchase of the Mustang as a cash disbursement
to Alfred in her September 2014 inventory because “that was going to be for him,
that would have [] gone towards his total.” She agreed she transferred $360,730.11
in March 2016 and $161,000 in March 2018 from the Estate account to her personal
savings account. She testified that when she took these amounts, she knew she was
not finished with administering the Estate and paying beneficiaries, and she did not
“[do] the math to reconcile” how much the Estate should distribute to her because
she did not have all the expenses or a “final number to do any calculations.”
According to Caroldene, she gave information about the transfers to her attorney,
and she understood that Mark “had the information” about those transfers. She also
7 testified that on the advice of her attorney, she was not to give Mark anything “until
we were done.” She agreed she should have left $250,000 in the Estate account.
Caroldene agreed that bank records reflected a charge of $8,179.27 in July
2012 to the Estate account for her travel and $30,000 in February 2013 for purchase
of the Mustang. She could not recall what expenses she may have paid for that total
of about $15,400. She agreed that she issued a $50,000 check to herself in July 2014
for expenses so she could relocate to Washington state and that it was part of the
distribution from the Estate to herself, and she “had no reason” to issue checks to
other beneficiaries at the same time. She also agreed there was a $10,000 payment
to herself in December 2014 that was a POD account for her benefit and for her
travel expense. Caroldene told the court that she had not given anyone proof of the
POD accounts, but she stated she had copies of checks and statements.
Caroldene testified that she relied on the advice of counsel while she served
as executor of the Estate. Caroldene also testified that the Estate paid several
expenses totaling about $78,500, including: her mother’s medical, utility, credit
card, funeral, and tax expenses; filing fees for the estate; legal fees and mediation
expenses; and travel expenses for herself, her son, and her grandson for her mother’s
burial.
8 Testimony of Mark Cahill
Mark testified that Caroldene did not keep him updated about the Estate, she
did not send him spreadsheets or bank statements, and she did not pay any attorney’s
fees on his behalf from the Estate. He learned in August 2016 that Caroldene had
made distributions to all the other beneficiaries, but she had made no distributions
to him. According to Mark, he had no conversations with Caroldene about Allen’s
share of the estate or the settlement with Allen, and she did not tell him that Allen
had taken too much money. Mark believed that the settlement agreement with Allen
relied on inaccurate valuations.
Mark testified he had not received any distribution at the time of trial, but
Caroldene had sent him some bonds on which he was the named beneficiary. Mark
agreed that the 2014 inventory filed by Caroldene reflected a $30,000 disbursement
to Alfred, but the inventory did not say that it was for the purchase of a Mustang.
Mark agreed that the inventory filed after he became Dependent
Administrator reflected that there was $250,025.13 in the Estate. Mark also agreed
within a week of his filing a motion to remove Caroldene as executor, Caroldene
transferred money from the Estate account. A bank statement in evidence reflected
that $646,733.36 was transferred from the Estate account to other accounts in March
2016 and the account had an ending balance of $0.00. According to Mark, after
Caroldene was removed as Executrix, she did not offer to return the Mustang to him
9 or tell him where the Mustang was located. Mark did not believe it was fair that
Caroldene made distributions to herself and others but not to him. Mark testified that
at one point he added up what he considered the Estate’s legitimate expenses, and
they totaled $63,000, which did not include fees of $12,500 for the Estate’s attorney
or $3,000 for Aurelia Weems. Mark agreed that after he was appointed Dependent
Administrator, he first deposited some of the $250,000 from the Estate into a
personal account but later turned it back over to the Estate.
Many exhibits were admitted into evidence including: Aletha’s Will; the
Mediated Settlement Agreement with Allen; certain accountings prepared by
Weems; and several bank account statements.
