Carlos Nuno v. Commissioner of Social Security

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: April 30, 2026
• Docket: 1:22-cv-01553
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CARLOS NUNO, Case No. 1:22-cv-01553-CDB (SS)

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 13 v. (Doc. 12) 14 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,

15 Defendant.

16 17 Plaintiff Carlos Nuno (“Plaintiff”) seeks judicial review of a final decision of the 18 Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying his application for 19 disability benefits under the Social Security Act (“SSA” or “Act”). (Doc. 1). The matter is before 20 the Court on the Administrative Record (Doc. 11; hereinafter, “AR”) and the parties’ briefs (Docs. 21 12, 15, 16), which were submitted without oral argument. Upon review of the record, the 22 undersigned finds and rules as follows.1 23 I. BACKGROUND 24 A. Administrative Proceedings and ALJ’s Decision 25 On June 29, 2020, Plaintiff filed an application under Title XVI of the Social Security Act, 26 alleging disability beginning on June 1, 2020. (AR 23, 77, 207-16). Plaintiff’s claim was denied 27 1 Following all parties expression of consent to the jurisdiction of a U.S. magistrate judge, this action was reassigned to the undersigned for all further proceedings, including trial and entry of judgment, 1 initially and again upon reconsideration. (AR 77, 95). Plaintiff requested a hearing before an

2 Administrative Law Judge on January 27, 2021. (AR 115).

3 Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Charles Woode held a hearing on August 30, 2021,

4 wherein Plaintiff, his attorney Robert Ishikawa, and impartial vocational expert (“VE”) Laura

5 Lykins appeared`. (AR 38-65). ALJ Woode issued an unfavorable decision on October 27, 2021. 6 (AR 23-32). The Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for review on October 14, 2022, 7 rendering the ALJ’s decision as the final decision of the Commissioner. (AR 1-7). Plaintiff 8 subsequently filed this action seeking judicial review of the ALJ’s decision. (Doc. 1). 9 In the decision, the ALJ considered Plaintiff’s claims using the five-step sequential 10 evaluation required by 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. (AR 24). At step one, the ALJ found that Plaintiff 11 had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since the application date. (AR 25). 12 At step two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the following medically determinable 13 impairment (“MDI”) which significantly limits the ability to perform basic work activities: cervical 14 degenerative disc disease and status post ACDF surgery. The ALJ also found that Plaintiff had the 15 non-severe impairments of asthma and visual loss. (AR 25). 16 At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an impairment, or any combination 17 of impairments, that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 18 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. (AR 26-27). 19 Prior to step four, the ALJ found the following RFC: 20 After careful consideration of the entire record, I find that the claimant has the residual functional capacity to perform light work 21 as defined in 20 CFR 416.967(b) except that he can frequently stoop, kneel, crouch, and reach overhead bilaterally. He can occasionally 22 crawl and climb ramps or stairs, but never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. 23 24 (AR 27). In considering Plaintiff’s symptoms and the extent to which these symptoms can 25 reasonably be accepted as consistent with objective medical evidence and other evidence, the ALJ 26 noted the two-step process as set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 416.929 and SSR 16-3p. (AR 27-28). The 27 ALJ found that Plaintiff’s MDIs could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms but that his statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of symptoms are not 1 entirely consistent with the medical and other evidence of record. (AR 27-29). The ALJ, citing to

2 Plaintiff’s hearing testimony and the medical record, determined that the evidence of record did not

3 provide support for the existence of greater limitations above those assessed in the RFC regarding

4 Plaintiff’s impairments. (AR 28-29).

5 At step f`o ur, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff has no past relevant work, under 20 C.F.R. 6 § 416.965, that he could perform. (AR 30). The ALJ found that Plaintiff could perform work that 7 existed in significant numbers in the national economy, namely as a cashier II, small products 8 assembler, and final inspector. (AR 31). The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had not been under a 9 disability since the date the application was filed. (AR 31-32). 10 B. Medical Record and Hearing Testimony 11 The relevant hearing testimony and medical record were reviewed by the Court and will be 12 referenced below as necessary to this Court’s decision. 13 II. LEGAL STANDARD 14 A district court’s review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security is 15 governed by 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The scope of review under § 405(g) is limited; the 16 Commissioner’s decision will be disturbed “only if it is not supported by substantial evidence or is 17 based on legal error.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012). “Substantial evidence” 18 means “relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 19 conclusion.” Id. at 1159 (quotation and citation omitted). Stated differently, substantial evidence 20 equates to “more than a mere scintilla[,] but less than a preponderance.” Id. (quotation and citation 21 omitted). “[I]t is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support 22 a conclusion.” Sandgathe v. Chater, 108 F.3d 978, 980 (9th Cir. 1997) (quotation and citation 23 omitted). In determining whether the standard has been satisfied, a reviewing court must consider 24 the entire record as a whole rather than searching for supporting evidence in isolation. Id. 25 The court will review only the reasons provided by the ALJ in the disability determination 26 and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which she did not rely. Social Security Act § 205, 27 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). In reviewing a denial of benefits, a district court may not substitute its 1 evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d

2 1035, 1038 (9th Cir. 2008). Further, a district court will not reverse an ALJ’s decision on account

3 of an error that is harmless. Id. An error is harmless where it is “inconsequential to the [ALJ’s]

4 ultimate nondisability determination.” Id. (quotation and citation omitted). The party appealing

5 the ALJ’s decis`io n generally bears the burden of establishing that it was harmed. Shinseki v. 6 Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409-10 (2009). 7 A claimant must satisfy two conditions to be considered “disabled” and eligible for benefits 8 within the meaning of the Social Security Act. First, the claimant must be “unable to engage in any 9 substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment 10 which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a 11 continuous period of not less than twelve months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). Second, the 12 claimant’s impairment must be “of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous 13 work[,] but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind 14 of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” 42 U.S.C. § 15 1382c(a)(3)(B). 16 The Commissioner has established a five-step sequential analysis to determine whether a 17 claimant satisfies the above criteria. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(i)-(v). At step one, the 18 Commissioner considers the claimant’s work activity. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(i). If the claimant 19 is engaged in “substantial gainful activity,” the Commissioner must find that the claimant is not 20 disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(b). 21 If the claimant is not engaged in substantial gainful activity, the analysis proceeds to step 22 two. At this step, the Commissioner considers the severity of the claimant’s impairment. 20 C.F.R. 23 § 416.920(a)(4)(ii). If the claimant suffers from “any impairment or combination of impairments 24 which significantly limits [his or her] physical or mental ability to do basic work activities,” the 25 analysis proceeds to step three. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(c). If the claimant’s impairment does not 26 satisfy this severity threshold, however, the Commissioner must find that the claimant is not 27 disabled. Id. 1 recognized by the Commissioner to be so severe as to preclude a person from engaging in

2 substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(iii). If the impairment is as severe or more

3 severe than one of the enumerated impairments, the Commissioner must find the claimant disabled

4 and award benefits. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(d).

