FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, C. J., MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 13, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A19A1726. CARLY RAY INDUSTRIES, INC. et al. v. MAYS.
MCFADDEN, Chief Judge.
Keenan Mays sued his former employer, Carly Ray Industries, Inc., and that
company’s owner, Jamark Deray Goodwin, for malicious prosecution, false
imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, among other claims.
He alleged that Goodwin deliberately attempted to frame him for crimes that he did
not commit. During a jury trial, Carly Ray and Goodwin unsuccessfully sought a
directed verdict on the claims for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress. The jury ultimately returned a verdict in
favor of Mays, and on appeal Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that the trial court erred
by denying their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. As to the malicious
prosecution and false imprisonment claims, trial evidence demonstrated the elements that Carly Ray and Goodwin challenged in their directed verdict motion. As to the
intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, Carly Ray and Goodwin make no
argument on appeal in support of the challenge that they made in their directed
verdict motion. So we affirm.
1. Standard of review, facts, and procedural history.
We review the trial court’s denial of the motion for judgment notwithstanding
the verdict to determine if there is any evidence to support the jury’s verdict,
construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mays. See Patterson-Fowlkes
v. Chancey, 291 Ga. 601, 602 (732 SE2d 252) (2012). Because the motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict was essentially a renewal of the earlier motion
for directed verdict, we may consider only the grounds raised in the motion for
directed verdict. See McClattie v. Kowal, 331 Ga. App. 285, 286 (2) (769 SE2d 187)
(2015); Bailey v. Annistown Road Baptist Church, 301 Ga. App. 677, 689 (10) (689
SE2d 62) (2009).
Viewed most favorably to Mays, the trial evidence showed that during the
period in which Mays worked for Carly Ray, he and Goodwin had a contentious
relationship. Goodwin displayed jealously toward Mays, both professionally and
personally, and assigned Mays less desirable work.
2 Goodwin fired Mays after Mays missed work for a dental procedure. When
Mays asked Goodwin about his final paycheck, Goodwin told Mays to meet him at
the office on a particular date. But when Mays arrived at the office on that day,
neither Goodwin nor the paycheck was there.
Around this time, several of Mays’s former coworkers were on an out-of-town
trip for work. When they returned, Goodwin told them that the office and Goodwin’s
car had been vandalized. He accused Mays of committing those crimes and stated his
intent to call the police. But Goodwin also asked one of Mays’s former coworkers,
who had been out of town on the day in question, to lie and say that she had
witnessed Mays committing the crimes. Goodwin “asked [her] to set up Keenan
[Mays].” She refused. She also questioned Goodwin’s claim that Mays had damaged
computer keyboards by pouring a substance on them, because she saw no evidence
of that damage and found the keyboards to be usable. And she questioned Goodwin’s
suggestion that there might be security recordings of the crimes, because she knew
of no security cameras at the office.
One to two weeks after the crimes allegedly occurred, Mays learned that a
warrant for his arrest had been issued. He went to jail on that warrant and had to post
3 bond. The state later indicted Mays1 but ultimately filed a nolle prosequi because the
state’s primary witness refused to cooperate. The trial evidence did not specifically
identify that primary witness, but Mays testified that he believed the witness was
Goodwin’s girlfriend, who was another of Mays’s former coworkers and who had
also been out of town on the day Mays allegedly committed the crimes.
Mays denied committing the alleged crimes and testified at trial that he
believed he had been “set up.”
At trial, Carly Ray and Goodwin moved for a directed verdict. They argued that
they were entitled to a directed verdict on the malicious prosecution and false
imprisonment claims because there was no evidence that Goodwin had instigated the
prosecution of Mays without probable cause or with malice. They argued that they
were entitled to a directed verdict on the intentional infliction of emotional distress
claim because there was no evidence of the specific amount of Mays’s damages
caused by the alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress. The trial court
denied their motion for directed verdict on these claims, and the jury returned a
verdict in favor of Mays. Carly Ray and Goodwin orally moved for judgment
1 The indictment is not a part of the trial evidence, and no evidence was presented at trial of the precise offenses with which Mays was charged, although in his complaint he alleged that he was charged with burglary.
