Cooper, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellant has been convicted of the crime of seduction, [392]*392and appeals. The indictment, omitting the merely formal parts, is that ‘ ‘ C. S. Carlisle, late of the county aforesaid, on the first day of October, A.D. 1895, at the county aforesaid, did, then and there, unlawfully, wilfully and feloniously entice, seduce and have illicit connection with one Miss Maggie Broom, she being, then and there, a female child of previous chaste character, and under the age of sixteen years, and unmarried.” To this indictment the defendant demurred, and assigned for cause that said indictment ‘ ‘ charged no crime known to the laws of the State of Mississippi. ’ ’
The objections made to the indictment in the brief of counsel for appellant are: (1) That it does not aver that the defendant is a man; (2) that it does not aver that the female alleged to have been seduced was under the age of sixteen and over ten years of age; (3) that it does not aver by what arts and persuasion the female was seduced; (1) that although the indictment charges that the defendant seduced and had illicit connection with the female, it does not aver that such illicit connection was by sexual intercourse; (5) because the indictment charges that the offense was committed on the first day of October, A.D. 1895, a date subsequent to the return of the indictment, and at a time when the proof shows the woman seduced would have been more than sixteen years of age.
The demurrer was properly overruled.
1. A female under ten years of age is not the subject of seduction under our law, for she is not capable of giving her consent to the act of sexual intercourse, and the carnal knowledge of a child of this age is rape. Code, § 1281. The appellant stood in no danger of being indicted for one offense and convicted of another, for if the evidence had disclosed the fact that the child was under ten years of age, the court would have instructed the jury to acquit. Bishop on Statutory Crimes, 643; State v. Lewis, 48 Iowa, 578; State v. Kingsley, 39 Iowa, 439.
2. The first, third and fourth objections to the indictment may be considered together.
[393]*393That the defendant was a man, and used arts and persuasion to lead the woman astray, and had sexual intercourse with her, are facts necessarily and certainly included in the words of the statute, which are also the words of the indictment.
In State v. Bierce, 27 Conn., 319, the objection here urged was taken to an indictment for seduction, and the court said: “We think that the averment that the accused £ seduced ’ the person named in the information, by its very terms, and without any circumlocution or further description, expressed so clearly and unmistakenly the offense charged, that the accused could not be misled or at a loss respecting it. The word £ seduce, ’ although a general term, and having a variety of meanings, according to the subject to which it is applied, has, when it is used with reference to the conduct of a man towards a female, a precise and determinate signification, and is universally understood to mean an enticement of her on his part to the surrender of her ■ chastity, by means of some art, influence, promise or deception calculated to accomplish that object, and to include the yielding of her person to him, as much as if it was expressly stated. The word £ seduction ’ used in reference to a man’s conduct towards a female, ex vi termini, implies sexual intercourse between them.” Bishop on Statutory Crimes, §645; State v. Curran, 51 Iowa, 112.
By our statute, code, § 1356, it is provided that “an indictment for any offense shall not be insufficient for omitting to state the time at which the offense was committed in any case where time is not of the essence of the offense, nor for stating the time imperfectly, nor for stating the offense to have been committed on a day subsequent to the finding of the indictment, or on an impossible day, or on a day that never happened, nor for the want of a proper or perfect venue. ’ ’
Under the strictness of the common law, the time, place and manner of the act charged were required to be set out with particularity and proved as laid, but, under the more modern practice, brought about in large degree by statutes, these [394]*394things are required to be stated only when they constitute essential elements of the offense or of the jurisdiction of the courts. Time is not of the essence of the crime of seduction, for, whether the act be done one day or another, the offense is equally committed and equally complete. The appellant is charged with having seduced Maggie Broom on a day named in the indictment, but subsequent to its return. But the indictment contains the further allegation that she was then under sixteen years of age — that is, that she, when seduced, was under sixteen; not that she was under that age on the precise day named in the indictment. On a plea of guilty to the indictment, sentence might have been pronounced, because, On the record, it would appear that a particular offense — the seduction of a female under sixteen years of age and of previous chaste character — had been committed. And since the time when the act was done would neither qualify the act or its punishment, and would be neither a matter affecting the essence of the crime nor one of essential description thereof, it need not be precisely laid nor proved as averred.
The authorities cited by counsel for appellant belong to a totally different class of cases. State v. Branham, 13 S. C., 389; Commonwealth v. Maloney, 112 Mass., 283, and Hodnett v. State, 66 Miss., 26 (Robinson v. State, 29 Fla., 804, is a miscitation, and we have not found the case), are all cases of indictments under statutes in which the statutes had been passed or amended so as to increase the punishment after the day named in the indictment. In those cases it was very correctly held that, if the time laid in the indictment antedated the statute, no conviction could be had, for the reason, if the indictments were confessed by plea of guilty, no sentence could be passed, since, on the face of the record, it would appear that doing the act at the time named was not an offense.