5 If the sev` erity of the claimant’s impairment does not meet or exceed the severity of the 6 enumerated impairments, the Commissioner must pause to assess the claimant’s “residual 7 functional capacity,” defined generally as the claimant’s ability to perform physical and mental 8 work activities on a sustained basis despite his or her limitations (20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1)). 9 At step four, the Commissioner considers whether, in view of the claimant’s RFC, the 10 claimant is capable of performing work that he or she has performed in the past (past relevant 11 work). 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(iv). If the claimant is capable of performing past relevant work, 12 the Commissioner must find that the claimant is not disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(f). If the 13 claimant is incapable of performing such work, the analysis proceeds to step five. 14 At step five, the Commissioner considers whether, in view of the claimant’s RFC, the 15 claimant is capable of performing other work in the national economy. 20 C.F.R. § 16 416.920(a)(4)(v). In making this determination, the Commissioner must also consider vocational 17 factors such as the claimant’s age, education, and past work experience. Id. If the claimant is 18 capable of adjusting to other work, the Commissioner must find that the claimant is not disabled. 20 19 C.F.R. § 416.920(g)(1). If the claimant is not capable of adjusting to other work, the analysis 20 concludes with a finding that the claimant is disabled and is therefore entitled to benefits. Id. 21 The claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through four above. Tackett v. Apfel, 22 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999). If the analysis proceeds to step five, the burden shifts to the 23 Commissioner to establish that (1) the claimant is capable of performing other work; and (2) such 24 work “exists in significant numbers in the national economy.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.960(c)(2); Beltran 25 v. Astrue, 700 F.3d 386, 389 (9th Cir. 2012). 26 III. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS 27 Plaintiff seeks judicial review of the Commissioner’s final decision denying his application. 1 1. The ALJ failed to provide clear and convincing reasons to reject Plaintiff’s symptom

2 testimony regarding pain and physical dysfunction;

3 2. The ALJ failed to properly evaluate the medical source opinion of physician assistant

4 Carlos Guzman;

5 3. The `A LJ failed to properly evaluate whether Plaintiff met or equaled Listing of 6 Impairment 5.08; and 7 4. The ALJ failed to consider Plaintiff’s nonsevere impairments when formulating the 8 RFC. See (Doc. 12). 9 A. Whether the ALJ Failed to Provide Clear and Convincing Reasons to Reject 10 Plaintiff’s Symptom Testimony Regarding Pain and Dysfunction 11 The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility,2 resolving conflicts in medical 12 testimony, and resolving ambiguities. Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995). A 13 plaintiff’s statements of pain or other symptoms are not conclusive evidence of a physical or mental 14 impairment or disability. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A); see SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *2 (“an 15 individual’s statements of symptoms alone are not enough to establish the existence of a physical 16 or mental impairment or disability”); see also Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2007) 17 (“An ALJ is not required to believe every allegation of disabling pain or other non-exertional 18 impairment.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 19 1104 (9th Cir. 2012) (same), superseded on other grounds by 20 C.F.R. § 404.1502(a). 20 Determining whether a plaintiff’s testimony regarding subjective pain or symptoms is 21 credible requires the ALJ to engage in a two-step analysis. Id. at 1112. The ALJ must first 22 determine if “the [plaintiff] has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment 23 which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged.” Lingenfelter 24 v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal punctuation and citations omitted). This

25 2 SSR 16-3p, which applies to disability applications heard by the agency on or after March 28, 26 2016, eliminated the use of the term “credibility” to emphasize that subjective symptom evaluation “is not an examination of an individual’s character,” but an endeavor to determine how “symptoms limit an 27 individual’s ability to perform work-related activities.” SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *3. Nevertheless, the Ninth Circuit continues to reference an ALJ’s “credibility assessment” when reviewing claims that an ALJ impermissibly discounted a claimant’s testimony. See, e.g., Ferguson v. O’Malley, 95 F.4th 1194, 1204 1 does not require the plaintiff to show that his impairment could be expected to cause the severity

2 of the symptoms that are alleged, but only that it reasonably could have caused some degree of

3 symptoms. Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996).

4 If the first step is met and there is no evidence of malingering, “the ALJ must provide

5 ‘specific, clear a` nd convincing reasons for’ rejecting the [plaintiff’s] testimony.” Treichler v. 6 Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281); see 7 Carmickle v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 533 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2008) (noting an adverse 8 credibility finding must be based on “clear and convincing reasons”). The ALJ must make findings 9 that support this conclusion, and the findings must be sufficiently specific to allow a reviewing 10 court to conclude the ALJ rejected the plaintiff’s testimony on permissible grounds and did not 11 arbitrarily discredit the plaintiff’s testimony. Moisa v. Barnhart, 367 F.3d 882, 885 (9th Cir. 2004). 12 The Ninth Circuit does “not require ALJs to perform a line-by-line exegesis of the 13 [plaintiff’s] testimony, nor do they require ALJs to draft dissertations when denying benefits.” 14 Stewart v. Kijakazi, No. 1:22-cv-00189-ADA-HBK, 2023 WL 4162767, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Jun. 22, 15 2023), findings and recommendations adopted, 2023 WL 5109769 (Aug. 8, 2023); see Record v. 16 Kijakazi, No. 1:22-cv-00495-BAM, 2023 WL 2752097, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2023) (“Even if 17 the ALJ’s decision is not a model of clarity, where the ALJ’s ‘path may reasonably be discerned,’ 18 the Court will still defer to the ALJ’s decision.”) (quoting Wilson v. Berryhill, 757 Fed. App’x 595, 19 597 (9th Cir. 2019)). “The standard isn’t whether our court is convinced, but instead, whether the 20 ALJ’s rationale is clear enough that it has the power to convince.” Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 21 494 (9th Cir. 2022) (noting that the clear and convincing standard requires an ALJ to show his 22 work). 23 The ALJ may consider numerous factors in weighing a plaintiff’s credibility, including “(1) 24 ordinary techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the [plaintiff’s] reputation for lying, prior 25 inconsistent statements concerning the symptoms, and other testimony by the [plaintiff] that 26 appears less than candid; (2) unexplained or inadequately explained failure to seek treatment or to 27 follow a prescribed course of treatment; and (3) the [plaintiff’s] daily activities.” Smolen, 80 F.3d 1 identified in SSR 16-3P. Id. (citing Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 346 (9th Cir. 1991)); accord

2 Bray v. Comm’r Soc. Sec., 554 F.3d 1219, 1227 (9th Cir. 2009). These factors include:

3 (1) Daily activities; (2) The location, duration, frequency, and intensity of pain or other symptoms; (3) Factors that precipitate and 4 aggravate the symptoms; (4) The type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of any medication an individual takes or has taken to 5 al`l eviate pain or other symptoms; (5) Treatment, other than medication, an individual receives or has received for relief of pain 6 or other symptoms; (6) Any measures other than treatment an individual uses or has used to relieve pain or other symptoms (e.g., 7 lying flat on his or her back, standing for 15 to 20 minutes every hour, or sleeping on a board); and (7) Any other factors concerning 8 an individual’s functional limitations and restrictions due to pain or other symptoms. 9 10 SSR 16-3P, 2017 WL 5180304, at *7; see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3). If the ALJ’s finding is 11 supported by substantial evidence, the court may not engage in second-guessing. Tommasetti, 533 12 F.3d at 1039 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 13 The clear and convincing standard is “not an easy requirement to meet,” as it is “‘the most 14 demanding requirement in Social Security cases.’” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1015 (9th 15 Cir. 2014) (quoting Moore v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 278 F.3d 920, 924 (9th Cir. 2002)). “A 16 finding that a [plaintiff’s] testimony is not credible must be sufficiently specific to allow a 17 reviewing court to conclude the adjudicator rejected the [plaintiff’s] testimony on permissible 18 grounds and did not arbitrarily discredit a [plaintiff’s] testimony regarding pain.” Brown-Hunter 19 v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 20 “The fact that a [plaintiff’s] testimony is not fully corroborated by the objective medical 21 findings, in and of itself, is not a clear and convincing reason for rejecting it.” Vertigan v. Halter, 22 260 F.3d 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 2001); see 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(2) (“[W]e will not reject your 23 statements about the intensity and persistence of your pain or other symptoms or about the effect 24 your symptoms have on your ability solely because the objective medical evidence does not 25 substantiate your statements.”). Rather, where a plaintiff’s symptom testimony is not fully 26 substantiated by the objective medical record, the ALJ must provide additional reasons for 27 discounting the testimony. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 680 (9th Cir. 2005). “The ALJ must 1 complaints – ‘[g]eneral findings are insufficient.’” Id. (quoting Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715,

2 722 (9th Cir. 1998)).