Trial Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
The trial court entered a Final Judgment ordering that Intervenor—Kenna
Seiler as Successor Dependent Administrator of the Estate of Aletha Cahill-Wolf—
and Mark have judgment for actual damages of $74,554.50 against Caroldene and
that the Intervenor have judgment for $223,663.51 against Caroldene. The trial court
found that Mark’s share of the Estate was at least $243,613.66. The trial court
ordered that Caroldene pay Mark $47,572.66 in attorney’s fees.
10 Caroldene filed a Request for Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.4 The
trial court entered Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. We summarize the
court’s Findings of Fact below:
• Caroldene repeatedly contradicted herself and her testimony was not trustworthy. • Weems’s calculations were the best evidence of the value of the Estate provided at trial. • After Caroldene filed an inventory in March 2013, certain items totaling about $3,900 “disappeared from the Inventory without explanation[,]” including a country club membership, computers, firearms, and air miles. • After Caroldene filed an Annual Account in September 2014, two bank accounts totaling about $81,281 “disappeared from the Annual Account.” • As a result of the Mediated Settlement Agreement with Allen, the Estate was devalued by about $178,742 as compared with the original Inventory.5 • As a result of the settlement agreement with Allen, Caroldene appears to have benefitted personally and the Estate was damaged. • Caroldene took a distribution for herself in August 2014. She made a distribution to her son in February 2013. Mark has never received a distribution. The remaining beneficiaries received distributions in March 2016.
4 Caroldene requested findings of fact that she siphoned estate funds for her personal use, that she failed to make distributions in accordance with the Will, that she failed “to properly manage [Aletha]’s estate[,]” findings as to how she committed these offenses, how Mark’s share of the Estate was $243,613.66, and that the Intervenor suffered damages of $74.554.50. She also requested conclusions of law regarding her breach of fiduciary duty, her liability for conversion, her liability for civil theft, that Caroldene and Alfred conspired to deprive the other beneficiaries of their share of the Estate, and that Mark and the Intervenor were entitled to declaratory judgment and attorney’s fees. 5 This included $141,246 in cash, $22,500 in home equity, and $14,966 in home contents. 11 • Caroldene included in the Inventory accounts she claimed were payable-on-death to her, but she failed to produce evidence of any payable-on-death account other than “her questionable testimony[.]” • Caroldene claimed she reimbursed herself for $10,000 of her “bond money” that she deposited into the Estate bank account, but her explanation was “not logical[]” because at the time, the Estate bank account had more than $100,000 on deposit. • Caroldene used $8,179.27 of Estate funds to pay for herself, her son, and another person to travel to Aletha’s funeral. • The Estate had expenses totaling $68,877.19 between August 2012 and November 2015. The court excluded a total of $103,426.27 in claimed expenses, including expenses that were unexplained, payments to Caroldene without explanation, a $10,000 payment to Caroldene that lacked evidence that it was a proper disbursement, disbursements of $50,000 and $30,000, and $8,179.27 in travel expenses to attend Aletha’s funeral. • The court was given three beginning balances for the Estate. The Inventory indicated $1,128,883.00. The Mediated Settlement Agreement indicated $925,850.86. And Weems stated the beginning value of the Estate was $919,952.70. Caroldene testified that she agreed with Weems’s analysis. The trial court used Weems’s value of the Estate in calculating damages because Mark asked for the minimum calculation and because the court regarded Weems’s calculation as the “best evidence provided at trial[.]” • The court calculated the Estate residuary as of April 2016 as $691.736.61.6 The trial court stated that “[t]his represents the amounts that were present and accounted for by the Executor.” • Subtracting Estate expenses from Weems’s value of the Estate, the court calculated the residuary Estate to be $243,613.66, using the value of the Estate that Weems calculated. • The court determined that the damages to the Estate were $298,218.00,7 and Mark’s 25% share was $74,554.50.
