In The Court of Appeals Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-11-00425-CR
CARL WADE CURRY, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 46th District Court Hardeman County, Texas Trial Court No. 4157, Honorable Dan Mike Bird, Presiding
March 6, 2014
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
Through eleven issues, appellant Carl Wade Curry appeals his conviction for
theft of property valued at $200,000 or more,1 and the resulting sentence of ninety-nine
years’ confinement in prison. We will affirm.
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) & (e)(7) (West Supp. 2013). Background
Evidence at trial showed in February 2010 appellant contacted Mississippi
cattleman David Sanders concerning the purchase of cattle. When he telephoned
Sanders, appellant did not use his real name, instead identifying himself to Sanders as
“Earnest Jackson.” Appellant later explained he did so because he feared Sanders
would not do business with him because of “blemishes” on his reputation. Through their
telephone conversations, appellant ordered four truckloads of cattle, which Sanders
shipped to pens appellant used in Hardeman County. Value of the cattle exceeded
$200,000.
The sales invoices required payment for the cattle at the time of delivery. But
appellant did not make payment. He shipped the cattle to two Kansas feedlots. He
received a check for a percentage of the value of one load of the cattle but payment on
the check was stopped after it was discovered Sanders had not been paid. Sanders
eventually arranged for the feedlots to complete feeding the cattle for his account.
Appellant was arrested and indicted for the charged offense. Although not a
lawyer, appellant chose to represent himself at trial. The court appointed standby
counsel. Appellant was convicted and sentence imposed as noted. This appeal
followed.
Analysis
Legal Representation at Trial and on Appeal
2 Through his first and second issues, appellant maintains his court-appointed
standby counsel rendered ineffective assistance at trial, denying him the right of
effective assistance of counsel guaranteed by the United States and Texas
Constitutions.2 In particular, appellant argues standby counsel failed to assist him in
stating a proper objection to the admission into evidence of appellant’s written
statement and failed to assist him in moving for a continuance.
In standby representation, the defendant presents his own case with the advice
and counsel of an attorney. Smith v. Smith, 22 S.W.3d 140, 152 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2000) (citing United States v. Sacco, 563 F.2d 552, 554 (2d Cir. 1977)
(defendant conducted his own defense with appointed counsel acting as advisor). For a
defendant who chooses to exercise his right to represent himself at trial, there is no
constitutional right to standby counsel. See Dunn v. State, 819 S.W.2d 510, 525-26
(Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Scarbrough v. State, 777 S.W.2d 83, 93 (Tex. Crim. App.
1989). A fortiori a defendant acting pro se has no constitutional right to the effective
assistance of standby counsel. See, e.g., United States v. Oliver, 630 F.3d 397, 413-14
(5th Cir. 2011) (explaining that a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to
standby counsel and absent this right the defendant is not entitled to relief for the
ineffective assistance of standby counsel); United States v. Hills, 425 Fed. Appx. 292,
296-97 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam); United States v. Morrison, 153 F.3d 34, 55 (2d Cir.
1998); United States v. Windsor, 981 F.2d 943, 947 (7th Cir. 1992) (noting “[a]s the
2 Appellant does not demonstrate through argument and authorities that he enjoys greater protection under the state constitution than under the federal constitution. We therefore assume the protections of the federal and state constitutions are identical on the matter. Cf. Pena v. State, 285 S.W.3d 459, 464 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (holding that defendant must preserve claim that due course of law provides greater protection than Due Process Clause).
3 word ‘standby’ implies, standby counsel is merely to be available in case the court
determines that the defendant is no longer able to represent himself or in case the
defendant chooses to consult an attorney”).3
Further, even assuming appellant enjoyed a constitutional right to the effective
assistance of standby counsel, this record does not establish counsel rendered
ineffective assistance. To prevail on this issue, appellant must demonstrate by a
preponderance of the evidence that standby counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and there is a reasonable probability that, but for
standby counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
674 (1984). Accordingly, the “benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must
be whether counsel’s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial
process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.” Id. at 686.
Appellant does not direct us to any portion of the record, nor do we find any evidence,
demonstrating conduct by standby counsel that rises to the requisite level of
ineffectiveness. Further, he does not explain how different actions by standby counsel
would have led to a different result. Appellant’s first and second issues are overruled.