3 However, the medical evidence “is still a relevant factor in determining the severity of the

4 [plaintiff’s] pain and its disabling effects.” Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001).

5 The Ninth Circu`i t has distinguished testimony that is “uncorroborated” by the medical evidence 6 from testimony that is “contradicted” by the medical records and concluded that contradictions with 7 the medical records, by themselves, are enough to meet the clear and convincing standard. 8 Hairston v. Saul, 827 Fed. App’x 772, 773 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1161). 9 i. Parties’ Contentions 10 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to satisfy the relevant clear and convincing standard for 11 four reasons. (Doc. 12 at 16). First, the ALJ “mischaracterized the evidence because imaging 12 studies from after Plaintiff’s neck surgery still revealed significant abnormalities” and failed to 13 explain why Plaintiff’s “abnormal examination results of tenderness and restricted range of motion” 14 were not “sufficient support for Plaintiff’s symptom allegations.” Id. at 16-17 (citing AR 354, 357, 15 363, 428, 430-31, 434, 448, 473, 506, 512, 524, 534, 563, 607, 617, 631). Second, the ALJ 16 mischaracterized Plaintiff’s treatment as “generally conservative care” despite Plaintiff being 17 prescribed narcotic medication and receiving one steroid injection, after which he reported 18 increased pain. Id. at 17 (citing AR 428, 431-32, 438, 448, 522, 687, 693, 699, 700). 19 Third, the ALJ relied only on the objective medical evidence to reject Plaintiff’s complaints 20 of pain, despite Plaintiff’s “consistent and constant” complaints of severe pain present throughout 21 the record. Id. at 17-18 (citing, inter alia, AR 432, 449, 566, 623, 617, 630). Fourth, the ALJ 22 mischaracterized Plaintiff’s use of marijuana. Id. at 18-19. Plaintiff notes that his physician 23 assistant Carlos Guzman was aware of Plaintiff’s use of medicinal marijuana and that Plaintiff 24 could continue to use it “because it provided beneficial response in the management of his 25 conditions.” Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ’s description of medicinal marijuana as “illegal drugs” 26 suggests an examination of Plaintiff’s character, in contravention of SSR 16-3p. Id. at 18-19 (citing 27 AR 28, 29, 642, & Kamp v. Kijakazi, No. 21-35934, 2023 WL 1879469, *2 n.4 (9th Cir. Feb. 10, 1 Defendant argues that the ALJ properly considered that Plaintiff’s surgery “improved his

2 neurological functioning” and the “evidence showed resolution of Plaintiff’s neurological

3 symptoms in the wake of surgery.” (Doc. 15 at 21; citing AR 354, 370, 429-30, 434, 444, 451-

4 452). Defendant notes that findings of reduced strength between January and April 2021, as well

5 as in July 2021,` do not “represent a period of at least 12 consecutive months and, thus, cannot 6 establish disability.” Id. (citing AR 607-08, 620, 631-32, 638). Defendant argues that, even if the 7 ALJ “should have acknowledged this evidence, Plaintiff would not be prejudiced by the failure to 8 do so” because the ALJ limited Plaintiff to lifting and carrying 20 pounds occasionally and 10 9 pounds frequently, and frequent reaching overhead bilaterally, “which is reasonably consistent with 10 a slight reduction in shoulder/upper extremity strength.” Id. at 22. Defendant argues that the ALJ 11 reasonably found Plaintiff’s treatment to be “generally conservative,” in that he was prescribed pain 12 medication which was ultimately terminated due to noncompliance with the medication contract 13 due to Plaintiff’s use of marijuana. Id. at 22-23 (citing, inter alia, AR 427, 435, 497, 525, 605, 608 14 617). Defendant asserts that the ALJ did not attack Plaintiff’s character as the mention of “illegal 15 drugs” was to “explain [Plaintiff’s] noncompliance with Dr. Otchere’s treatment plan[.]” Id. at 23- 16 24 (citing, inter alia, AR 28, 608). Lastly, Defendant argues that the ALJ considered not just 17 objective medical evidence but Plaintiff’s improvement, conservative post-surgical treatment, and 18 noncompliance therewith, as well as the prior administrative medical findings. Id. at 24-25. 19 ii. Analysis 20 1. The ALJ’s Findings 21 After finding that Plaintiff’s impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged 22 symptoms, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and 23 limiting effects of his symptoms are not entirely consistent with the longitudinal treatment record. 24 (AR 29); see Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1103 (noting that ALJs “routinely include this [boilerplate] 25 statement in their written findings as an introduction ... before [identifying] what parts of the 26 claimant’s testimony were not credible and why”). 27 The ALJ summarized the medical records and Plaintiff’s alleged symptoms. (AR 28). The 1 remaining abstinent of illegal drugs as required by his pain contract.” The ALJ noted that, despite

2 Plaintiff’s complaint of severe neck pain, his “physical examination consistently showed full

3 muscle strength and no sensory loss,” and a “cervical MRI performed in June 2021 showed no signs

4 of any disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or nerve root compression.” (AR 28; citing AR 607-08).

5 The ALJ found `t hat Plaintiff’s symptom testimony was “not wholly consistent with the medical 6 evidence of record,” find that the “weight of the evidence supports that surgery alleviated the motor 7 and sensory deficits associated with his cervical condition” and that “imaging studies performed 8 after the surgery showed no additional sources of significant symptoms, including disc herniation, 9 spinal stenosis, or nerve root compression.” Additionally, the ALJ determined that, though Plaintiff 10 “consistently reported pain and has demonstrated some tenderness and decreased range of motion 11 of his neck,” when considered overall, “his physical examinations following surgery and generally 12 conservative care do not support the allegedly extreme level of pain.” (AR 29). 13 2. Plaintiff’s Surgery 14 Plaintiff contends that ALJ relied only on the objective medical evidence to reject Plaintiff’s 15 complaints of pain, despite Plaintiff’s “consistent and constant” complaints of severe pain present 16 throughout the record. (Doc. 12 at 17-18). While Plaintiff’s characterization of controlling 17 authority is correct (see Vertigan, 260 F.3d at 1049), the ALJ’s citation to said records does not, by 18 itself, suggest the ALJ relied only on a lack of objective medical evidence in discounting Plaintiff’s 19 credibility. The medical evidence “is still a relevant factor in determining the severity of the 20 [plaintiff’s] pain and its disabling effects” (Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857) and an ALJ properly may 21 discount a plaintiff’s symptomology testimony if she finds it is contradicted (not merely 22 unsupported) by identified medical records. Hairston, 827 Fed. App’x at 773. However, here, the 23 ALJ cites to few sources of medical evidence to support his findings and, as discussed below, the 24 record does not support the ALJ’s determinations regarding Plaintiff’s symptom testimony. 25 In support of his findings relating to Plaintiff’s neck surgery and its aftereffects, the ALJ 26 cites to treatment records from physician Justice Otchere, recording an appointment on April 15, 27 2021. (AR 607-08). The record notes that Plaintiff had neck spine surgery in February 2020 and 1 opioid medication at this time.” Dr. Otchere recommended a “cervical epidural steroid injection to

2 improve the residual neck pain in addition with Voltaren gel and lidocaine cream for the cervical

3 and shoulder muscle pain” and stated that Plaintiff “may continue with Flexeril and trials of

4 physical therapy.” (AR 608).