4 notwithstanding the verdict, but the trial court entered judgment on the verdict,
effectively denying their motion.
2. Malicious prosecution.
Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that the trial court should have granted them a
judgment notwithstanding the jury’s verdict for Mays on his claim for malicious
prosecution. Georgia law affords a cause of action to a person who has been damaged
by a “criminal prosecution which is carried on maliciously and without any probable
cause[.]” OCGA § 51-7-40. A person seeking to recover for malicious prosecution
must show, among other things, that the prosecution was instigated without probable
cause and with malice. Wal-Mart Stores v. Blackford, 264 Ga. 612, 613 (449 SE2d
293) (1994). We are not persuaded by Carly Ray and Goodwin’s challenge to the
evidence on these elements.
(a) Evidence that Goodwin instigated prosecution.
Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that there was no evidence that Goodwin
“initiated, encouraged, or took action to further the prosecution of . . . Mays[,]”
including no evidence that Goodwin called the police. In malicious prosecution cases,
[t]he law draws a fine line of demarcation between cases where a party directly or indirectly urges a law enforcement official to begin criminal
5 proceedings and cases where a party merely relays facts to an official who then makes an independent decision to arrest or prosecute. In the former case there is potential liability; in the latter case there is not. It is clear, though, that initiation of the criminal action need not be expressly directed by the party to be held liable. . . . [Moreover, a] person may be liable where he gave information to the investigating officer which he knew to be false and so unduly influenced the authorities.
Wolf Camera v. Royter, 253 Ga. App. 254, 257-258 (1) (a) (558 SE2d 797) (2002)
(citation omitted).
No evidence was presented at trial to show how any law enforcement
investigation began, the nature or scope of that investigation, or the role of law
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FIFTH DIVISION MCFADDEN, C. J., MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
March 13, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A19A1726. CARLY RAY INDUSTRIES, INC. et al. v. MAYS.
MCFADDEN, Chief Judge.
Keenan Mays sued his former employer, Carly Ray Industries, Inc., and that
company’s owner, Jamark Deray Goodwin, for malicious prosecution, false
imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress, among other claims.
He alleged that Goodwin deliberately attempted to frame him for crimes that he did
not commit. During a jury trial, Carly Ray and Goodwin unsuccessfully sought a
directed verdict on the claims for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress. The jury ultimately returned a verdict in
favor of Mays, and on appeal Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that the trial court erred
by denying their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. As to the malicious
prosecution and false imprisonment claims, trial evidence demonstrated the elements that Carly Ray and Goodwin challenged in their directed verdict motion. As to the
intentional infliction of emotional distress claim, Carly Ray and Goodwin make no
argument on appeal in support of the challenge that they made in their directed
verdict motion. So we affirm.
1. Standard of review, facts, and procedural history.
We review the trial court’s denial of the motion for judgment notwithstanding
the verdict to determine if there is any evidence to support the jury’s verdict,
construing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mays. See Patterson-Fowlkes
v. Chancey, 291 Ga. 601, 602 (732 SE2d 252) (2012). Because the motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict was essentially a renewal of the earlier motion
for directed verdict, we may consider only the grounds raised in the motion for
directed verdict. See McClattie v. Kowal, 331 Ga. App. 285, 286 (2) (769 SE2d 187)
(2015); Bailey v. Annistown Road Baptist Church, 301 Ga. App. 677, 689 (10) (689
SE2d 62) (2009).
Viewed most favorably to Mays, the trial evidence showed that during the
period in which Mays worked for Carly Ray, he and Goodwin had a contentious
relationship. Goodwin displayed jealously toward Mays, both professionally and
personally, and assigned Mays less desirable work.
2 Goodwin fired Mays after Mays missed work for a dental procedure. When
Mays asked Goodwin about his final paycheck, Goodwin told Mays to meet him at
the office on a particular date. But when Mays arrived at the office on that day,
neither Goodwin nor the paycheck was there.