6 The Estate bank balance of $187,730.11 + the $424,003.23 settlement from Allen Wolf + $3.25 in interest earned + replacement of the $50,000 and $30,000 in distributions = $691,736.61. 7 The ending Estate account balance per Weems was $989,954.62 - the calculated Estate residuary of $691.736.6 = $298,218.01. 12 The trial court concluded that Caroldene was an Executor and a beneficiary of
the Estate, and the trial court made the following conclusions:
1. Executor is a fiduciary of the Estate and the beneficiaries of the Estate. 2. Executor breached her fiduciary duties by: a. Failing to properly and fully account for the disposition of all funds she administered for the Estate. b. Entering into a Settlement Agreement which gave up Estate claims and cured her own. c. Distributing funds to herself and her son years before distributing funds to any other beneficiary. d. Refusing to distribute funds to Mark Cahill. e. Removing Estate funds from the Estate account held at Chase Bank and placing them in a personal account of her own. f. Using Estate funds for travel for herself and others. g. Removing $10,615.00 cash from the Estate for herself. h. Mismanaging and misapplication of Estate funds. 3. Executor’s actions proximately caused injury to Mark Cahill and the Estate and resulted in a benefit to Executor. 4. An approved Inventory creates a prima facie case that the property listed in the Inventory is property of the Estate. 5. Under Executor’s management funds at a minimum in the amount of $298,218.01 have disappeared from the Estate, damaging the Estate and its beneficiaries including Mark Cahill. 6. Any further expenses the Estate has incurred after March 2016 date are due to the actions of the Executor in not distributing the Estate as required by the Will in lieu of secreting Estate funds in her personal account. 7. Plaintiff put on the testimony of Steven C. Earl and offered exhibit 21 which was admitted into evidence which supported Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees claim. Mr. Earl’s testimony, in conjunction with the exhibit addressed each of the factors set forth in Tex. Disc. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.04(b) and Arthur Anderson & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1997). a. The hourly rates are reasonable and customary in and around Montgomery County, Texas.
13 b. The fees billed were reasonable and necessary given the unique features of this case. 8. In order for Plaintiff to have complete relief, he needed to seek declaratory relief. As reflected by the differing damage models, the Breach of Fiduciary Duty claim, while certainly related to the Declaratory Judgment claim, was not duplicative of it. 9. The Court finds the matters litigated herein are all intertwined, so as not to require segregation of fees. The Court finds that the reasonable, necessary, equitable and just attorney’s fees for pursuit of Plaintiff’s declaratory claims are $47,572.66 through this trial.
Issues
In Appellant’s first issue on appeal, she argues that the trial court did not have
subject matter jurisdiction over Mark’s cause of action under the Uniform
Declaratory Judgment Act when he failed to join necessary parties. In her second
issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in holding that Caroldene breached
her fiduciary duties because the terms of the Will control, the Will allowed
Caroldene to take the actions that form the basis of the trial court’s conclusion that
she breached her fiduciary duties, and the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the trial court’s holding. In her third issue, Appellant argues
that the trial court erred in granting attorneys’ fees when the Declaratory Judgment
Action was duplicative. In her fourth issue, Appellant contends that the statute of
limitations bars Intervenor’s suit in its entirety and partially bars Mark’s suit as a
matter of law. Appellant argues in her fifth issue that section 16.004, which provides
for a four-year statute of limitations for a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, should
14 be interpreted as jurisdictional. And, in her sixth issue, she argues that the entire
lawsuit is precluded by the doctrine of laches.
Standard of Review
The parties elected to try the case to the bench. Therefore, the trial court, as
factfinder, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and weight of the
evidence, and it was responsible for resolving conflicts in the evidence and drawing
reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. See City of Keller v. Wilson,
168 S.W.3d 802, 819-21 (Tex. 2005); Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d 607,
625 (Tex. 2004). The question on appeal is whether that evidence shows the trial
court’s verdict was reasonable. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d. at 820.
