COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
CARL A. JOHANNES, § No. 08-07-00004-CV Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § 210th Judicial District Court § ACE TRANSPORTATION, INC. and EL of El Paso County, Texas PASO ELECTRIC COMPANY, § (TC# 2004-3163) Appellees. §
OPINION
Carl Johannes appeals the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Ace
Transportation, Inc. and El Paso Electric Company. Mr. Johannes argues summary judgment was
not a proper disposition of his negligence causes of action, because fact issues remain regarding
what duty he was owed by both entities, and whether Ace Transportation’s actions were a
proximate cause of his injuries.
Mr. Johannes filed his original petition in this suit on November 23, 2004. It alleged that
an Ace Transportation Company employee negligently damaged an electrical pole at the
intersection of Marshall and Fred Wilson in El Paso. When the electrical pole fell, it also damaged
the traffic signal at the intersection. Mr. Johannes, a City of El Paso employee, was
electroshocked when he tried to repair the traffic signal. In the First Amended Petition,
Mr. Johannes added El Paso Electric Company as a defendant, alleging that the utility was also
liable for his injuries because its employees, who were also at the intersection making repairs,
failed to warn him of the potential danger related to the downed lines. El Paso Electric Company filed its traditional motion for summary judgment on March 20,
2006. El Paso Electric offered a single ground for summary judgment, arguing that it owed no
duty to Mr. Johannes, as it had no right to control the premises where he was working, and had
no right to control the manner of his work. Ace Transportation filed its own traditional motion
for summary judgment on May 2, 2006. Ace Transportation offered two grounds for summary
judgment. First, the entity argued that it owed no duty to Mr. Johannes under Texas law.
Second, the company argued that Mr. Johannes’s injury was not a foreseeable result of its
employee’s negligence in hitting the electric pole, and therefore was not a proximate cause of the
incident.
Mr. Johannes filed a single response to both motions on May 17, 2006. In response to
El Paso Electric’s argument that it owed him no duty, Mr. Johannes argued that under Texas law,
the electric company was the premises owner and owed him the same duty as that owed by a
general contractor to the employee of an independent contractor. Specifically, Mr. Johannes
contended that the electric company and its employees on the scene, had a duty to warn him of
the dangerous conditions about which it knew or should have known. Mr. Johannes argued that
relative to the electric company, he was in the same position as a property invitee, and was owed
the same duty of care.
In response to Ace Transportation’s summary judgment grounds, Mr. Johannes argued
only that the summary judgment evidence demonstrated that Ace Transportation’s truck was a
substantial factor in creating the circumstances which lead him to be at the intersection, and that
the evidence also demonstrated that his injuries were a foreseeable result of the truck driver’s
negligence. The trial court granted both summary judgment motions on June 28, 2006.
-2- On appeal, Mr. Johannes raises a single issue in which he argues: (1) summary judgment
was improperly granted in El Paso Electric’s favor because Texas Law imposes a duty on
handlers of electricity to exercise a degree of care proportionate to the dangers of a fallen power
line; (2) summary judgment was improperly granted in Ace Transportation’s favor because the
company’s employee had a duty to use reasonable care in operating its vehicles, and because that
employee’s negligent driving was a proximate cause of Mr. Johannes’s injuries.
The standards for reviewing a traditional motion for summary judgment are well
established. The appellate court must determine whether the successful movant carried its burden
to show there is no genuine issue of material fact, and that judgment as a matter of law was
properly granted. See TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Wyatt v. Longoria, 33 S.W.3d 26, 31 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 2000, no pet.). Thus, the question we must ask is not whether the summary judgment
proof raises fact issues as to the required elements of the claimant’s cause of action, but whether
the summary judgment evidence establishes, as a matter of law, that there is no genuine issue of
material fact as to one or more of the essential elements of the claim. Wyatt, 33 S.W.3d at 31. In
resolving this issue, all evidence favorable to the nonmovant must be taken as true, and all
reasonable inferences, including any doubts, must be resolved in the nonmovant’s favor. Fertic v.
Spencer, 247 S.W.3d 242, 248 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2007, pet. denied).
El Paso Electric moved for summary judgment solely on the ground that it owed no duty
to Mr. Johannes. In his brief, Mr. Johannes asserts that El Paso Electric’s summary judgment
argument must be overruled because Texas law imposes a duty of care on “handlers of electricity”
to use appropriate safeguards to protect those in proximity to electric current. In response, the
electric company argues that the “handler of electricity” argument was not presented to the trial
-3- court, and has therefore been waived.
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c) states in pertinent part: “Issues not expressly
presented to the trial court by written motion, answer or other response shall not be considered on
appeal as grounds for reversal.” TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Digby v. Texas Bank, 943 S.W.2d 914,
927 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, writ denied). Both parties to a summary judgment must present all
arguments, in writing, to the trial court. Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 927.
Mr. Johannes fails to cite us to a passage in his summary judgment response where he
raised his “handler of electricity” theory as a basis for imposing a duty on the electric company.
We have reviewed the response and must conclude that Mr. Johannes did not include this theory.
Instead, he argued exclusively that El Paso Electric’s duty flowed from its position as a premises
occupier, and his relative position as an invitee. As Mr. Johannes failed to raise his “handler of
electricity” theory in the trial court, we cannot consider it as a ground for reversal on appeal. See
TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 927. Therefore, we overrule the portion of Issue
One dealing with the duty element of Mr. Johannes’s negligence claim against El Paso Electric
Company, and affirm the summary judgment in the electric company’s favor.
In the remainder of Issue One, Mr. Johannes argues primarily that a genuine issue of
material fact remains regarding whether Ace Transportation’s alleged negligence was a proximate
cause of his injuries. Mr. Johannes contends that because the evidence demonstrates the
electricity flowing from the downed power line had not been grounded at the time he was injured,
the results of the transportation company’s negligence was ongoing, and that electroshock was a
foreseeable result of the conduct.