When the case was called for trial, the district attorney, desiring to absent himself from the court, was permitted to withdraw from the prosecution, and leave the management of it to [395]*395private counsel who had been retained, and to this the defendant excepted, and now assigns the same for error.
We think no error was therein committed. In Byrd v. The State, 1 How., 247, the same error was assigned and disallowed, the court holding that the district attorney was only required to perform such acts in the prosecution as were in their nature official — as, signing the indictment, etc. — but that, when all preliminaries to the trial, requiring official action have been performed, the management of the prosecution may be intrusted to others.
A more stringent rule is applied where private counsel intrude upon the deliberation of the grand jury, with which body none but official communication should be had. Durr v. State, 53 Miss., 425; Welch v. State, 68 Miss., 341; Wilson v. State, 70 Miss., 595.
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Cooper, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appellant has been convicted of the crime of seduction, [392]*392and appeals. The indictment, omitting the merely formal parts, is that ‘ ‘ C. S. Carlisle, late of the county aforesaid, on the first day of October, A.D. 1895, at the county aforesaid, did, then and there, unlawfully, wilfully and feloniously entice, seduce and have illicit connection with one Miss Maggie Broom, she being, then and there, a female child of previous chaste character, and under the age of sixteen years, and unmarried.” To this indictment the defendant demurred, and assigned for cause that said indictment ‘ ‘ charged no crime known to the laws of the State of Mississippi. ’ ’
The objections made to the indictment in the brief of counsel for appellant are: (1) That it does not aver that the defendant is a man; (2) that it does not aver that the female alleged to have been seduced was under the age of sixteen and over ten years of age; (3) that it does not aver by what arts and persuasion the female was seduced; (1) that although the indictment charges that the defendant seduced and had illicit connection with the female, it does not aver that such illicit connection was by sexual intercourse; (5) because the indictment charges that the offense was committed on the first day of October, A.D. 1895, a date subsequent to the return of the indictment, and at a time when the proof shows the woman seduced would have been more than sixteen years of age.
The demurrer was properly overruled.
1. A female under ten years of age is not the subject of seduction under our law, for she is not capable of giving her consent to the act of sexual intercourse, and the carnal knowledge of a child of this age is rape. Code, § 1281. The appellant stood in no danger of being indicted for one offense and convicted of another, for if the evidence had disclosed the fact that the child was under ten years of age, the court would have instructed the jury to acquit. Bishop on Statutory Crimes, 643; State v. Lewis, 48 Iowa, 578; State v. Kingsley, 39 Iowa, 439.
2. The first, third and fourth objections to the indictment may be considered together.
[393]*393That the defendant was a man, and used arts and persuasion to lead the woman astray, and had sexual intercourse with her, are facts necessarily and certainly included in the words of the statute, which are also the words of the indictment.
In State v. Bierce, 27 Conn., 319, the objection here urged was taken to an indictment for seduction, and the court said: “We think that the averment that the accused £ seduced ’ the person named in the information, by its very terms, and without any circumlocution or further description, expressed so clearly and unmistakenly the offense charged, that the accused could not be misled or at a loss respecting it. The word £ seduce, ’ although a general term, and having a variety of meanings, according to the subject to which it is applied, has, when it is used with reference to the conduct of a man towards a female, a precise and determinate signification, and is universally understood to mean an enticement of her on his part to the surrender of her ■ chastity, by means of some art, influence, promise or deception calculated to accomplish that object, and to include the yielding of her person to him, as much as if it was expressly stated. The word £ seduction ’ used in reference to a man’s conduct towards a female, ex vi termini, implies sexual intercourse between them.” Bishop on Statutory Crimes, §645; State v. Curran, 51 Iowa, 112.
By our statute, code, § 1356, it is provided that “an indictment for any offense shall not be insufficient for omitting to state the time at which the offense was committed in any case where time is not of the essence of the offense, nor for stating the time imperfectly, nor for stating the offense to have been committed on a day subsequent to the finding of the indictment, or on an impossible day, or on a day that never happened, nor for the want of a proper or perfect venue. ’ ’
Under the strictness of the common law, the time, place and manner of the act charged were required to be set out with particularity and proved as laid, but, under the more modern practice, brought about in large degree by statutes, these [394]*394things are required to be stated only when they constitute essential elements of the offense or of the jurisdiction of the courts. Time is not of the essence of the crime of seduction, for, whether the act be done one day or another, the offense is equally committed and equally complete. The appellant is charged with having seduced Maggie Broom on a day named in the indictment, but subsequent to its return. But the indictment contains the further allegation that she was then under sixteen years of age — that is, that she, when seduced, was under sixteen; not that she was under that age on the precise day named in the indictment. On a plea of guilty to the indictment, sentence might have been pronounced, because, On the record, it would appear that a particular offense — the seduction of a female under sixteen years of age and of previous chaste character — had been committed. And since the time when the act was done would neither qualify the act or its punishment, and would be neither a matter affecting the essence of the crime nor one of essential description thereof, it need not be precisely laid nor proved as averred.