When a trial court makes specific findings of fact and conclusions of law
following a bench trial and a reporter’s record is before the appellate court, the
findings will be sustained if there is evidence to support them, and the appellate court
will review the legal conclusions drawn from the facts found to determine their
correctness. Trelltex, Inc. v. Intecx, L.L.C., 494 S.W.3d 781, 789 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.). Findings of fact have the same force and dignity
as a jury’s verdict and are reviewable under the same standards of legal and factual
sufficiency. Foley v. Capital One Bank, N.A., 383 S.W.3d 644, 646 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). “If the appellant does not challenge the trial
court’s findings of fact, when filed, these facts are binding upon both the party and
15 the appellate court.” IKB Indus. v. Pro-Line Corp., 938 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex. 1997)
(citing Wade v. Anderson, 602 S.W.2d 347, 349 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1980, writ
ref’d n.r.e.)).
In a legal sufficiency challenge, we credit evidence that favors the finding, if
a reasonable factfinder could, and we disregard evidence contrary to the challenged
finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not disregard it. See City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 827. When a party challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence on an
issue for which it did not have the burden of proof, the appellant must demonstrate
there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660
S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). In reviewing a no-evidence challenge, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Weirich v. Weirich, 833 S.W.2d
942, 945 (Tex. 1992). We cannot sustain a legal insufficiency, or no evidence point,
unless the record shows:
(1) …a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.
Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998) (citations
omitted).
In a factual-sufficiency review, we examine all the evidence, and we will set
aside the judgment only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
16 evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.
1986) (per curiam). Unlike a legal-sufficiency review, a factual-sufficiency review
requires us to review the evidence in a neutral light. See id.
Preservation of Error
A party asserting an affirmative defense in a bench trial must request findings
in support of that defense to avoid waiver on appeal. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v.
Nichols, 819 S.W.2d 900, 907 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied).
When the trial court makes findings that do not establish any element of a defense,
the party relying upon that defense must file a request for additional findings to avoid
waiver of that defense on appeal. Id.; see also Trelltex, Inc., 494 S.W.3d at 785; Intec
Sys., Inc. v. Lowrey, 230 S.W.3d 913, 919 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.).
Appellant did not request a finding of fact or conclusion of law on the
affirmative defenses of statute of limitations, estoppel, justification, or laches. After
the trial court issued its findings of fact and conclusions of law, Appellant did not
file a request for additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. We conclude,
therefore, that Appellant has waived any error related to her affirmative defenses of
limitations, estoppel, justification, and laches. See Cooper v. Cochran, 288 S.W.3d
522, 531 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) (op. on reh’g). We overrule Appellant’s
fourth and sixth issues, and we do not consider Appellant’s arguments of estoppel
or justification as to issue three.
17 Subject-Matter Jurisdiction to Enter Declaratory Judgment
Appellant’s first issue argues that the trial court lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction over Mark’s claim for declaratory relief because he failed to join the
necessary parties. According to Appellant, Mark asked for a declaratory judgment
on the amount of the residuary estate, but he failed to serve Stephen Cahill and Blain
Clague, who were parties with interests in the residuary estate. Appellant argues that
the declaratory judgment Mark sought affected Stephen and Blain’s interests, they
were necessary parties to the action, and failure to serve them deprived the trial court
of subject-matter jurisdiction to enter the declaratory judgment, citing to In re Estate
of Bean, 120 S.W.3d 914, 921-22 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied).
The record does not reflect that Caroldene timely raised this point in the trial
court. Generally, the failure to join a party for just adjudication should be raised by
a verified plea in abatement. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 93(4); Jones v. LaFargue, 758
S.W.2d 320, 324 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, writ denied)). The Texas
Supreme Court has stated that by failing to raise the issue of joinder of parties in the
trial court, a party waives the issue for appeal. See Brooks v. Northglen Ass’n, 141
S.W.3d 158, 163 (Tex. 2004).
The Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (“UDJA”) permits a person with
interests under a will to seek a declaration of his rights under the will. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 37.004(a), 37.005(3). “When declaratory relief is 18 sought, all persons who have or claim any interest that would be affected by the
declaration must be made parties. A declaration does not prejudice the rights of a
person not a party to the proceeding.” Id. § 37.006(a). A trial court has discretion to
determine joinder of parties, and the UDJA does not supersede that discretion. See
Bean, 120 S.W.3d at 920 (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 39; MCZ, Inc. v. Smith, 707 S.W.2d
672, 675 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Although joinder
of all persons with an interest that would be affected by a declaratory judgment is
mandatory under the UDJA, noncompliance with this provision “does not uniformly
constitute a jurisdictional defect.” See id. (citing Clear Lake City Water Auth. v.
Clear Lake Utils. Co., 549 S.W.2d 385, 389 (Tex. 1977)).
Appellant waived this alleged defect by failing to raise the issue in the trial
court. We also note that, by the time of trial, Caroldene had made distributions to
herself, to her son Alfred, and to her grandson Blain. Appellant also failed to explain
how nonjoinder of either Blain or Stephen prejudiced them. The alleged nonjoinder
is not a jurisdictional defect. See Brooks, 141 S.W.3d at 163 (explaining that any
nonjoined parties would be entitled to pursue their claims in separate lawsuits);
Barnett v. Havard, No. 09-12-00310-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 6435, at *6 n.1
(Tex. App.—Beaumont June 12, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.); Stark v. Benckenstein,
156 S.W.3d 112, 118 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2004, pet. denied) (stating that a trial
19 court’s declarations do not prejudice the rights of nonparties). We overrule
Appellant’s first issue.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty
In her second issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in holding that
she breached her fiduciary duties, and she argues that this erroneous conclusion
probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. According to Appellant, the
terms of the Will control, and the Will allowed Caroldene to take the actions that
were the basis for the trial court concluding she breached her fiduciary duties.
Appellant generally alleges that Article VII of the Will, titled “Fiduciary
Provisions[,]” gives the executor “broad authority with respect to estate property.”
Appellant argues that Article VII of the Will expressly allowed her to enter into any
transaction on behalf of the estate to exchange or sell estate property on the terms
and conditions she deemed proper, so that entering into a settlement agreement
giving up estate claims was not improper nor a breach of fiduciary duty. She also
argues that the Will allowed her to make “in her discretion, any distribution
permitted to any beneficiary directly,” including a partial distribution. Appellant also
argues that she had a reasonable basis for delaying distribution to Mark—they
disagreed as to the amount to which he was entitled, a final accounting was never
made, and expenses were adding up—and a good faith disagreement “does not
20 equate to mismanaging and misapplication of estate funds.” According to Appellant,
the trial court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law lack evidentiary support.
As a general rule, an executor of an estate owes a fiduciary duty to the
beneficiaries of the estate arising from the executor’s status as trustee of the estate’s
property. See Humane Soc’y of Austin & Travis Cty. v. Austin Nat’l Bank, 531
S.W.2d 574, 577 (Tex. 1975); Sklar v. Sklar, 598 S.W.3d 810, 820 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (citing Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 923
(Tex. 1996); FCLT Loans, L.P. v. Estate of Bracher, 93 S.W.3d 469, 480 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.)). As a fiduciary, an executor has a duty
to protect the beneficiaries’ interest by fair dealing in scrupulous good faith with
fidelity and integrity. Humane Soc’y of Austin & Travis Cty., 531 S.W.2d at 580; In
re Roy, 249 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. denied) (citing Geeslin
v. McElhenney, 788 S.W.2d 683, 685 (Tex. App.—Austin 1990, no writ)). The
executor must take care of the estate property as a prudent person would take care
of the person’s own property. See Tex. Estates Code Ann. § 351.101. An executor
may not promote her own personal interests to the injury of the heirs or contrary to
the purposes of the administration of the estate. See In re Roy, 249 S.W.3d at 596-
97. The executor’s fiduciary duty also requires full and fair disclosure to the
beneficiaries of all material facts that might affect their interests. See id. at 597; see
also Punts v. Wilson, 137 S.W.3d 889, 891 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.).