Through his seventh and eighth issues, appellant asserts the trial court abused
its discretion and reversibly erred by appointing him counsel on appeal, denying him the
right of self-representation on appeal under the United States and Texas Constitutions.
3 The Second Circuit has noted that an ineffective assistance claim might lie if standby counsel functioned as such in name only and in reality acted as attorney throughout the proceeding. United States v. Schmidt, 105 F.3d 82, 90 (2d Cir. 1997). But appellant does not suggest the record here would support such a notion and we do not find such support from our review of the record.
4 The appeal in this court began with appellant appearing pro se. As the deadline
for filing his brief approached appellant requested, and was granted, an extension of
time to file his brief. The day before his brief was due under the extension, appellant
requested another extension. We then abated and remanded the case to the trial court,
directing it to determine, inter alia, “whether allowing [appellant to represent himself on
appeal was] in his best interest, the State’s best interest, and is in furtherance of the
proper administration of justice.” Our abatement order also provided that if the trial
court recommended self-representation, we would review the recommendation and
issue further orders on reinstatement of the appeal. Curry v. State, No. 07-11-00425-
CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 2586, at *4-5 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 30, 2012) (per
curiam order, not designated for publication).
On remand, the trial court conducted a hearing and during the proceeding the
judge stated to appellant:
I had the opportunity to observe you represent yourself [at trial]. . . . And while you did demonstrate some knowledge with respect to be able to represent yourself, you were inadequate in that regard. You did what you wanted to do, but the Court believes that with respect to you representing yourself, it would not be in your best interest, it would not be in the State's best interest and is not in furtherance of the proper administration of justice. Before concluding the hearing the trial court appointed appellant’s present counsel on
appeal.
We disagree with appellant’s premise that he possesses a constitutional right to
represent himself on appeal. See Bibbs v. State, No. 07-10-00300-CR, 2011 Tex. App.
Lexis 9490, at *3-4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 2, 2011) (per curiam order, not
designated for publication) (stating the Supreme Court has found no right of self-
5 representation on appeal under the United States Constitution, no Texas court has
recognized a state constitutional right to self-representation on direct appeal, and the
Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides no such right). However, as we explained
in Bibbs, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 9490 at *4, and in the order abating and remanding
appellant’s case, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 2586, at *3, the appellate court may in its
discretion authorize a party’s self-representation on appeal. The exercise of this
discretion is case-specific and takes into account the best interest of the appellant, the
State, and the administration of justice. Here, the trial court presided over the trial
during which appellant presented his own defense, and was well situated to determine
appellant’s aptitude for self-representation on appeal. We see no abuse of discretion in
its findings regarding self-representation, or in its appointment of counsel for appellant
on appeal. Appellant’s seventh and eighth issues are overruled.
By his ninth and tenth issues, appellant asserts that during trial and on appeal he
was denied access to “a reasonably sufficient law library and sources,” in derogation of
a protection afforded by the United States and Texas Constitutions.4 Appellant is
represented by court-appointed counsel on appeal so we dismiss as moot that portion
of the issue pertaining to the case on appeal. Cf. Burgett v. State, No. 02-05-00377-
CR, 2006 Tex. App. Lexis 10492, at *17 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 7, 2006, pet.
refused) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (dismissing as moot question of
defendant’s denial of access to a law library because at the time of his guilty plea he
was represented by court-appointed counsel).
4 Appellant does not explain how the Texas Constitution guarantees him a greater right of access to a law library than the United States Constitution, so we will look only to the federal constitution.
6 The fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts requires prison
authorities to assist prisoners with preparing and filing meaningful legal papers by
providing adequate law libraries or adequate assistance by persons trained in the law.
Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 828, 97 S.Ct. 1491, 52 L.Ed.2d 72 (1977), overruled on
other grounds by Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 116 S.Ct. 2174, 135 L.Ed.2d 606
(1996). In the trial court, appellant first was represented by an attorney as counsel of
record, and then had the assistance of standby counsel. His entitlement to assistance
was thus satisfied by the assistance of a person trained in the law. Under those
circumstances, appellant had no additional right of access to a law library. See Bright v.