Around this time, several of Mays’s former coworkers were on an out-of-town
trip for work. When they returned, Goodwin told them that the office and Goodwin’s
car had been vandalized. He accused Mays of committing those crimes and stated his
intent to call the police. But Goodwin also asked one of Mays’s former coworkers,
who had been out of town on the day in question, to lie and say that she had
witnessed Mays committing the crimes. Goodwin “asked [her] to set up Keenan
[Mays].” She refused. She also questioned Goodwin’s claim that Mays had damaged
computer keyboards by pouring a substance on them, because she saw no evidence
of that damage and found the keyboards to be usable. And she questioned Goodwin’s
suggestion that there might be security recordings of the crimes, because she knew
of no security cameras at the office.
One to two weeks after the crimes allegedly occurred, Mays learned that a
warrant for his arrest had been issued. He went to jail on that warrant and had to post
3 bond. The state later indicted Mays1 but ultimately filed a nolle prosequi because the
state’s primary witness refused to cooperate. The trial evidence did not specifically
identify that primary witness, but Mays testified that he believed the witness was
Goodwin’s girlfriend, who was another of Mays’s former coworkers and who had
also been out of town on the day Mays allegedly committed the crimes.
Mays denied committing the alleged crimes and testified at trial that he
believed he had been “set up.”
At trial, Carly Ray and Goodwin moved for a directed verdict. They argued that
they were entitled to a directed verdict on the malicious prosecution and false
imprisonment claims because there was no evidence that Goodwin had instigated the
prosecution of Mays without probable cause or with malice. They argued that they
were entitled to a directed verdict on the intentional infliction of emotional distress
claim because there was no evidence of the specific amount of Mays’s damages
caused by the alleged intentional infliction of emotional distress. The trial court
denied their motion for directed verdict on these claims, and the jury returned a
verdict in favor of Mays. Carly Ray and Goodwin orally moved for judgment
1 The indictment is not a part of the trial evidence, and no evidence was presented at trial of the precise offenses with which Mays was charged, although in his complaint he alleged that he was charged with burglary.
4 notwithstanding the verdict, but the trial court entered judgment on the verdict,
effectively denying their motion.
2. Malicious prosecution.
Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that the trial court should have granted them a
judgment notwithstanding the jury’s verdict for Mays on his claim for malicious
prosecution. Georgia law affords a cause of action to a person who has been damaged
by a “criminal prosecution which is carried on maliciously and without any probable
cause[.]” OCGA § 51-7-40. A person seeking to recover for malicious prosecution
must show, among other things, that the prosecution was instigated without probable
cause and with malice. Wal-Mart Stores v. Blackford, 264 Ga. 612, 613 (449 SE2d
293) (1994). We are not persuaded by Carly Ray and Goodwin’s challenge to the
evidence on these elements.
(a) Evidence that Goodwin instigated prosecution.
Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that there was no evidence that Goodwin
“initiated, encouraged, or took action to further the prosecution of . . . Mays[,]”
including no evidence that Goodwin called the police. In malicious prosecution cases,
[t]he law draws a fine line of demarcation between cases where a party directly or indirectly urges a law enforcement official to begin criminal
5 proceedings and cases where a party merely relays facts to an official who then makes an independent decision to arrest or prosecute. In the former case there is potential liability; in the latter case there is not. It is clear, though, that initiation of the criminal action need not be expressly directed by the party to be held liable. . . . [Moreover, a] person may be liable where he gave information to the investigating officer which he knew to be false and so unduly influenced the authorities.
Wolf Camera v. Royter, 253 Ga. App. 254, 257-258 (1) (a) (558 SE2d 797) (2002)
(citation omitted).
No evidence was presented at trial to show how any law enforcement
investigation began, the nature or scope of that investigation, or the role of law
enforcement in obtaining the warrant for Mays’s arrest. Nevertheless, the evidence
described above permitted a finding that Goodwin provided the police with false
information about Mays. There was evidence that, a week or two before the arrest
warrant was issued, Goodwin accused Mays of crimes and stated that he intended to
call the police. There was evidence that Goodwin attempted to get one of his
employees to fabricate evidence in an effort to “set up” Mays. There was evidence
that the state’s primary witness, who later refused to cooperate with the prosecution,
had an intimate relationship with Goodwin and was not in town at the time Goodwin
6 alleged the crimes occurred. And there was evidence that at least one of the crimes
alleged by Goodwin did not occur (the damage to the computer keyboards).