21 A fiduciary owes a “‘high duty of good faith, fair dealing, honest performance, and
strict accountability.’” Punts, 137 S.W.3d at 892 (quoting Ludlow v. DeBerry, 959
S.W.2d 265, 279 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ)).
A fiduciary “has an affirmative duty to make a full and accurate confession of all his fiduciary activities, transactions, profits, and mistakes.” [] Additionally, when a plaintiff alleges self-dealing by the fiduciary as part of a breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim, a presumption of unfairness automatically arises, which the fiduciary bears the burden to rebut.
Cluck v. Mecom, 401 S.W.3d 110, 114 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet.
denied.) (citations omitted). A fiduciary also owes a duty to make payments only to
the persons entitled to receive them. See Holder-McDonald v. Chicago Title Ins. Co.,
188 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (citing Bell v. Safeco
Title Ins. Co., 380 S.W.2d 157, 161 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied).
As we have already noted, Appellant failed to preserve error for appeal on her
affirmative defenses of justification and estoppel by failing to request findings of
fact or conclusions of law on those issues. Based on the record before us, we
conclude that the trial court’s determination that Caroldene breached her fiduciary
duty as executor of the Estate was supported by the evidence. By her own testimony,
Caroldene could not recall the purpose of several withdrawals from the Estate bank
account. She agreed that she made distributions to herself, her son Alfred, and her
grandsons Blain and Stephen, but not to Mark. Weems’s accounting determined that
Caroldene used Estate funds for trip expenses, and Caroldene’s 2014 Annual 22 Account reported $8,179.47 in disbursements for “Arlington Trip for Funeral.”
Caroldene also testified that she paid herself $50,000 for her personal expenses to
relocate to Washington state. Weems’s accounting also reflected that, after the
settlement agreement with Allen, $185,681 was missing from Estate assets as
compared with the 2013 Inventory. Caroldene agreed she bought a vehicle for
$30,000, she intended the purchase to be an investment that would “bring a lot of
money,” but that there was no valid title to the vehicle. She also agreed that the
vehicle was in storage at the time of trial, and she had not turned the property over
to Mark or the Intervenor after she was removed as Executrix. Mark testified that
about a week after he filed his motion to remove Caroldene as executrix in February
2016, Caroldene transferred money from the Estate account, and a bank statement
in evidence reflected that $646,733.36 was transferred from the Estate account to
other accounts in March 2016 and the account had an ending balance of $0.00.
On this record, we agree with the trial court. The evidence reflects that
Caroldene did not deal fairly with the other beneficiaries under the Will, she did not
disclose all material facts to the other beneficiaries, she promoted her own interests,
and she did not act with fidelity and integrity. See Humane Soc’y of Austin & Travis
Cty., 531 S.W.2d at 580; In re Roy, 249 S.W.3d at 596-97. We conclude the evidence
was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s conclusion that
Caroldene breached her fiduciary duties, and the judgment is not so contrary to the
23 weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. See City of Keller, 168
S.W.3d at 827; Cain, 709 S.W.2d at 176. We overrule Appellant’s second issue.
Attorney’s Fees
In Appellant’s third issue, she argues that the trial court erred in awarding
attorney’s fees because she contends the declaratory judgment was duplicative and
the relief sought under the UDJA was no greater than the relief sought in a previous
Temporary Injunction Order or in the claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
When a party has a claim for which fees are unavailable in addition to a claim
for declaratory relief, the declaratory relief claim must do more than merely
duplicate the issues being litigated by the claims for which fees are unavailable. See
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Irwin, 627 S.W.3d 263, 268 (Tex. 2021). “It is an abuse of
discretion to award attorney’s fees under the UDJA when the relief sought is no
greater than relief that otherwise exists by agreement or statute.” Strayhorn v.