State, 585 S.W.2d 739, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979) (“In the instant case, an
attorney was appointed to represent appellant, and even after appellant’s request to
represent himself was granted, this attorney was instructed by the trial court to continue
as standby counsel. Thus, appellant was provided adequate assistance from persons
skilled in the law”). Appellant’s tenth issue is overruled.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Admission of Appellant’s Statement
Our discussion of appellant’s evidentiary issues begins with consideration of his
fifth issue, wherein he argues the trial court abused its discretion by admitting his written
statement. During the investigation of the case appellant gave a written statement to a
special ranger.5 The document was witnessed by the special ranger. When the State
5 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.125 (West Supp. 2013) (a special ranger is an employee of the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association and appointed by the director of the Texas Department of Public Safety to aid law
7 offered the document at trial, appellant objected on the ground that the document was
not properly signed. As we follow the objection, appellant believes Code of Criminal
Procedure article 38.22, section 1 requires a person other than a peace officer must
witness the signing of a written statement. The trial court allowed appellant to make his
objection both in a hearing outside the presence of the jury and again before the jury
when the State offered the statement into evidence. The trial court overruled
appellant’s objection and admitted the statement into evidence.
We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence using an abuse of
discretion standard. Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 153 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The
trial court’s evidentiary ruling must be upheld if it is within the “zone of reasonable
disagreement.” Id.; Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 386-87 (Tex. Crim. App.
1991) (op. on reh’g). However, a trial court has no discretion in determining what the
law is or applying the law to the facts. In re Thompson, 330 S.W.3d 411, 417 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2007, orig. proceeding). Article 38.22, section 1 provides, “In this article,
a written statement of an accused means a statement signed by the accused or a
statement made by the accused in his own handwriting or, if the accused is unable to
write, a statement bearing his mark, when the mark has been witnessed by a person
other than a peace officer.” Appellant does not contend he was unable to write and
signed the statement with his mark. The statement bears a signature appearing to be
_________________________ enforcement agencies in the investigation of the theft of livestock or related property. With the exception of traffic citations, a special ranger may make arrests and exercise the authority of a peace officer only when necessary to prevent or abate the commission of an offense involving livestock or related property).
8 that of appellant. The requirement of witnessing by one other than a peace officer does
not apply here.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by overruling appellant’s objection and
admitting his written statement into evidence. Appellant’s fifth issue is overruled.
Sufficiency Challenges
In reviewing issues of evidentiary sufficiency, we consider all the evidence,
viewing it in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether a rational fact
finder could have found each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); Brooks v.
State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We measure the sufficiency of the
evidence by the elements of the offense as defined in the hypothetically correct jury
charge for the case. Cada v. State, 334 S.W.3d 766, 773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing
Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)).
By his third issue appellant contends no evidence supports the jury’s implicit
finding that David Sanders owned the cattle delivered into appellant’s possession.
Under the Penal Code, in a theft prosecution, the name of the owner of the stolen
property is not a substantive element of the offense, but under the Code of Criminal
Procedure the State must allege the name of the owner in the indictment. Garza v.
State, 344 S.W.3d 409, 412 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Byrd v. State, 336 S.W.3d 242,
251, & 251, n.48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.08).
The State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the person alleged in the
9 indictment as the owner is the same person the evidence shows is the owner. Byrd,
336 S.W.3d at 252.
The indictment alleged appellant unlawfully appropriated, “by acquiring or
otherwise exercising control over, property, to-wit: cattle, of the value of $200,000 or
more from David Sanders, the owner thereof, without the effective consent of the owner,
namely by deception, and with intent to deprive the owner of the property [.]” In the
charge, the court instructed the jury that ‘“owner” means a person who has title to the
property, possession of the property, or a greater right to possession of the property
than the person charged.” Cf. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(35)(A) (West Supp.
2013) (providing in part an owner has title to the property, possession of the property,
whether lawful or not, or a greater right to possession of the property than the actor).
