RENDERED: JULY 12, 2024; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-1161-MR
CAROL SATTLER AND GERALD SATTLER APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JENNIFER WILCOX, JUDGE ACTION NO. 15-CI-004923
VANESSA D. BURNS; CATHY DUNCAN; CLARK WILLIAMS; DANIEL O'DEA; DENNIS ARTHUR; GREG HICKS, SR.; MARK ZOELLER; SEVE GHOSE; AND TIM MAIER APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
COMBS, JUDGE: This case involves a claim for personal injury filed against a
variety of public officials asserting qualified official immunity as a defense. Carol
and Gerald Sattler appeal two orders of the Jefferson Circuit Court granting
summary judgment to various Louisville Metro Government (“Metro Government”) employees. The Sattlers contend that the summary judgments must
be reversed because they were entered before the Sattlers were given a full
opportunity to conduct discovery. In the alternative, they contend that the circuit
court erred by concluding that some of the defendants owed the Sattlers no duty of
care and that others were entitled to qualified official immunity. After our review,
we affirm the summary judgments.
On December 2, 2014, Carol Sattler tripped and fell on a broken,
loose, or uneven paver while walking along the Belvedere at the riverfront in
downtown Louisville. In September 2015, she and her husband, Gerald, filed a
personal injury action in Jefferson Circuit Court against unknown defendants
believed to be employees of Louisville Metro Government. They also filed a
subpoena duces tecum aimed at discovering maintenance activities undertaken at
the Belvedere.
On December 1, 2015, the Sattlers filed an amended complaint
naming as defendants -- in their individual and official capacities -- the following
Metro Government employees: Vanessa D. Burn, Seve Ghose, Mark Zoeller, Greg
Hicks, Sr., Tim Maier, and Daniel O’Dea. The action against them was based
upon their positions within Metro Government’s Department of Public Works.
The Sattlers also named Cathy Duncan as a defendant in her individual and official
capacity. Duncan is the Metro Government’s Director of Offices of Facilities and
-2- Fleet Management. She does not play a role in Public Works and Assets. Finally,
the Sattlers named the Waterfront Development Corporation as a defendant.
In a second amended complaint, the Sattlers named additional
defendants in their individual and official capacities: Dennis Arthur and Clark
Williams. They are also employees of Metro Government’s Department of Public
Works. The Sattlers alleged that all the defendants “were negligent in their
ownership, occupancy, maintenance, operation, care, management, repair, service,
inspection and/or control” of the Belvedere. Several months later, the action
against Waterfront Development Corporation was dismissed by the court on the
basis of sovereign immunity. The Sattlers do not appeal the order dismissing
Waterfront Development Corporation.
Represented by an assistant Jefferson County attorney, the remaining
defendants answered and denied the allegations asserted against them. They
contended that they were entitled to qualified official immunity from the lawsuit
and any associated damages. A period of discovery began.
In October 2017, Seve Ghose, Director of Louisville Parks and
Recreation, filed a motion for summary judgment. He contended that he was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law because he was not employed with Metro
Government until September 2015 -- many months after Sattler’s fall. The circuit
-3- court eventually granted summary judgment to Seve Ghose in August 2023. The
Sattlers do not appeal the judgment entered in his favor.
In November 2017, Cathy Duncan and Vanessa Burns, Director of
Public Works and Assets, filed motions for summary judgment. In their affidavits,
Burns and Duncan stated, in part, that they had no personal knowledge of the
incident; that inspection and/or maintenance of the Belvedere was not part of their
work; and that no statute, regulation, policy, or procedure required them to inspect
or maintain the Belvedere.
In January 2018, Zoeller, Assistant Director of Facilities and Project
Management, a subdivision of Public Works, was deposed as a representative of
Metro Government. The six remaining defendants, collectively, filed a motion for
summary judgment in July 2018.
In January 2019, the circuit court granted summary judgment to Burns
and Duncan. It noted that the evidence of record indicated that the Division of
Facilities and Project Management is the unit of Public Works responsible for
maintenance of the Belvedere. The court concluded that there was no evidence to
indicate that either Burns or Duncan oversaw or maintained the Belvedere or had
any duty of care whatsoever with respect to the Sattlers. It granted them summary
judgment.