5 However`, this appears to be boilerplate background language included by Dr. Otchere in 6 each record. See, e.g., (AR 614, 620) (including identical language for appointments on different 7 dates). Immediately beneath this language, Dr. Otchere writes “[i]nterval note 4/15/2021.” It 8 appears Dr. Otchere records his assessment for each appointment beneath the boilerplate 9 introductory language noted above, beginning his record for that date with “[i]interval note.” See, 10 e.g., (AR 614, 620) (including interval notes with dates beside them, presumably recording for 11 which visit each interval note is associated, with the most recent interval note being on the date of 12 the record itself). Indeed, beneath the interval note dated April 15, 2021, there are eight additional 13 interval notes dated from October 8, 2020, to March 18, 2021. (AR 608-09). 14 In the portion of the record dated April 15, 2021, Dr. Otchere notes that Plaintiff has 15 “persistent neck and bilateral shoulder pain, however, pain medication is providing some relieve 16 [sic].” Dr. Otchere records that the toxicology results were positive for THC that month, for the 17 fourth consecutive time. Dr. Otchere states that Plaintiff received “multiple warnings of 18 termination of Norco, due to violation of pain contract,” and that he stated he had “very poor 19 appetite and uses THC to improve appetite,” with Plaintiff informed that Dr. Otchere “will refer 20 back to PCP to redirect referral to pain management that is more suitable for patient, since it appears 21 patient cannot stop use of THC.” Dr. Otchere refilled the “pain medication for [Plaintiff] one last 22 time.” (AR 608). A review of the eight prior interval notes shows Plaintiff suffering from persistent 23 neck and shoulder pain after his surgery. (AR 608-09). He had a successful epidural steroid 24 injection on October 1, 2020. (AR 447-48). It was noted that there was “no pain relief after the 25 cervical epidural steroid injection,” “the chronic pain continues to impair his function,” and that 26 Plaintiff was on opioid pain medication, which provided some relief but pain persisted. Dr. Otchere 27 noted on February 12, 2021, that the medication “is not providing adequate pain control” and 1 episodes [sic] of severe neck pain that causes headaches and vomiting,” and he “highly

2 recommend[ed] MRI imaging of cervical spine for further evaluation.” (AR 608-09). That day,

3 Dr. Otchere noted that Plaintiff reported chronic cervical and bilateral shoulder pain “with an

4 overall pain level of 8 out of 10.” (AR 617).

5 Dr. Otch`e re notes persistent pain, including severe pain, with steroid injections and opioid 6 medications failing to control the pain. Thus, these records are contrary to the ALJ’s conclusions 7 that the record did not support allegedly extreme levels of pain and that the pain was controlled. 8 Additional records also contradict the ALJ’s findings that surgery alleviated the motor and 9 sensory deficits associated with his cervical condition and that imaging studies performed after the 10 surgery showed no additional sources of significant symptoms, including disc herniation, spinal 11 stenosis, or nerve root compression. On April 28, 2020, physician Ronald Brix noted that Plaintiff 12 had a “painful range of motion with rotation of head” that began after he felt a pop when he turned 13 his head. (AR 354). The notes from an MRI on that same day record that, when comparing to a 14 CT of Plaintiff’s cervical spine taken on February 19, 2020 (the day of the surgery; see AR 192), 15 there were degenerative changes, including “moderate severe right and moderate left foraminal 16 stenosis at C5-C6 and moderate severe left foraminal stenosis at C6-C7.” (AR 363). On October 17 7, 2020, Plaintiff had an initial examination for physical therapy, where it is noted he expressed 18 “[s]ignificant neck pain and shoulder pain” and “[d]ifficulty with neck or UE mvt 2nd pain [sic].” 19 (AR 473). 20 On June 4, July 23, and September 10, 2020, Mr. Guzman recorded that Plaintiff’s range of 21 motion of his cervical spine involved “severe pain [with] motion.” (AR 512, 524, 534). On June 22 4, 2020, Mr. Guzman recorded that Plaintiff also had “pain that goes down both shoulders” and it 23 “[h]urts to lift arms and do some movements.” (AR 534). On October 9, 2020, Mr. Guzman 24 recorded that Plaintiff’s range of motion of his cervical spine involved “moderate pain [with] 25 motion,” respectively. (AR 506). On November 6, 2020, Dr. Otchere noted cervical flexion and 26 extension were limited due to pain. (AR 434). On January 11, 2021, Dr. Otchere noted muscle 27 pain, joint pain, and stiffness. (AR 631). 1 Plaintiff’s neck, spine, and shoulder issues. Cf. Smartt v. Kijakazi, 53 F.4th 489, 500 (9th Cir.

2 2022) (“Overall, other than the initial surgical repair, [t]he treatment records reveal [that Smartt]

3 received routine and conservative treatment since the alleged onset date. After Smartt’s surgery,

4 the ALJ cited documented evidence of ‘conservative treatment,’ including physical therapy,

5 temporary use of` a neck brace and wheelchair, and ongoing pain medication. As a result of these 6 measures, the record shows both self-reported and objective improvement.”) (quotation omitted; 7 alterations in original). 8 3. Conservative Care 9 The record contains numerous references to Plaintiff’s neck, spine, and shoulder pain, as 10 discussed supra. Records also mention Plaintiff’s use of opioid pain medications as well as a 11 prescription for a hospital bed due to sleep interruptions caused by pain. See, e.g., (AR 46, 438, 12 522-23, 535, 693). Plaintiff underwent one epidural steroid injection, with the record suggesting 13 that neither the injection nor the medications were effective. (AR 447-48, 608-09). Additionally, 14 as noted above, the record indicates that Plaintiff’s surgery did not resolve entirely Plaintiff’s issues. 15 See Godoy v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., No. CV-23-02000-PHX-MTL, 2024 WL 4211770, at 16 *7 (D. Ariz. Sept. 17, 2024) (“Treatment notes support that despite the left hip surgery, Plaintiff 17 experienced continuing and increasing symptoms following the surgery. Because the surgery was 18 not successful, it does not support the claim that it was conservative.”); 19 Thus, the ALJ erred in characterizing Plaintiff’s treatment as generally conservative. See 20 Carlos M. A. v. Kijakazi, No. ED CV 22-0038-E, 2022 WL 16894847, at *3 (C.D. Cal. July 11, 21 2022) (collecting cases and noting that “Plaintiff’s treatment included multiple surgeries, injections 22 and prescriptions for opioid pain medication (Norco)” and that “[s]uch treatment cannot properly 23 be characterized as ‘conservative’ within the meaning of Ninth Circuit jurisprudence”); see also 24 Delsid v. O’Malley, No. 1:23-cv-00665-BAM, 2024 WL 2318045, at *5 (E.D. Cal. May 22, 2024) 25 (collecting cases and noting “the ALJ characterized Plaintiff’s treatment as conservative, noting 26 her regular Toradol injections and medication management” and that “Courts, including courts in 27 the Ninth Circuit and in this district, more recently have questioned whether injections (and even 1 While it is possible other evidence and treatment history in the record informed the ALJ’s