Appellant related in his written statement that he noticed an advertisement in a
trade publication for “D and S Cattle Company-David Sanders” offering pre-conditioned
cattle for sale. Sanders testified at trial. He identified “DS Cattle Company” as his
company. He described for the jury the telephone calls he received from “Earnest
Jackson,” and the four truckloads of cattle he shipped to Hardeman County as the result
of the calls. Sanders said “Earnest Jackson” told him he “had a place leased,” and “had
a lot of grass.” DS Cattle Company invoices in evidence reflect sale of a total of 421
head to “Rafter J Cattle Company – Earnest Jackson.” The invoices in the record are
accompanied by a business records affidavit signed by Sanders and showing him as
owner of DS Cattle Company. He identified the business records on the stand.
10 We find the record permitted a rational conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt
that the David Sanders alleged in the indictment as the owner is the same person
shown by the evidence as the owner. Byrd, 336 S.W.3d at 252. Appellant’s third issue
is overruled.
By his fourth issue, appellant contends no evidence supports the jury’s implicit
finding that David Sanders “was ever effectively deprived of ownership of the cattle.”
Later in the argument, appellant urges the evidence was insufficient to prove he
“intended to deprive David Sanders of the cattle by deception.”
“A person commits an offense if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to
deprive the owner of property.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(a) (West Supp. 2013);
see Byrd, 336 S.W.3d at 250 (“[T]he gravamen of theft is in depriving the true owner of
the use, benefit, enjoyment or value of his property, without his consent” (citation
omitted, italics in original)).
The charge contained the following instructions: A person commits the offense of theft if he unlawfully appropriates property with intent to deprive the owner of the property. Appropriation of property is unlawful if it is without the owner’s effective consent. “Appropriate” means to acquire or otherwise exercise control over property other than real property. “Effective consent” includes consent by a person legally authorized to act for the owner. Consent is not effective if induced by deception. “Deception” means creating or confirming by words or conduct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, and that the actor does not believe to be true; failing to correct a false impression of law or fact that is likely to affect the judgment of another in the transaction, that the actor previously created or
11 confirmed by words or conduct, and that the actor does not now believe to be true[.] A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct, or to a result of his conduct, when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result. Appellant’s written statement contains the admission that when he called
Sanders to ask about buying cattle, “I knew that many people knew that the name Carl
Curry had blemishes and that I would not be able to get any cattle bought so I came up
with the false name of ‘Earnest Jackson.’” Testimony showed appellant used a “track
cell phone”6 bought at Wal-Mart in his dealings with Sanders.
Sanders testified without objection that appellant gave him an address he later
learned was fictitious, and that the bank whose name appellant gave him later told him
they had no account or record for Earnest Jackson. Sanders told the jury he would not
have shipped the cattle had he known appellant was acting under a false name.
According to appellant’s statement and trial testimony, he shipped the cattle to
two Kansas feedlots, Poky Feeders, Inc. and Kan Sun Feeders, LLC. The cattle were
checked into the feedlots in the name of Cattle, Inc., an entity with which appellant
apparently had affiliation. There was evidence appellant planned to borrow some
seventy percent of the value of the cattle and use the funds to pay Sanders. How 6 Concerning track cell phones, the special ranger testified: When you are at Wal-Mart or any of these chain stores and you see where they've got the phones that you can buy that have minutes on it, you can buy those prepaid phones with minutes, and you have to give no identification whatsoever, and when we actually subpoena the phone company for their records, there is no names, there is no phone call records, and they are basically an untraceable phone that are often used in the criminal activity that we investigate.
12 appellant intended to cover the remainder due Sanders was not shown, although when
asked on cross-examination he stated, “I had other arrangements to cover the different
costs.”
The transaction with Poky Feeders proceeded far enough that appellant received
a check payable jointly to Cattle, Inc. and a Quanah, Texas, bank where he once
maintained an account. The bank would not accept the check for deposit, and
endorsed and returned it to appellant. Appellant then deposited the check to an
account he opened at a Marshall, Texas bank. But by that time, it was subject to a
stop-payment order.
