Cite as 2022 Ark. App. 301 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CV-22-93
Opinion Delivered August 31, 2022 CARLA JOHNSON APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, V. EIGHTH DIVISION [NO. 60JV-20-41] ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES AND MINOR HONORABLE TJUANA C. BYRD, CHILDREN JUDGE APPELLEES AFFIRMED
N. MARK KLAPPENBACH, Judge
Carla Johnson appeals from the order of the Pulaski County Circuit Court
terminating her parental rights to her nine children. On appeal, Johnson argues that there
was insufficient evidence that termination is in the children’s best interest. We affirm.
The Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) filed a petition for emergency
custody and dependency-neglect in January 2020 alleging that Johnson’s children were at
substantial risk of serious harm as a result of environmental neglect, medical neglect,
educational neglect, sexual abuse, and parental unfitness. Johnson’s children ranged in age from six months to fourteen years old. The family1 had a long history of maltreatment
investigations and protective-services cases. In January 2020, authorities found the home to
be in unacceptable condition with the floors cluttered with food and trash and no beds for
the toddlers. The children were dirty. The youngest children had missed doctor
appointments, and the oldest child had been dropped from school for too many absences.
A three-year-old child appeared to have cigarette burns. DHS set up medical appointments
and appointments for forensic interviews, but Johnson failed to take the children to their
appointments. After DHS took the children to their appointments, the forensic interviews
of the four oldest children revealed allegations of domestic violence, drug use, and sexual
abuse that the parents failed to believe. One child reported witnessing her sister being raped.
Prior to the adjudication hearing, all the children tested positive on hair drug screens for
methamphetamine, amphetamine, cocaine, and THC.
The children were adjudicated dependent-neglected, and reunification was made the
goal of the case. At a June 2020 permanency-planning hearing, the court found that Johnson
had made some effort to comply with court orders, but it remained to be seen whether there
had been any progress toward reunification. At that time, Johnson was homeless, had missed
four appointments for her drug-and-alcohol assessment, had missed two parenting classes
and been dropped from the course, had tested positive for drugs on a nail test, and had
submitted to her psychological evaluation after missing the first two appointments. At an
1 The family included Cornelius Cunningham, Johnson’s boyfriend and the father to some of the children, whose rights were also terminated in this case.
2 October 2020 hearing, the court again noted some effort to comply but could not see any
progress being made. Johnson had completed her drug-and-alcohol assessment, but she did
not want to attend the recommended residential drug treatment. She was attending therapy,
living in a hotel, and was unemployed.
Johnson suffered a stroke in November 2020 and was hospitalized for about a month.
At a January 2021 review hearing, the court found that on the basis of the recommendations
of CASA, the attorney ad litem, and DHS, the goal would remain reunification, in part
because of issues caused due to turnover within DHS. However, the court noted that
Johnson had not made much progress prior to her hospitalization. When the case was
reviewed in May 2021, the court changed the goal to termination of parental rights. The
only progress Johnson had made since the prior hearing was entering inpatient drug
treatment.
The termination hearing was held in September 2021, at which point the children
had been in foster care for 618 days. Johnson tested positive for THC a few days after leaving
inpatient drug treatment in May. Despite requests, she had failed to provide verification of
housing, employment, NA attendance, or consistent counseling attendance. Testimony
established that Johnson had failed to complete parenting classes and twice failed to appear
for her therapy intake appointment. She did, however, participate in a parenting support
group and attend four therapy sessions with Our House. Her psychological evaluation
revealed that her capacity for independent care of the children was “marginal at best.”
3 Johnson testified that she did not go to her therapy intake appointment because she
thought therapy through Our House would be better. She had not had formal therapy
sessions since June, but she still spoke to her therapist. Johnson testified that she had not
started NA despite the court’s order to submit sign-in sheets, but she did have a sponsor with
whom she was in contact. She was currently living in a hotel, but she said that she was about
to move into a two-bedroom home after repairs were finished. She had been employed for
nearly two months babysitting and made four hundred dollars a week. She said that she had
been taking medication for depression and anxiety since June. There had been seven
different caseworkers on her case in the first year, which Johnson said had led to problems
getting in touch with them and figuring out what needed to be done. She said that she could
not do everything she needed to do and take care of her health. There was testimony that
the children’s needs were being addressed and that they are adoptable. Some of the children
suffered from emotional issues, a number were in trauma-focused counseling, and the
younger children were in speech, occupational, and physical therapy.
The circuit court terminated Johnson’s parental rights upon finding that DHS had
proved the statutory grounds of failure to remedy and aggravated circumstances and that
termination was in the children’s best interest. The court found that Johnson had failed to
engage in services and benefit from them.