Raytheon E-Systems, Inc., 101 S.W.3d 558, 572 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet.
denied); see also Allstate Ins. Co., 627 S.W.3d at 270 (award of attorney’s fees under
UDJA is reviewable for abuse of discretion).
According to Appellant, the attorney’s fees award should be reversed because
the declaratory judgment action was duplicative. She relies on Texas State Board of
Plumbing Examiners v. Associated Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors of
Texas, Inc., 31 S.W.3d 750 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet. dism’d by agr.). In that
24 case, the petitioners challenged the validity of an administrative rule under the
Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), which did not authorize an award of
attorney’s fees, and sought relief under the UDJA, and the Texas Constitution. See
id. at 751-53. The Austin Court of Appeals stated that “to award attorney’s fees
under the UDJA when the statute is relied upon solely as a vehicle to recover
attorney’s fees[]” was an abuse of discretion. See id. at 753. The Austin Court
determined that the trial court found it was “central” to construe certain rules for
continuing education for plumbers in determining the validity of the administrative
rule under the APA. See id. at 754. The Austin Court concluded that the scope of the
lawsuit “went beyond merely challenging an administrative rule[]” and there was no
abuse of discretion in awarding attorney’s fees. Id.
In this case, the trial court determined that “[i]n order for Plaintiff to have
complete relief, he needed to seek declaratory relief[,]” and while the questions were
related, they were not duplicative. In other words, Mark’s claim for a declaration of
the minimum share distributable to him “went beyond” a determination of damages
to the Estate resulting from Caroldene’s breach of fiduciary duty. See id. Mark
argues that his prior lawsuit sought only to remove Caroldene as executrix; his claim
for breach of fiduciary duty was an award of 25% of the assets of the Estate; and the
relief sought in his claim for declaratory relief was a determination of the minimum
share distributable to him. Mark contends that the claim for declaratory relief
25 “picked up where the breach of duty claim left off[]” and “required a complete
review of the Estate’s assets, liabilities and transactions.” The trial court reasonably
could have concluded based on the record that the declaratory judgment action was
necessary and was not duplicative. We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion
in concluding the claims were not duplicative and awarding attorney’s fees. See id.
We overrule Appellant’s third issue.
Whether Section 16.004 Is Jurisdictional
In her fifth issue, Appellant argues that the trial court lacked subject-matter
jurisdiction to hear the Intervenor’s case and most of Mark’s case because section
16.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code is jurisdictional. See Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 16.004 (providing that the statute of limitations for a suit for
breach of fiduciary duty is four years.). The Texas Supreme Court has explained that
the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, and it is not jurisdictional. See In
re United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 307 S.W.3d 299, 308 (Tex. 2010) (citing Tex. R. Civ.
P. 94; Day v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 198, 205 (2006) (“A statute of limitations
defense…is not ‘jurisdictional[.]’”); see also Uddin v. Cunningham, No. 01-18-
00002-CV, 2019 Tex. App. LEXIS 7963, at **13-16 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] Aug. 29, 2019, pet. dism’d) (mem. op.) (concluding that the four-year statute
of limitations imposed by section 16.004 is an affirmative defense and is not
jurisdictional). We have stated that “[w]hen a statute does not require dismissal for
26 failure to comply, this points to a finding that it is not jurisdictional.” See Hocevar
v. Molecular Health, Inc., 593 S.W.3d 764, 770-71 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2019,
no pet.) (concluding that section 21.111 of the Labor Code was not jurisdictional
because it did not have a specific consequence for noncompliance). Appellant’s
position is not supported by the law, and we overrule her fifth issue.
Having overruled all of Appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
AFFIRMED.
_________________________ LEANNE JOHNSON Justice
Submitted on November 30, 2021 Opinion Delivered February 3, 2022
Before Golemon, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.