The authorities cited by counsel for appellant belong to a totally different class of cases. State v. Branham, 13 S. C., 389; Commonwealth v. Maloney, 112 Mass., 283, and Hodnett v. State, 66 Miss., 26 (Robinson v. State, 29 Fla., 804, is a miscitation, and we have not found the case), are all cases of indictments under statutes in which the statutes had been passed or amended so as to increase the punishment after the day named in the indictment. In those cases it was very correctly held that, if the time laid in the indictment antedated the statute, no conviction could be had, for the reason, if the indictments were confessed by plea of guilty, no sentence could be passed, since, on the face of the record, it would appear that doing the act at the time named was not an offense.
When the case was called for trial, the district attorney, desiring to absent himself from the court, was permitted to withdraw from the prosecution, and leave the management of it to [395]*395private counsel who had been retained, and to this the defendant excepted, and now assigns the same for error.
We think no error was therein committed. In Byrd v. The State, 1 How., 247, the same error was assigned and disallowed, the court holding that the district attorney was only required to perform such acts in the prosecution as were in their nature official — as, signing the indictment, etc. — but that, when all preliminaries to the trial, requiring official action have been performed, the management of the prosecution may be intrusted to others.
A more stringent rule is applied where private counsel intrude upon the deliberation of the grand jury, with which body none but official communication should be had. Durr v. State, 53 Miss., 425; Welch v. State, 68 Miss., 341; Wilson v. State, 70 Miss., 595.
Upon the conclusion of the evidence for the state, the woman alleged to have been seduced being in court, and not having been introduced as a witness, the defendant asked the court to require the state to call her to the stand as its witness. This the court declined to do, and the defendant excepted. He then called her as his witness, and assigned for error the action of the court in not compelling the state to introduce her.
The question involved was discussed by this court in Morrow v. State, 57 Miss., 836, in which case this court, while doubting the accuracy of the rule laid down by Judge Ruffin in State v. Martin, 2 Ind., 120, “ that it was the province of the solicitor, and not of the court, to determine who should be the state’s witnesses,” declared that, if the action of the court in this respect could be at all assigned for error, a clear abuse of judicial discretion must be shown to warrant a reversal.
We are of opinion that no abuse of discretion here appears. The whole evidence shows that Miss Broom was not an unfriendly witness to the defendant, and her own testimony, if credited by the j ury, would have secured his acquittal. Though the law visits its penalty on the seducer only, it does not follow [396]*396that the woman is viewed wholly as his victim, and herself free from fault. The proof of his guilt is that of her shame, and circumstances may frequently exist, as here, under which acquittal of one undoubtedly guilty would result if the testimony of the woman were received as true. We do not think the state should be required to produce and vouch for any witness, even though, in the nature of things, he must know all the facts, when the probabilities are that he will, by false swearing, attempt to establish the innocence of the accused.
Counsel for appellant complains bitterly of the course pursued in the trial in the examination of witnesses, but he fails to point to the error upon which he relies. We have read the record carefully, and find that many objections were noted on which the court made no rulings. Sometimes objections were made to questions propounded to the witnesses, and overruled by the court, and exceptions taken, and then no answer was given by the witness. We find only one instance in which error was committed, and in that the testimony was immaterial, and in reference to a fact already proved.
On the sufficiency of the evidence we are free from doubt no other verdict could have been returned. We need not recite the pathetic history of this crime in its details. The unhappy parents of the misguided and wayward child, chained by poverty and the necessity of daily labor for support to the inhospitable home of the appellant, saw and strove in vain to avert her impending dishonor. They appealed to the defendant to spare the virtue of the girl, for in her station it was all she had, and he replied that nothing but death should impede his pursuit. They sought refuge in flight, and the defendant pursued, abducted the girl and returned with her from a distant county to the scene of her shame. She was with him alone through the journey of nearly one hundred miles, traveling in a buggy. He was seen lying across her bed. For hours she was with him alone in his own house with the doors closed, while his family was absent at church, and finally she remained on his [397]*397place when her family had removed, living alone in the deserted house, fed by him, and was with him in his field when he was arrested on a warrant sworn out by her long-suffering father. During this time he was promising to divorce his wife and marry her, as she herself admits. In the face of all this evidence, it is impossible to doubt his guilt.
The instructions, we think, fairly submitted the law of the case to the jury. Those asked by the defendant, and refused, generally referred to the subject of an attempt by the defendant to commit the crime, if the jury should think the girl was not in fact seduced. But since the verdict was guilty of the actual offense, these need not be further considered.
The second instruction refused might well have been given, but it announces a mere abstract proposition of law, and it may with confidence be affirmed that in the light of the evidence, and the other instructions given, the defendant suffered nothing by reason of its refusal.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.