A circuit court’s order terminating parental rights must be based on findings proved
by clear and convincing evidence. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(b)(3) (Supp. 2021). Clear and
convincing evidence is defined as that degree of proof that will produce in the fact-finder a
4 firm conviction as to the allegation sought to be established. Baker v. Ark. Dep’t of Hum.
Servs., 2020 Ark. App. 507. The appellate court reviews termination-of-parental-rights cases
de novo but will not reverse the circuit court’s ruling unless its findings are clearly erroneous.
Id. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the
reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. Id. In determining whether a finding is clearly erroneous, an
appellate court gives due deference to the opportunity of the circuit court to judge the
credibility of witnesses. Id.
In order to terminate parental rights, a circuit court must find clear and convincing
evidence as to one or more of the grounds for termination listed in section 9-27-341(b)(3)(B).
The circuit court must also find by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the
best interest of the child, taking into consideration (1) the likelihood that the child will be
adopted if the termination petition is granted; and (2) the potential harm, specifically
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Cite as 2022 Ark. App. 301 ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS DIVISION III No. CV-22-93
Opinion Delivered August 31, 2022 CARLA JOHNSON APPELLANT APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT, V. EIGHTH DIVISION [NO. 60JV-20-41] ARKANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES AND MINOR HONORABLE TJUANA C. BYRD, CHILDREN JUDGE APPELLEES AFFIRMED
N. MARK KLAPPENBACH, Judge
Carla Johnson appeals from the order of the Pulaski County Circuit Court
terminating her parental rights to her nine children. On appeal, Johnson argues that there
was insufficient evidence that termination is in the children’s best interest. We affirm.
The Arkansas Department of Human Services (DHS) filed a petition for emergency
custody and dependency-neglect in January 2020 alleging that Johnson’s children were at
substantial risk of serious harm as a result of environmental neglect, medical neglect,
educational neglect, sexual abuse, and parental unfitness. Johnson’s children ranged in age from six months to fourteen years old. The family1 had a long history of maltreatment
investigations and protective-services cases. In January 2020, authorities found the home to
be in unacceptable condition with the floors cluttered with food and trash and no beds for
the toddlers. The children were dirty. The youngest children had missed doctor
appointments, and the oldest child had been dropped from school for too many absences.
A three-year-old child appeared to have cigarette burns. DHS set up medical appointments
and appointments for forensic interviews, but Johnson failed to take the children to their
appointments. After DHS took the children to their appointments, the forensic interviews
of the four oldest children revealed allegations of domestic violence, drug use, and sexual
abuse that the parents failed to believe. One child reported witnessing her sister being raped.
Prior to the adjudication hearing, all the children tested positive on hair drug screens for
methamphetamine, amphetamine, cocaine, and THC.
The children were adjudicated dependent-neglected, and reunification was made the
goal of the case. At a June 2020 permanency-planning hearing, the court found that Johnson
had made some effort to comply with court orders, but it remained to be seen whether there
had been any progress toward reunification. At that time, Johnson was homeless, had missed
four appointments for her drug-and-alcohol assessment, had missed two parenting classes
and been dropped from the course, had tested positive for drugs on a nail test, and had
submitted to her psychological evaluation after missing the first two appointments. At an
1 The family included Cornelius Cunningham, Johnson’s boyfriend and the father to some of the children, whose rights were also terminated in this case.
2 October 2020 hearing, the court again noted some effort to comply but could not see any
progress being made. Johnson had completed her drug-and-alcohol assessment, but she did
not want to attend the recommended residential drug treatment. She was attending therapy,
living in a hotel, and was unemployed.
Johnson suffered a stroke in November 2020 and was hospitalized for about a month.
At a January 2021 review hearing, the court found that on the basis of the recommendations
of CASA, the attorney ad litem, and DHS, the goal would remain reunification, in part
because of issues caused due to turnover within DHS. However, the court noted that
Johnson had not made much progress prior to her hospitalization. When the case was
reviewed in May 2021, the court changed the goal to termination of parental rights. The
only progress Johnson had made since the prior hearing was entering inpatient drug
treatment.
The termination hearing was held in September 2021, at which point the children
had been in foster care for 618 days. Johnson tested positive for THC a few days after leaving
inpatient drug treatment in May. Despite requests, she had failed to provide verification of
housing, employment, NA attendance, or consistent counseling attendance. Testimony
established that Johnson had failed to complete parenting classes and twice failed to appear
for her therapy intake appointment. She did, however, participate in a parenting support
group and attend four therapy sessions with Our House. Her psychological evaluation
revealed that her capacity for independent care of the children was “marginal at best.”