-4- With respect to the six remaining defendants, the court concluded that
“without any evidence of record as to what their specific responsibilities are, there
remain genuine issues of material fact that would make it possible, as a practical
matter, for the Sattlers to prevail.” Anticipating that it would be asked to revisit
the issue, the court carefully summarized our jurisprudence with respect to
qualified official immunity.
In February 2020, the court filed a notice of dismissal for lack of
prosecution. Counsel filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate, representing that
discovery was active and ongoing. The court granted that motion.
In January 2021, the following six defendant renewed their motions
for summary judgment: Ronald Williams, a former Facilities Maintenance
Supervisor within the Division of Facilities and Project Management; Greg Hicks,
a retired Assistant Director of Public Works in the Road Operations and
Maintenance Division; Dennis Arthur, a Facilities Project Manager within the
division of Facilities and Project Management; Mark Zoeller, Assistant Director of
Facilities and Project Management; Tim Maier, District Operations Administrator
for Public Works in the Road Operations and Maintenance Division; and Daniel
O’Dea, a retired Assistant Director of Engineering Services for Public Works
renewed their motions for summary judgment.
-5- In August 2021, the circuit court granted summary judgment to
Williams, Hicks, Arthur, Zoeller, Maier, and O’Dea. It concluded that there were
no circumstances under which the Sattlers could prevail at trial on their claims
against these defendants in their official capacities because each of them was
entitled to the protections afforded by official immunity. Furthermore, it
concluded that “[i[nsofar as the Road Operations and Maintenance Division,
including [Hicks and Maier], is not responsible for performing any maintenance or
repairs at the Belvedere,” there is no evidence that either of them had a duty of care
with respect to the Sattlers. Consequently, the court granted summary judgment to
Hicks and Maier with respect to the claims asserted against them in both their
individual and official capacities.
With respect to the claims against Zoeller, Arthur, Williams, and
O’Dea in their individual capacities, the court concluded that as supervisors, these
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RENDERED: JULY 12, 2024; 10:00 A.M. NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals NO. 2023-CA-1161-MR
CAROL SATTLER AND GERALD SATTLER APPELLANTS
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE JENNIFER WILCOX, JUDGE ACTION NO. 15-CI-004923
VANESSA D. BURNS; CATHY DUNCAN; CLARK WILLIAMS; DANIEL O'DEA; DENNIS ARTHUR; GREG HICKS, SR.; MARK ZOELLER; SEVE GHOSE; AND TIM MAIER APPELLEES
OPINION AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.
COMBS, JUDGE: This case involves a claim for personal injury filed against a
variety of public officials asserting qualified official immunity as a defense. Carol
and Gerald Sattler appeal two orders of the Jefferson Circuit Court granting
summary judgment to various Louisville Metro Government (“Metro Government”) employees. The Sattlers contend that the summary judgments must
be reversed because they were entered before the Sattlers were given a full
opportunity to conduct discovery. In the alternative, they contend that the circuit
court erred by concluding that some of the defendants owed the Sattlers no duty of
care and that others were entitled to qualified official immunity. After our review,
we affirm the summary judgments.
On December 2, 2014, Carol Sattler tripped and fell on a broken,
loose, or uneven paver while walking along the Belvedere at the riverfront in
downtown Louisville. In September 2015, she and her husband, Gerald, filed a
personal injury action in Jefferson Circuit Court against unknown defendants
believed to be employees of Louisville Metro Government. They also filed a
subpoena duces tecum aimed at discovering maintenance activities undertaken at
the Belvedere.
On December 1, 2015, the Sattlers filed an amended complaint
naming as defendants -- in their individual and official capacities -- the following
Metro Government employees: Vanessa D. Burn, Seve Ghose, Mark Zoeller, Greg
Hicks, Sr., Tim Maier, and Daniel O’Dea. The action against them was based
upon their positions within Metro Government’s Department of Public Works.