2 assessment of Plaintiff’s credibility, the ALJ’s opinion does not expressly make any such finding

3 nor permit any such reasonable inference by the Court. See Burch, 400 F.3d at 680 (holding an

4 ALJ “must specify what testimony is not credible and identify the evidence that undermines” the

5 plaintiff’s compl`a ints). 6 4. Plaintiff’s Use of Marijuana 7 The ALJ mentions Plaintiff’s use of marijuana when evaluating the symptom testimony, 8 noting that Plaintiff had difficulty refraining from using “illegal drugs as required by his pain 9 contract.” (AR 28). Plaintiff cites to Kamp v. Kijakazi in support of the assertion that the ALJ’s 10 use of the term “illegal drugs” suggests an examination of Plaintiff’s character, in contravention of 11 SSR 16-3p. (Doc. 12 at 18-19; citing Kamp, 2023 WL 1879469, at *2 n.4). However, Kamp 12 involved mental impairments and, there, the plaintiff “continued to use marijuana medicinally with 13 his providers’ permission.” Kamp, 2023 WL 1879469, at *2. Here, the record shows that Plaintiff’s 14 pain contract did not allow marijuana use. See (AR 608). 15 Regardless, there is no indication that the ALJ conducted an examination of Plaintiff’s 16 character as a result of his marijuana use. Insofar as the ALJ did intend to discount Plaintiff’s 17 credibility on this ground, the ALJ did not provide any reasoning to support such a finding. For 18 example, the ALJ does not reference any inconsistent statements by Plaintiff in regards to marijuana 19 use. Cf. Brown v. Colvin, No. 2:14-cv-23-PRC, 2015 WL 438723, at *9 (N.D. Ind. Feb. 3, 2015) 20 (“The ALJ did not discredit Plaintiff because he used marijuana but rather because he made 21 inconsistent statements about that use. It is proper for an ALJ to consider inconsistencies in a 22 claimant’s statements in making a credibility determination”). 23 * * * * * 24 In sum, the medical evidence cited by the ALJ in support of his discounting the Plaintiff’s 25 symptom testimony does not meet the relevant clear and convincing standard. A review of the 26 ALJ’s citations to the record, as well as accompanying records not cited by the ALJ, does not 27 indicate clear inconsistency, resolution of symptoms, or notable and continuing improvement. 1 Plaintiff’s symptom testimony regarding motor and sensory deficits associated with his cervical

2 condition, as well as pain, the ALJ’s citation to the medical record to discount Plaintiff’s symptom

3 testimony did not meet the applicable clear and convincing standard.

4 B. Whether the ALJ Failed to Properly Evaluate the Medical Source Opinion of

5 Carlo` s Guzman 6 Because Plaintiff applied for benefits after March 27, 2017, his claim is governed by the 7 agency’s newest regulations applicable to an ALJ’s evaluation of medical opinions. 20 C.F.R. § 8 416.920c. Under these regulations, the Commissioner does “not defer or give any specific 9 evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior administrative 10 medical findings(s), including those from [a plaintiff’s] medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 11 404.1520c(a), 416.920c(a). Thus, the regulations require an ALJ to apply the same factors to all 12 medical sources when considering medical opinions and no longer mandate particularized 13 procedures that the ALJ must follow in considering opinions from treating sources. See 20 C.F.R. 14 § 404.1520c(b) (the ALJ “is not required to articulate how [he] considered each medical opinion or 15 prior administrative medical finding from one medical source individually.”); Trevizo v. Berryhill, 16 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017). 17 Instead, “[w]hen a medical source provides one or more medical opinions or prior 18 administrative medical findings, [the ALJ] will consider those medical opinions or prior 19 administrative medical findings from that medical source together using” the following factors: (1) 20 supportability; (2) consistency; (3) relationship with the claimant; (4) specialization; (5) other 21 factors that “tend to support or contradict a medical opinion or prior administrative medical 22 finding.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), (c)(1)-(5). The most important factors to be applied in 23 evaluating the persuasiveness of medical opinions and prior administrative medical findings are 24 supportability and consistency. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a), (b)(2). Regarding the supportability 25 factor, the regulation provides that the “more relevant the objective medical evidence and 26 supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to support his or her medical opinion(s), 27 the more persuasive the medical opinions ... will be.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1). In other words, 1 explaining the ‘relevant ... objective medical evidence.’” Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 791-92

2 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)). Regarding the consistency factor, the “more

3 consistent a medical opinion(s) is with the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical

4 sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) ... will be.” 20 C.F.R. §

5 404.1520c(c)(2).` 6 The ALJ must explain in his decision how persuasive he finds a medical opinion and/or a 7 prior administrative medical finding based on these two factors. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2). The 8 ALJ “may, but [is] not required to, explain how [he] considered the [other remaining factors],” 9 except when deciding among differing yet equally persuasive opinions or findings on the same 10 issue. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(b)(2)-(3). Further, the ALJ is “not required to articulate how [he] 11 considered evidence from nonmedical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(d). 12 Nonetheless, the Court must determine whether the ALJ adequately explained “how [he] 13 considered the supportability and consistency factors” relative to medical opinions and whether the 14 reasons were free from legal error and supported by substantial evidence. Woods, 32 F.4th at 792- 15 93. 16 i. Parties’ Contentions 17 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ ignored the fact that Mr. Guzman’s opinion supported his 18 findings with references to Plaintiff’s diagnoses, clinical findings, and symptoms, including pain. 19 (Doc. 12 at 21; citing AR 29, 423, 426). Plaintiff asserts that Mr. Guzman’s treatment notes also 20 supported his opinion, citing to record evidence. Id. at 2-22 (citing AR 495, 506, 512, 522, 534- 21 35). Plaintiff argues that, in finding that the record did not show loss of sensation or function in 22 Plaintiff’s hands, the ALJ ignored a record from physician Mark Levy noting bilateral hand 23 weakness, and the ALJ erroneously found that the record showed Plaintiff’s condition improved 24 after his February 2020 neck surgery. Id. at 22 (citing AR 638). Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ did 25 not cite to any specific evidence. Id. at 22-23. 26 Defendant asserts that the medical records did not support Mr. Guzman’s limitations. (Doc. 27 15 at 27; citing AR 29, 480-535, 643-99). Defendant argues that surgery did result in improved 1 sensation.” Id. at 28. Defendant does not cite to any portions of the administrative record in support

2 of this contention. Defendant also argues that the ALJ recognized Plaintiff’s ongoing pain and

3 functional limitation but reasonably relied on Dr. Otchere’s findings of normal strength …”