Appellant concluded his written statement with the declaration, “I did not have the
money to purchase the cattle from David Sanders at D&S Cattle Company. I ordered
and took delivery of these cattle hoping to get money arranged after receiving the cattle
to make payment.” Sanders testified that he contacted appellant when he did not
receive payment for the cattle, and appellant told him another party was going to pay for
the cattle, “and he said [that party’s] secretary has been out a couple of days with the
flu, but he said she’ll be back in the morning and we’ll get you a check Federal
Express.” Sanders added, “And I never got the check.”
The State also presented evidence of two cattle purchase and sale transactions
in 2009 in which appellant obtained cattle through payment by a bogus check. 7 The
resulting losses to the sellers or transferors collectively exceeded $100,000.
7 Concerning the unlawful appropriation of property, Penal Code section 31.03(c)(1) states, “Evidence that the actor has previously participated in recent transactions other than, but similar to, that which the prosecution is based is admissible
13 The jury may infer intent from the acts, words, and conduct of the accused. Dues
v. State, 634 S.W.2d 304, 305 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). On this evidence,
the jury was authorized to find beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant intended to
deprive Sanders of the cattle. In the face of his admittedly deceptive actions and other
evidence of his culpable intent, the jury was not required to accept appellant’s
assertions he intended to pay Sanders. See Romero v. State, 406 S.W.3d 695, 697
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. struck) (noting the jury’s responsibility to
fairly resolve conflicting testimony, weigh the evidence, and draw reasonable
inferences). Appellant’s fourth issue is overruled.
By his sixth issue, appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he
unlawfully appropriated the cattle with intent to deprive the owner of the cattle. As we
understand the gist of appellant’s complaint here, the evidence was insufficient to
identify him as the perpetrator of the offense charged.
Appellant’s statement alone provides legally sufficient evidence that he assumed
the name Earnest Jackson and through that identity unlawfully appropriated property
with intent to deprive the owner of the property. To that we add the special ranger’s
testimony, adduced on cross-examination by appellant, that a trucker who delivered
cattle told the ranger “he witnessed you [appellant] sign Earnest Jackson and picked
you out of a photo line-up.” Appellant’s sixth issue is overruled.
_________________________ for the purpose of showing knowledge or intent and the issues of knowledge or intent are raised by the actor's plea of not guilty.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 31.03(c)(1) (West Supp. 2013).
14 Denial of Appellant’s Motion for Continuance
In his eleventh issue, appellant asserts the trial court abused its discretion and
committed harmful error when it denied his motion for continuance. Appellant’s brief
argument under this issue to some extent appears predicated on a conclusion that
standby counsel rendered ineffective assistance. We have already determined that was
not the case.
According to the discussion of the trial court and parties at the hearing on
appellant’s motion for continuance, appellant’s counsel, who later became standby
counsel, was appointed in July 2010. The case was originally set for trial in the fall of
2010 but was continued for an unspecified reason. According to the State, without
appellant’s disagreement, the prosecutor maintained an “open file policy” in the case
“for over a year” and appellant’s counsel or standby counsel reviewed the file “on
numerous occasions.” Appellant filed a request for discovery in January 2011 but did
not receive the items sought until some six days before trial commenced several
months later. After taking into account the file, the length of time the case was on file,
the previous trial settings, and the open file policy of the prosecutor, the trial court
denied appellant’s motion.
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for continuance for an abuse of
discretion. Gallo v. State, 239 S.W.3d 757, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Reversal is
obtained only if the appellant demonstrates error by the trial court in denying the motion
and that absent the continuance he was harmed. Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838,
843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Harm is ordinarily shown only at the hearing on a motion
15 for new trial because only then is the defendant able to produce evidence showing what
additional information, evidence, or witnesses would have been available had the
motion for continuance been granted. Id. at 841-42 (citing George E. Dix & Robert O.
Dawson, 42 Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 28.56 (2d ed. 2001), at
532-33).
On this record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in denying
appellant’s motion for continuance. Moreover, while appellant filed a motion for new
trial it was apparently overruled by operation of law. At any rate, we have no record of a
hearing on the motion. Thus appellant has not demonstrated how he was harmed by
the trial court’s ruling. Appellant’s eleventh issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Having overruled or dismissed each of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment
of the trial court.
James T. Campbell Justice
Do not publish.
Pirtle, J., concurring in the result.