The Sattlers also named Cathy Duncan as a defendant in her individual and official
capacity. Duncan is the Metro Government’s Director of Offices of Facilities and
-2- Fleet Management. She does not play a role in Public Works and Assets. Finally,
the Sattlers named the Waterfront Development Corporation as a defendant.
In a second amended complaint, the Sattlers named additional
defendants in their individual and official capacities: Dennis Arthur and Clark
Williams. They are also employees of Metro Government’s Department of Public
Works. The Sattlers alleged that all the defendants “were negligent in their
ownership, occupancy, maintenance, operation, care, management, repair, service,
inspection and/or control” of the Belvedere. Several months later, the action
against Waterfront Development Corporation was dismissed by the court on the
basis of sovereign immunity. The Sattlers do not appeal the order dismissing
Waterfront Development Corporation.
Represented by an assistant Jefferson County attorney, the remaining
defendants answered and denied the allegations asserted against them. They
contended that they were entitled to qualified official immunity from the lawsuit
and any associated damages. A period of discovery began.
In October 2017, Seve Ghose, Director of Louisville Parks and
Recreation, filed a motion for summary judgment. He contended that he was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law because he was not employed with Metro
Government until September 2015 -- many months after Sattler’s fall. The circuit
-3- court eventually granted summary judgment to Seve Ghose in August 2023. The
Sattlers do not appeal the judgment entered in his favor.
In November 2017, Cathy Duncan and Vanessa Burns, Director of
Public Works and Assets, filed motions for summary judgment. In their affidavits,
Burns and Duncan stated, in part, that they had no personal knowledge of the
incident; that inspection and/or maintenance of the Belvedere was not part of their
work; and that no statute, regulation, policy, or procedure required them to inspect
or maintain the Belvedere.
In January 2018, Zoeller, Assistant Director of Facilities and Project
Management, a subdivision of Public Works, was deposed as a representative of
Metro Government. The six remaining defendants, collectively, filed a motion for
summary judgment in July 2018.
In January 2019, the circuit court granted summary judgment to Burns
and Duncan. It noted that the evidence of record indicated that the Division of
Facilities and Project Management is the unit of Public Works responsible for
maintenance of the Belvedere. The court concluded that there was no evidence to
indicate that either Burns or Duncan oversaw or maintained the Belvedere or had
any duty of care whatsoever with respect to the Sattlers. It granted them summary
judgment.
-4- With respect to the six remaining defendants, the court concluded that
“without any evidence of record as to what their specific responsibilities are, there
remain genuine issues of material fact that would make it possible, as a practical
matter, for the Sattlers to prevail.” Anticipating that it would be asked to revisit
the issue, the court carefully summarized our jurisprudence with respect to
qualified official immunity.
In February 2020, the court filed a notice of dismissal for lack of
prosecution. Counsel filed a motion to alter, amend, or vacate, representing that
discovery was active and ongoing. The court granted that motion.
In January 2021, the following six defendant renewed their motions
for summary judgment: Ronald Williams, a former Facilities Maintenance
Supervisor within the Division of Facilities and Project Management; Greg Hicks,
a retired Assistant Director of Public Works in the Road Operations and
Maintenance Division; Dennis Arthur, a Facilities Project Manager within the
division of Facilities and Project Management; Mark Zoeller, Assistant Director of
Facilities and Project Management; Tim Maier, District Operations Administrator
for Public Works in the Road Operations and Maintenance Division; and Daniel
O’Dea, a retired Assistant Director of Engineering Services for Public Works
renewed their motions for summary judgment.
-5- In August 2021, the circuit court granted summary judgment to
Williams, Hicks, Arthur, Zoeller, Maier, and O’Dea. It concluded that there were
no circumstances under which the Sattlers could prevail at trial on their claims
against these defendants in their official capacities because each of them was
entitled to the protections afforded by official immunity. Furthermore, it
concluded that “[i[nsofar as the Road Operations and Maintenance Division,
including [Hicks and Maier], is not responsible for performing any maintenance or
repairs at the Belvedere,” there is no evidence that either of them had a duty of care
with respect to the Sattlers. Consequently, the court granted summary judgment to
Hicks and Maier with respect to the claims asserted against them in both their
individual and official capacities.