4 Defendant asserts that, because the Court can infer the ALJ’s rationale based on the decision as a

5 whole, the ALJ’s` “articulation was proper” and supported by substantial evidence. Id. 6 ii. Analysis 7 Here, the ALJ provided the following reasoning in discounting the opinions of Mr. Guzman: 8 The claimant’s treating medical provider, Carlos Guzman, a physician’s assistant, submitted a medical statement containing 9 extremely limited and work-preclusive physical restrictions. However, there is neither evidence in Mr. Guzman’s own records nor 10 any other record of medical care to support such extreme limitations in physical functioning. Generally, the claimant’s records show that 11 he experienced improvement in terms of physical functioning 12 following his surgery, though he noted persistent pain. Mr. Guzman did not include medical findings supporting these limitations, and for 13 many of the limitations, none are apparent. For instance, he purports to limit the claimant in grasping, twisting, and fine manipulation, but 14 there is no finding of any loss of sensation, dexterity, or strength in 15 the hands. Similarly, while he has limited the claimant’s use of foot controls, there is no corresponding medical finding. Overall, much 16 of Mr. Guzman’s statement lacks sufficient support from objective medical evidence, and therefore, I find it unpersuasive. 17 18 (AR 29-30). 19 Mr. Guzman provided a physical residual function capacity medical source statement. See 20 (AR 423-426). Therein, he states that Plaintiff has cervical spondylosis, spinal stenosis, and severe 21 neck and back pain, as well as muscle spasms and headaches. Mr. Guzman provides that Plaintiff’s 22 impairments, symptoms, and limitations have lasted since August 26, 2019. (AR 423). Mr. 23 Guzman opines that Plaintiff has significant limitations on his capacity to lift weight, walk, climb, 24 and use his hands, fingers, and arms in a work environment. Mr. Guzman states that Plaintiff has 25 depression and anxiety and that his attention and concentration would be frequently disrupted due 26 to pain and stress, and he would frequently be off-task during, absent from, or unable to complete 27 an eight-hour workday. (AR 423-426). The ALJ did not cite to any medical records in connection with his discounting Mr. 1 Guzman’s opinions. As noted supra in subsection (A), the medical record evidence indicates that

2 the surgery was not completely successful overall. Thus, the ALJ’s reasoning that “records show

3 that [Plaintiff] experienced improvement in terms of physical functioning following his surgery” is

4 not supported by the medical record as cited by the ALJ in other portions of the decision and the

5 ALJ provides no` other citations in support of this contention. Further, the ALJ states that “there is 6 no finding of any loss of sensation, dexterity, or strength in the hands.” However, Dr. Levy notes 7 on July 22, 2021, that Plaintiff reported “bilateral upper extremities weakness and hand grip 8 weakness since prior to the surgery,” with “10/10 pain” that “radiates to bilateral shoulders and 9 bilateral upper arm and lower arms and bilateral hand weakness.” (AR 638-39). The ALJ does not 10 cite this record in regard to his conclusions nor provide any other discussion as to the relevant 11 supportability and consistency factors. 12 Thus, the ALJ did not adequately consider the supportability and consistency of the medical 13 opinion evidence and support his findings with substantial evidence. See Embrey v. Bowen, 849 14 F.2d 418, 421–22 (9th Cir. 1988) (“To say that medical opinions are not supported by sufficient 15 objective findings or are contrary to the preponderant conclusions mandated by the objective 16 findings does not achieve the level of specificity our prior cases have required, even when the 17 objective factors are listed seriatim. The ALJ must do more than offer his conclusions. He must 18 set forth his own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.”); 19 Leanne B. v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 2:25-cv-00175-TLF, 2026 WL 705226, at *3 (W.D. 20 Wash. Mar. 12, 2026) (“The ALJ may reject a doctor’s opinions when they are inconsistent with or 21 unsupported by the medical evidence. But the agency [must] set forth the reasoning behind its 22 decisions in a way that allows for meaningful review.”) (quotations omitted, alterations in original; 23 citing, inter alia, Embrey, 849 F.2d at 421). 24 C. Whether the ALJ Failed to Properly Evaluate If Plaintiff Met or Equaled Listing 25 of Impairment 5.08 26 “The listings describe impairments that are considered to be severe enough to prevent an 27 individual from doing any gainful activity.” Kitchen v. Kijakazi, 82 F.4th 732, 741 (9th Cir. 2023) 1 of the specified medical criteria” for the listing. Id. (emphasis in original). “If an impairment does

2 not meet a listing, it may nevertheless be medically equivalent to a listed impairment if the

3 claimant’s symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings are at least equal in severity to those of a listed

4 impairment.” Id. However, “a claimant cannot base a claim of equivalence on symptoms alone”

5 and “the claiman` t’s impairment does not medically equal a listed impairment unless the claimant 6 has signs and laboratory findings that are equal in severity to those set forth in a listing.” Ford v. 7 Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1148-49 (9th Cir. 2020). “The burden is on the claimant to provide evidence 8 that her impairments meet or equal a Listing at step three of the sequential evaluation process.” 9 Fleming v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 500 F. App’x 577, 579 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Burch, 400 10 F.3d at 683). 11 i. Parties’ Contentions 12 Plaintiff asserts that the “ALJ acknowledged that the record contained the required BMI 13 calculations, but found the listing was not met because Plaintiff’s digestive disorder did not cause 14 the weight loss and because Plaintiff was not under any treatment plan for his weight loss.” Plaintiff 15 argues that the ALJ only considered “Plaintiff’s drug-induced constipation.” (Doc. 12 at 23-24; 16 citing AR 27). Plaintiff notes that he was assessed as underweight in February 2020 and July 2021, 17 with his condition described as anorexia by Mr. Guzman and as “anorexia versus malnutrition” in 18 a treatment note submitted to the Appeals Council, which “showed Plaintiff had a disorder of the 19 digestive system which was connected to his weight loss.” Id. at 24 (citing AR 12, 27, 556, 639). 20 Plaintiff asserts that the record evidenced weight loss despite continuing treatment, and that he 21 testified that he has no appetite because of pain and that pain caused him headaches that resulted in 22 dizziness and vomiting, as well as nausea and inability to “tolerate regular sit down meals.” 23 Plaintiff notes that his “administrative representative submitted a brief on August 27, 2021, which 24 asserted that [his] impairments also medically equaled Listing 5.08,” citing his low BMI and his 25 report that he cannot gain significant weight. Id. at 25 (citing AR 12, 47, 58, 202, 608, 611). 26 Defendant asserts that Plaintiff’s BMI remained “generally steady between 16.32 and 17.9, 27 even prior to the alleged onset date of June 1, 2020,” and that there is no evidence of a medical 1 underweight is, by itself, insufficient to meet Listing 5.08. Defendant asserts Mr. Guzman did not

2 assess any digestive disorder in his October 23, 2020, opinion and, even if Mr. Guzman’s reference

3 to Plaintiff as having anorexia established the existence of a digestive disorder, Mr. Guzman did

4 not indicate that this disorder was responsible for Plaintiff’s “baseline low weight.” (Doc. 15 at

5 29-31; citing, int`e r alia, 486-87, 515, 549, 642, 676). 6 ii. Analysis 7 Listing 5.08 provides: “Weight loss due to any digestive disorder, despite adherence to 8 prescribed medical treatment, with BMI of less than 17.50 calculated on at least two evaluations at 9 least 60 days apart within a consecutive 12-month period.” 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 10 5.08. 11 The Social Security Regulations offer guidance in evaluating which disorders are “digestive 12 disorders” for purposes of Listing 5.08. See 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 5.00. The 13 regulations provide as follows: “Impairments other than digestive disorders that cause weight loss 14 should be evaluated under the appropriate body system for that impairment. For instance, weight 15 loss as a result of chronic kidney disease should be evaluated under our rules for genitourinary 16 disorders (see 6.00), and weight loss as the result of an eating disorder should be evaluated under 17 our rules for mental disorders (see 12.00). However, if you develop a digestive disorder as the 18 result of your other impairment, we will evaluate the acquired digestive disorder under our rules 19 for digestive disorders.” 20 C.F.R. § 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 5.00(F)(1) (emphasis added). 20 The ALJ acknowledged that Plaintiff had several BMI calculations below 17.5 during a 60- 21 day period, which met one of the requirements of Listing 5.08. The ALJ found that Plaintiff does 22 not have a condition meeting Listing 5.08 because of the “lack of evidence concerning a connection 23 between weight loss and a digestive disorder.” Specifically, the ALJ found that the “fact that the 24 claimant’s weight was below a 17.50 BMI prior to starting Norco tends not to support weight loss 25 due to side effects of constipation from this drug … neither the claimant nor his treatment provider 26 could explain why constipation would cause weight loss.” (AR 27; emphasis in original). The ALJ 27 stated that Plaintiffs “historically thin frame along with the lack of evidence connecting any weight 1 Plaintiff does not identify a digestive disorder. Plaintiff’s references to anorexia do not tend