(b) Evidence of want of probable cause.
Carly Ray and Goodwin argue that there is no evidence supporting a finding
that Goodwin instigated a prosecution without probable cause. “Lack of probable
cause shall be a question for jury, under direction of the court.” OCGA § 51-7-43. In
other words, the jury determines the existence of the facts that are alleged to have
established probable cause, while the question of whether those facts established
probable cause is a question of law. See Wilson v. Wheeler’s, Inc., 190 Ga. App. 250,
252 (1) (378 SE2d 498) (1989). Carly Ray and Goodwin point to an affidavit by
Goodwin, arguing that it established probable cause and that Mays failed to contest
its contents. But this affidavit was not introduced into evidence at trial and so was not
a part of the evidence that we consider in reviewing the trial court’s ruling on the
motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. See Jones v. Sperau, 275 Ga. 213,
214 (1) (563 SE2d 863) (2002) (trial court did not err in denying party’s motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict where evidence at trial did not demand verdict
in his favor). Cf. Norfolk Southern R. Co. v. Everett, 322 Ga. App. 867, 868 (1) (747
SE2d 92) (2013) (same in context of directed verdict motion).
7 Carly Ray and Goodwin also argue that Mays’s indictment was prima facie
evidence of probable cause. But the indictment was not conclusive evidence of
probable cause, see Rowe v. CSX Transp., 219 Ga. App. 380, 381 (465 SE2d 476)
(1995), and other trial evidence, recounted above in Division 2 (a), rebutted the
indictment evidence.
In the face of this evidence, we find no merit whatsoever in Carly Ray and
Goodwin’s assertion that evidence of probable cause was uncontested. As discussed
above, the trial evidence, although circumstantial, supported a finding that Goodwin
pursued a prosecution of Mays knowing that Mays had not committed the alleged
crimes. If a defendant knows that a plaintiff committed no crime, then “any argument
that probable cause existed for [the plaintiff’s] arrest is wholly without merit.”
Turnage v. Kasper, 307 Ga. App. 172, 182 (1) (b) (ii) (704 SE2d 842) (2010).
(c) Evidence of malice.
Finally, from the evidence that Goodwin disliked Mays a jury could find that
Goodwin’s actions against him were motivated by personal spite. This was sufficient
to find malice. See McKissick v. S. O. A., Inc., 299 Ga. App. 772, 777 (2) (684 SE2d
24) (2009) (malice may be shown by personal spite, among other ways).
3. False imprisonment.
8 In their motion for directed verdict, Carly Ray and Goodwin made the same
arguments for a judgment on the false imprisonment claim as on the malicious
prosecution claim — a failure of evidence regarding the lack of probable cause and
the existence of malice. So these are the only two issues we consider in reviewing the
trial court’s denial of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the false
imprisonment claim. See McClattie, 331 Ga. App. at 286 (2); Bailey, 301 Ga. App.
at 689 (10). These arguments fail for the reasons discussed above in Division 2.
4. Intentional infliction of emotional distress.
In their motion for directed verdict as to the claim of intentional infliction of
emotional distress, Carly Ray and Goodwin argued only that there was no evidence
of the specific monetary amount of damages that Mays suffered as a result of this
alleged tort. So as to this claim, the lack of evidence of the amount of damages is the
only ground upon which we may consider their assertion that they were entitled to
judgment notwithstanding the verdict. See McClattie, 331 Ga. App. at 286 (2); Bailey,
301 Ga. App. at 689 (10). But Carly Ray and Goodwin do not assert or support this
ground in their appellate brief. Instead, they argue that there was no evidence of other
elements of the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim. Because they did not
make these arguments in support of their directed verdict motion, we cannot consider
9 them. See Bailey, supra. So Carly Ray and Goodwin have not shown any basis for
reversal as to this claim.
Judgment affirmed. McMillian, P.J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E.
Phipps concur.