With respect to the claims against Zoeller, Arthur, Williams, and
O’Dea in their individual capacities, the court concluded that as supervisors, these
parties exercised their independent discretion and judgment concerning
maintenance and repair decisions at the Belvedere. It disagreed that these
supervisors were required to inspect the pavers personally to identify needed
repairs or maintenance issues. It concluded that they were entitled to the
protection afforded by qualified official immunity and granted them summary
judgment. This appeal followed.
A motion for summary judgment should be granted:
-6- if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
CR1 56.03. “Because no factual issues are involved and only a legal issue is before
the court on the motion for summary judgment, we do not defer to the trial court
and our review is de novo.” Univ. of Louisville v. Sharp, 416 S.W.3d 313, 315
(Ky. App. 2013) (citation omitted).
On appeal, the Sattlers argue first that entry of summary judgment is
premature because they have not been provided with a full opportunity to conduct
discovery into the various defendants’ roles and responsibilities regarding
maintenance of the Belvedere. They contend that they must be given an
opportunity to cross-examine the employees about the claims and defenses. Under
the circumstances, we disagree.
Each of the defendants submitted a sworn affidavit to the court. Each
of the affidavits provided: the defendant’s job title; an overview of the
organizational structure (including the number of employees in each section); and a
statement relative to the defendant’s position within that structure. Each affidavit
also included a comprehensive description of the defendant’s responsibilities and
specific job duties. Finally, each affidavit indicated that the defendant had no
1 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
-7- personal knowledge of the incident at the Belvedere; had no information
concerning any issues with any of the pavers there; and had no responsibility
personally to perform any maintenance at the Belvedere. Again, Zoeller provided
further testimony in a deposition as the representative of Metro Government. This
information was sufficient to enable the circuit court to decide whether any one of
the defendants was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Thus, we cannot agree
that the circuit court’s summary judgment was entered prematurely.
Next, the Sattlers argue that the circuit court erred by concluding that
the defendants were entitled to qualified official immunity. Again, we disagree.
The defense of qualified official immunity must be examined with
respect to whether the function at issue was discretionary or ministerial. Qualified
official immunity applies to a negligent act or omission by a public employee for
his or her:
“(1) discretionary acts or functions, i.e., those involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, or personal deliberation, decision, and judgment . . . ; (2) in good faith; and (3) within the scope of the employee's authority.”
Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 522 (Ky. 2001) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND)
OF TORTS § 895D (1979)). However, qualified official immunity does not extend
to the negligent performance of ministerial acts. Id.
-8- In Marson v. Thomason, 438 S.W.3d 292 (Ky. 2014), the Kentucky
Supreme Court observed that the distinction between ministerial and discretionary
acts is often difficult to discern. A ministerial act is “one that requires only
obedience to the orders of others, or when the officer’s duty is absolute, certain,
and imperative, involving merely execution of a specific act arising from fixed and
designated facts.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522. A ministerial act is one that the
government employee must perform “without regard to his or her own judgment or
opinion concerning the propriety of the act to be performed.” 63C AM. JUR. 2D
Public Officers and Employees § 318 (updated through Feb. 2014). A
discretionary act is one “involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, or
personal deliberation, decision, and judgment.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522.
The Sattlers contend that each of the Metro Government employees
“had a contractual duty, that is by definition ministerial in nature,” to maintain the
Belvedere. (Emphasis added.) They rely upon the terms of a contract between the
Waterfront Development Corporation and Metro Government executed on August
11, 2011. It requires Metro Government to “maintain the Belvedere property to
include . . . structural maintenance.” The Sattlers contend that the express terms of
this agreement afforded the individual employees “no room for discretion.” We
disagree.