2 to demonstrate a digestive disorder but, rather, a mental disorder, pursuant to the plain language of

3 Listing 5.08. See McCalb v. Kijakazi, No. 2:21-cv-01348-EJY, 2022 WL 1658820, at *6 (D. Nev.

4 May 25, 2022) (“Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusion that Plaintiff suffers from

5 anorexia, but do`e s not support that Plaintiff suffers from a digestive disorder as defined by the 6 Listing for digestive disorders.”). Additionally, the listing requires “treatment of the underlying 7 digestive disorder, not treatment specific to weight loss (which is a symptom of the impairment, 8 not the impairment itself.)”). Terron M. v. Saul, No. 2:18-cv-09737-KES, 2019 WL 3029106, at 9 *3 (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2019) (remanding and noting plaintiff was prescribed Norco, Bentyl, 10 Phenergan, Albuterol, and anti-inflammatory drugs for stomach problems and constipation, and the 11 ALJ found plaintiff suffered from severe impairments affecting his digestive system, including 12 pancreatitis). 13 Here, Plaintiff did not attest and does not identify records evidencing that he suffers from a 14 digestive disorder, itself a necessary requirement of Listing 5.08. As noted above, anorexia does 15 not meet the definition within the listing. As such, there can be no indication of treatment of such 16 a disorder. See Daron L. H. v. Comm'r Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 3:20-cv-01834-AR, 2022 WL 17 4299138, at *3 (D. Or. Sept. 19, 2022) (“Although Daron was diagnosed with gastritis and GERD, 18 the record lacks evidence that those diagnoses were being treated with medications, and that despite 19 his treatment, he lost weight … the ALJ did not identify any digestive disorder as a severe 20 impairment in the step two findings.”); Amber R. v. Kijakazi, No. 1:20-cv-03115-MKD, 2021 WL 21 8134197, at *5 (E.D. Wash. Dec. 28, 2021) (“Plaintiff argues she equals the listing, because she 22 had a low BMI and she later had nausea, vomiting, and a sigmoid kink [but] does not demonstrate 23 that she had weight loss due to any of these symptoms [nor] that she had weight loss despite 24 prescribed treatment. Plaintiff argues she was seen for pain medication and underwent surgeries 25 for her abdominal pain. While Plaintiff took pain medication, there is no evidence the pain 26 medication nor surgery was treating any condition that caused her to lose weight.”) (citations 27 omitted). 1 requirement to present “evidence in an effort to establish equivalence,” sufficient to require the

2 ALJ to “discuss the combined effects of a claimant’s impairments or compare them to any listing

3 in an equivalency determination.” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1157 (quoting Burch, 400 F.3d at 683). The

4 brief provides a fluctuating BMI ranging from 16.66 to 17.26, and cursory argument that Plaintiff

5 has “not gained s`i gnificant weight,” with records to be submitted shortly thereafter. See (AR 202). 6 During the hearing, Plaintiff’s counsel informed the ALJ that, with the supplemental brief, he 7 submits that Plaintiff “meets and equals listing 5.08 … He has not weighed I believe more than 108 8 pounds since 2019 [sic],” and evidence “will also state he has not recovered” from a neck injury 9 that required surgery. Upon the ALJ’s questioning, counsel elaborated that Plaintiff’s BMI 10 indicated malnutrition, he had been diagnosed with drug induced intoxication which “lessens his 11 ability go gain weight [sic], which would be a digestive disorder,” and his “BMI is always less than 12 … 17.5.” (AR 43). The ALJ noted that he would review the supplemental brief. (AR 45). 13 A treatment note from Mr. Guzman dated January 13, 2022, states that Plaintiff has 14 “anorexia versus malnutrition.” However, this record was submitted to the Appeals Council and 15 was not before the ALJ at the time of the decision. (AR 12). Plaintiff testified that, two to three 16 times a month, his headaches caused him to get dizzy and vomit. (AR 58). Medical records 17 recorded that he had poor appetite, was not eating for two days and was nauseated and throwing 18 up, as well as counseling regarding dietary education for weight gain. See, e.g., (AR 487, 497, 507, 19 550, 556, 608, 658). 20 Thus, the ALJ did nor err in finding that Plaintiff did not meet Listing 5.08. However, 21 Plaintiff’s counsel presented a supplemental brief and testified at the hearing regarding equivalency 22 for Listing 5.08, a medical record post-dating the hearing from Mr. Guzman mentions “anorexia 23 versus malnutrition,” and the record presents instances of nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and 24 dietary counseling. Additionally, as noted supra, the ALJ did not adequately consider the 25 supportability and consistency of the medical opinion evidence and support his findings with 26 substantial evidence, nor support rejection of symptom testimony with clear and convincing 27 evidence. See Nunes v. Berryhill, No. 17-cv-00706-RMI, 2018 WL 1399852, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 1 pre-hearing brief that she had difficulty eating and gaining weight because of IBS, she presented

2 her theory as to Listing 5.08 in her own words at the hearing, and the record was “teeming with

3 medical evidence supporting a Listing 5.08 equivalency”).

4 Though the record before the Court may not evidence as strong a case for remand on the

5 equivalency issu`e as in Nunes, “[a]s the case is being remanded to reconsider the medical opinion 6 evidence and Plaintiff's symptom claims, and Plaintiff has presented evidence that [his] 7 impairments may be of equal severity to Listing 5.08, the ALJ is instructed to reconsider whether 8 Plaintiff's impairments meet or equal [] Listing 5.08.” Jarrid M. v. Saul, No. 1:19-cv-03057-MKD, 9 2020 WL 13926045, at *14 (E.D. Wash. June 24, 2020); see Chlarson v. Berryhill, No. 2:16-cv- 10 01566-BHS-JRC, 2017 WL 4355908, at *8 (W.D. Wash. July 28, 2017), report and 11 recommendation adopted, No. C16-1566BHS, 2017 WL 3641907 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 24, 2017) 12 (finding that, because the Court already found the ALJ erred in considering the medical evidence, 13 and as the ALJ did not consider equivalency to Listing 5.08, on remand the ALJ should explicitly 14 address Listing 5.08 and combined impairments). 15 D. Whether the ALJ Failed to Consider Plaintiff’s Non-severe Impairments When 16 Formulating the RFC 17 A claimant’s RFC is “the most [the claimant] can still do despite [his or her] limitations.” 18 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a); id. § 416.945(a). The RFC assessment is an administrative finding based 19 on all relevant evidence in the record, not just medical evidence. Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 20 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2005). 21 In general, an ALJ must consider the limiting effect of all impairments, including those that 22 are non-severe, in assessing a claimant’s RFC. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(2); id. § 416.945(a)(2). 23 However, the ALJ is not required to include limitations in the RFC if the record supports a 24 conclusion that the non-severe impairments do not cause a significant limitation in the claimant’s 25 ability to work. See Koshak v. Berryhill, No. CV 17-6717-AFM, 2018 WL 4519936, at *8 (C.D. 26 Cal. Sept. 19, 2018) (finding that the ALJ was not required to include insignificant mental 27 impairment in Plaintiff’s RFC since he provided reasons supported by substantial evidence to 1 substantial evidence for not including the non-severe impairment [in the RFC determination], the