3 Johnson testified that she did not go to her therapy intake appointment because she
thought therapy through Our House would be better. She had not had formal therapy
sessions since June, but she still spoke to her therapist. Johnson testified that she had not
started NA despite the court’s order to submit sign-in sheets, but she did have a sponsor with
whom she was in contact. She was currently living in a hotel, but she said that she was about
to move into a two-bedroom home after repairs were finished. She had been employed for
nearly two months babysitting and made four hundred dollars a week. She said that she had
been taking medication for depression and anxiety since June. There had been seven
different caseworkers on her case in the first year, which Johnson said had led to problems
getting in touch with them and figuring out what needed to be done. She said that she could
not do everything she needed to do and take care of her health. There was testimony that
the children’s needs were being addressed and that they are adoptable. Some of the children
suffered from emotional issues, a number were in trauma-focused counseling, and the
younger children were in speech, occupational, and physical therapy.
The circuit court terminated Johnson’s parental rights upon finding that DHS had
proved the statutory grounds of failure to remedy and aggravated circumstances and that
termination was in the children’s best interest. The court found that Johnson had failed to
engage in services and benefit from them.
A circuit court’s order terminating parental rights must be based on findings proved
by clear and convincing evidence. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(b)(3) (Supp. 2021). Clear and
convincing evidence is defined as that degree of proof that will produce in the fact-finder a
4 firm conviction as to the allegation sought to be established. Baker v. Ark. Dep’t of Hum.
Servs., 2020 Ark. App. 507. The appellate court reviews termination-of-parental-rights cases
de novo but will not reverse the circuit court’s ruling unless its findings are clearly erroneous.
Id. A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the
reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made. Id. In determining whether a finding is clearly erroneous, an
appellate court gives due deference to the opportunity of the circuit court to judge the
credibility of witnesses. Id.
In order to terminate parental rights, a circuit court must find clear and convincing
evidence as to one or more of the grounds for termination listed in section 9-27-341(b)(3)(B).
The circuit court must also find by clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the
best interest of the child, taking into consideration (1) the likelihood that the child will be
adopted if the termination petition is granted; and (2) the potential harm, specifically
addressing the effect on the health and safety of the child, caused by returning the child to
the custody of the parent. Ark. Code Ann. § 9-27-341(b)(3)(A)(i) & (ii).
In considering potential harm caused by returning the child to the parent, the circuit
court is not required to find that actual harm would result or affirmatively identify a potential
harm. Gonzalez v. Ark. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 2018 Ark. App. 425, 555 S.W.3d 915. Potential
harm must be viewed in a forward-looking manner and in broad terms, including the harm
the child suffers from the lack of stability the child receives in a permanent home. Id. We
5 have noted that a court may consider past behavior as a predictor of likely potential harm
should the child be returned to the parent’s care and custody. Id.
Johnson argues that DHS failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that it was
in the children’s best interest to terminate her parental rights. She does not challenge the
evidence that the children are adoptable; instead, she claims that there is no substantial risk
of potential harm in returning the children to her care because she is complying with the
case plan and benefiting from services. Johnson argues that she is employed, has housing
lined up, completed drug treatment, remained drug-free after treatment but for a single
marijuana screen, and is participating in parenting classes and counseling. She faults DHS
for not referring her for assistance with housing or medication management.
Johnson also claims that the “only known referrals began almost one year after the
children were brought into foster care.” However, that is completely contrary to the
evidence. For example, there was testimony that during the first year of the case, Johnson
missed appointments for her drug-and-alcohol assessment on April 21, May 5, May 20, and
July 15, 2020, before finally completing it in August 2020; she had a psychological evaluation
in May 2020; she was referred to inpatient rehab but did not attend; and she was referred to
parenting classes but was dropped for nonattendance. Accordingly, there were referrals
made, but Johnson did not take advantage of the offered services in the first year of the case.
There were certainly issues caused by the fact that there were seven different caseworkers in
the first year, and Johnson’s hospitalization was a setback. However, the court addressed
these issues in part by keeping the goal as reunification despite little progress. Furthermore,
6 Johnson’s claims that she is “actively” engaged in counseling and parenting classes are belied
by the testimony of Kelsie Hammons, a social worker and therapist at Our House. Hammons
testified that Johnson participated in a parenting support group and four therapy sessions in
June 2021. Although Hammons had stayed in contact with Johnson since then, Johnson
had not had any more formal sessions.
The circuit court found that if the children were returned, there would be potential
harm, including neglect, potential drug exposure, and possible homelessness. Despite the
case being open for more than twenty months, Johnson had not completed counseling or
parenting classes, had not attended NA, and had not maintained stable housing and income.
As the court indicated, if Johnson could not handle the requirements of the case when the
children were not with her, it was doubtful that she could handle nine children with various
special needs and treatments. In light of Johnson’s failure to comply with the case plan and
show stability in her life, the circuit court’s findings were not clearly erroneous.
Affirmed.
BARRETT and HIXSON, JJ., agree.
Dusti Standridge, for appellant.
Ellen K. Howard, Ark. Dep’t of Human Services, Office of Chief Counsel, for appellee.
Dana McClain, attorney ad litem for minor children.