-9- The terms of the agreement between Metro Government and
Waterfront Development Corporation did not amplify, enhance, broaden, or in any
way define the individual defendants’ responsibilities at the Belvedere. The
agreement simply provided for a sharing of Metro Government’s financial,
personnel, recordkeeping, budgeting, asset management, employee benefits,
payroll, training, procurement, and technology services systems with Waterfront
Development Corporation for the mutual benefit of both parties. With respect to
public works and assets, the agreement provided that Waterfront Development
Corporation would maintain Waterfront Park and all the buildings situated on the
park grounds and that Metro Government would maintain the Belvedere property.
The agreement did nothing to affect the specific responsibilities of any of the
named defendants.
In December 2014, as Director of Offices of Facilities and Fleet
Management, Cathy Duncan supervised assistant directors and managers of four
divisions: Project Management, Operations, Security, and Landscaping. She also
supervised an assistant director who oversaw activities in the Sedans and Heavy
Truck/Equipment divisions. She had no responsibility for the maintenance of the
Belvedere.
Vanessa Burns was the Director of Louisville Metro Public Works
and Assets in December 2014. Public Works is responsible for solid waste
-10- management, traffic signals, electrical maintenance, road maintenance, road signs
and markings, and engineering. While sidewalks are included in road
maintenance, Burns indicated that she had no responsibility for maintenance at the
As the District Operations Administrator for Public Works in the
Road Operations and Maintenance Division, Tim Maier supervised three
managers, who each oversaw four supervisors in December 2014. Greg Hicks has
since retired as the Assistant Director of Public Works in the Road Operations and
Maintenance Division. In December 2014, he supervised the Operations
Administrator. The Division is responsible for road maintenance activities
including paving, shoulder repair, drainage within the right of way, litter
collection, guardrail repair, and tree maintenance. While the division performs
maintenance on sidewalks abutting roads, it is not responsible for the Belvedere.
As Assistant Director of Engineering Services for Public Works,
Daniel O’Dea supervised five managers who oversaw their respective supervisors.
The unit’s primary focus is roadways and sidewalks adjacent to roadways. In
December 2014, O’Dea managed administrative support services; none of his
subordinates was responsible for performing any structural maintenance --
including paver repair.
-11- Mark Zoeller is the Assistant Director of Facilities and Project
Management. The unit has approximately eighty (80) employees and manages
approximately eighty-nine (89) Metro Government properties. In his affidavit,
Zoeller indicated that in December 2014, he developed procedure, formulated
policy, and prepared budgetary data. He determined the best means by which to
operate Facilities and Project Management efficiently and effectively. He oversaw
the Manager of Facilities and Project Management.
Dennis Arthur is a Facilities Project Manager. In December 2014, he
supervised six construction coordinators who managed Metro Government projects
by directing subordinates. He collected and analyzed data and prepared reports.
He developed capital improvement plans and managed Facilities Management
projects through subordinate engineers, construction coordinators, and architects.
He oversaw project schedules and other logistical issues. His position required
him to determine the best means necessary to ensure that projects, programs, and
services operated efficiently and effectively.
In December 2014, Ronald Williams worked as a Facilities
Maintenance Supervisor within the division of Facilities and Project Management.
He supervised six (6) maintenance workers who responded to work order requests.
He oversaw building and ground maintenance operations and mechanical and
electrical repairs. He investigated equipment malfunctions, scheduled preventive
-12- maintenance of equipment and systems, and prepared cost estimates and bid
specifications. He did not personally perform maintenance at the Belvedere.
None of the defendants/appellees had duties involving mere obedience
to the orders of others or execution of any specific act. Thus, their responsibilities
cannot be characterized as ministerial in nature. Their acts required the exercise of
discretion. Consequently, they were entitled to qualified official immunity.
We find no error in the conclusion of the Jefferson Circuit Court that
the defendants were entitled to qualified official immunity. Therefore, we affirm
its entry of summary judgments.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS: BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:
William D. Nefzger Andrew Miller David W. Mushlin Kristie Walker Louisville, Kentucky Assistant Jefferson County Attorneys Louisville, Kentucky
-13-