2 ALJ has not committed legal error.” Medlock v. Colvin, No. CV 15-9609-KK, 2016 WL 6137399,

3 at *5 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 20, 2016); see K.B. v. Comm'r of Soc. Sec., No. 24-cv-06218-VKD, 2025 WL

4 2780787, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2025) (finding the ALJ did not err because the ALJ specifically

5 considered plain`t iff’s asthma in determining the RFC and concluded that it presented no more than 6 mild functional limitations without any significant limitation on her ability to do basic work 7 activities). 8 i. Parties’ Contentions 9 Plaintiff asserts that, though the ALJ acknowledged his non-severe impairments of asthma 10 and visual loss, the ALJ “did not consider the limitations stemming from Plaintiff’s asthma or visual 11 loss” when formulating the RFC. The ALJ found the prior administrative medical findings 12 persuasive, and physician H. Samplay found that Plaintiff “should avoid concentrated exposure to 13 fumes, odors, dust, gases, and poor ventilation, etc. due to his asthma [sic].” Plaintiff argues that 14 the RFC did not consider Plaintiff’s asthma, particularly as the record showed he was prescribed 15 inhalers, nor incorporate Dr. Samplay’s findings. (Doc. 12 at 26; citing, inter alia, AR 27-30, 29, 16 90, 480, 551, 700). Plaintiff asserts that he reported sensitivity to the sun and blurred vision, was 17 diagnosed with dry eye syndrome and conjunctiva of the left eye, and seen for eye discharge and 18 for irritation of his left eye. Plaintiff notes that the ALJ did not discount these allegations regarding 19 his vision nor include them in the RFC. Id. at 27 (citing AR 293, 486, 592, 650, 668, 670-79). 20 Defendant asserts that the record does not establish “any significant deficits that would need 21 to be included in the RFC, as Drs. Tanaka and Samplay agreed.” (Doc. 15 at 26; citing AR 74, 89). 22 Defendant notes that Plaintiff was on eye drops but had acceptable vision with correction, with no 23 indication of follow-up after referral to an ophthalmologist for blurred vision, and had conjunctivitis 24 for a few months in 2021 but treated with eye drops. Id. (citing AR 418-19, 486-87, 668-73, 679- 25 83). Defendant asserts that, other than prescriptions for inhalers, Plaintiff’s “asthma is mentioned 26 very little.” Id. at 25 (citing 480-482, 493-98, 528-31, 654-60, 668-73, 681). 27 ii. Analysis 1 Plaintiff’s asthma when finding it did not meet Listing 3.03. (AR 25-26). The ALJ does not include

2 discussion therein regarding asthma limitations relevant to the RFC. When discussing the RFC,

3 the ALJ notes that Plaintiff alleged asthma and cataracts. (AR 28). Nowhere in the opinion does

4 the ALJ discuss limitations from asthma or visual loss, providing only that the “evidence shows

5 that these condit`i ons were managed medically without deterioration or crisis and were properly 6 controlled with standard treatment.” (AR 25). The ALJ does not provide any further discussion 7 nor any citations to the record, nor does the RFC include limitations relating to asthma or visual 8 loss. 9 Thus, there is no indication that the ALJ “actually review[ed] the record” nor did the ALJ 10 specify “reasons supported by substantial evidence for not including the non-severe impairment [in 11 the RFC determination].” Medlock, 2016 WL 6137399, at *5. The record evidences that Plaintiff 12 was prescribed an inhaler for persistent cough or shortness of breath, diagnosed with conjunctiva 13 and irritation of the left eye, myopia of both eyes, blurred vision, and dry eyes syndrome, and 14 indicated he had cataracts and sensitivity to the sun in his disability appeal report. See (AR 292, 15 480, 486, 551, 592, 668, 670-79, 700). As the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the non-severe 16 impairments of asthma and visual loss, and noted Plaintiff’s report of cataracts, the ALJ was 17 required to specify reasons supported by substantial evidence for not incorporating limitations from 18 the non-severe impairments of asthma and visual issues into the RFC. See Georgia F. v. SSA 19 Comm’r, No. 24-cv-09072-EKL, 2026 WL 747456, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 17, 2026) (“Here, the 20 ALJ did not meaningfully assess the extent to which Plaintiff's ‘non-severe’ impairments would 21 impact her RFC … the record reflects that Plaintiff has a variety of additional conditions that … 22 must nevertheless be considered as part of Plaintiff’s RFC [including] Plaintiff’s asthma/COPD, 23 depression, anxiety, visual impairments, and balance issues. As to Plaintiff's asthma and COPD, 24 the ALJ did not provide for any environmental restrictions, such as avoiding fumes, dust, and poor 25 ventilation.”); cf. Jenkins v. O’Malley, No. 1:22-cv-00309-BAM, 2024 WL 3890105, at *7 (E.D. 26 Cal. Aug. 21, 2024) (“Specifically, the ALJ considered medical evidence demonstrating that her 27 asthma appeared to be stable. In so doing, the ALJ … concluded it was non-severe. Despite finding 1 | fumes, dusts, gases, and poor ventilation accommodated her non-severe condition. The ALJ 2 | therefore considered limitations imposed by Plaintiffs asthma in developing the RFC.”). 3 Thus, the ALJ committed legal error in failing to specify reasons supported by substantial 4 | evidence for not incorporating limitations from Plaintiff's non-severe impairments into the RFC. 5 E. Remedy 6 Plaintiff seeks remand of this case to the Commissioner for further proceedings. (Doc. 12 7 | at 27). Defendant requests the Court affirm the ALJ’s decision. (Doc. 15 at 30). “The decision 8 | whether to remand for further proceedings or simply to award benefits is within the discretion of 9 | court.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 682 (quoting Sprague v. Bowen, 812 F.2d 1226, 1232 (9th Cir. 1987)). 10 | “Remand for further administrative proceedings is appropriate if enhancement of the record would 11 | beuseful.” Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 593 (9th Cir. 2004) (emphasis omitted). 12 In this case, the ALJ erred by failing to offer clear and convincing reasons supported by 13 | substantial evidence to reject Plaintiff's symptomology testimony, failing to support discounting 14 || the medical opinions of Mr. Guzman with substantial evidence, and failing to specify reasons 15 | supported by substantial evidence for not incorporating limitations from non-severe impairments 16 | into the RFC. Given these errors, the undersigned will remand for further proceedings. 17 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 18 For the reasons stated above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 19 1. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment (Doc. 12) is GRANTED; 20 2. The ALJ’s decision is REVERSED; 21 3. This matter is REMANDED pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for further 22 proceedings consistent with this decision; and 23 4. The Clerk of the Court is directed to enter judgment in favor of Plaintiff and against 24 Defendant and to then close this case. 25 | ITIS SO ORDERED. 6 | Dated: _ April 30, 2026 | by 27 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 28 YT