The components of proximate cause are cause in fact and foreseeability. IHS Cedars
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COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
CARL A. JOHANNES, § No. 08-07-00004-CV Appellant, § Appeal from the v. § 210th Judicial District Court § ACE TRANSPORTATION, INC. and EL of El Paso County, Texas PASO ELECTRIC COMPANY, § (TC# 2004-3163) Appellees. §
OPINION
Carl Johannes appeals the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of Ace
Transportation, Inc. and El Paso Electric Company. Mr. Johannes argues summary judgment was
not a proper disposition of his negligence causes of action, because fact issues remain regarding
what duty he was owed by both entities, and whether Ace Transportation’s actions were a
proximate cause of his injuries.
Mr. Johannes filed his original petition in this suit on November 23, 2004. It alleged that
an Ace Transportation Company employee negligently damaged an electrical pole at the
intersection of Marshall and Fred Wilson in El Paso. When the electrical pole fell, it also damaged
the traffic signal at the intersection. Mr. Johannes, a City of El Paso employee, was
electroshocked when he tried to repair the traffic signal. In the First Amended Petition,
Mr. Johannes added El Paso Electric Company as a defendant, alleging that the utility was also
liable for his injuries because its employees, who were also at the intersection making repairs,
failed to warn him of the potential danger related to the downed lines. El Paso Electric Company filed its traditional motion for summary judgment on March 20,
2006. El Paso Electric offered a single ground for summary judgment, arguing that it owed no
duty to Mr. Johannes, as it had no right to control the premises where he was working, and had
no right to control the manner of his work. Ace Transportation filed its own traditional motion
for summary judgment on May 2, 2006. Ace Transportation offered two grounds for summary
judgment. First, the entity argued that it owed no duty to Mr. Johannes under Texas law.
Second, the company argued that Mr. Johannes’s injury was not a foreseeable result of its
employee’s negligence in hitting the electric pole, and therefore was not a proximate cause of the
incident.
Mr. Johannes filed a single response to both motions on May 17, 2006. In response to
El Paso Electric’s argument that it owed him no duty, Mr. Johannes argued that under Texas law,
the electric company was the premises owner and owed him the same duty as that owed by a
general contractor to the employee of an independent contractor. Specifically, Mr. Johannes
contended that the electric company and its employees on the scene, had a duty to warn him of
the dangerous conditions about which it knew or should have known. Mr. Johannes argued that
relative to the electric company, he was in the same position as a property invitee, and was owed
the same duty of care.
In response to Ace Transportation’s summary judgment grounds, Mr. Johannes argued
only that the summary judgment evidence demonstrated that Ace Transportation’s truck was a
substantial factor in creating the circumstances which lead him to be at the intersection, and that
the evidence also demonstrated that his injuries were a foreseeable result of the truck driver’s
negligence. The trial court granted both summary judgment motions on June 28, 2006.
-2- On appeal, Mr. Johannes raises a single issue in which he argues: (1) summary judgment
was improperly granted in El Paso Electric’s favor because Texas Law imposes a duty on
handlers of electricity to exercise a degree of care proportionate to the dangers of a fallen power
line; (2) summary judgment was improperly granted in Ace Transportation’s favor because the
company’s employee had a duty to use reasonable care in operating its vehicles, and because that
employee’s negligent driving was a proximate cause of Mr. Johannes’s injuries.
The standards for reviewing a traditional motion for summary judgment are well
established. The appellate court must determine whether the successful movant carried its burden
to show there is no genuine issue of material fact, and that judgment as a matter of law was
properly granted. See TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Wyatt v. Longoria, 33 S.W.3d 26, 31 (Tex.App.--
El Paso 2000, no pet.). Thus, the question we must ask is not whether the summary judgment
proof raises fact issues as to the required elements of the claimant’s cause of action, but whether
the summary judgment evidence establishes, as a matter of law, that there is no genuine issue of
material fact as to one or more of the essential elements of the claim. Wyatt, 33 S.W.3d at 31. In
resolving this issue, all evidence favorable to the nonmovant must be taken as true, and all
reasonable inferences, including any doubts, must be resolved in the nonmovant’s favor. Fertic v.
Spencer, 247 S.W.3d 242, 248 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2007, pet. denied).
El Paso Electric moved for summary judgment solely on the ground that it owed no duty
to Mr. Johannes. In his brief, Mr. Johannes asserts that El Paso Electric’s summary judgment
argument must be overruled because Texas law imposes a duty of care on “handlers of electricity”
to use appropriate safeguards to protect those in proximity to electric current. In response, the
electric company argues that the “handler of electricity” argument was not presented to the trial
-3- court, and has therefore been waived.
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(c) states in pertinent part: “Issues not expressly
presented to the trial court by written motion, answer or other response shall not be considered on
appeal as grounds for reversal.” TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Digby v. Texas Bank, 943 S.W.2d 914,
927 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, writ denied). Both parties to a summary judgment must present all
arguments, in writing, to the trial court. Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 927.
Mr. Johannes fails to cite us to a passage in his summary judgment response where he
raised his “handler of electricity” theory as a basis for imposing a duty on the electric company.
We have reviewed the response and must conclude that Mr. Johannes did not include this theory.
Instead, he argued exclusively that El Paso Electric’s duty flowed from its position as a premises
occupier, and his relative position as an invitee. As Mr. Johannes failed to raise his “handler of
electricity” theory in the trial court, we cannot consider it as a ground for reversal on appeal. See
TEX .R.CIV .P. 166a(c); Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 927. Therefore, we overrule the portion of Issue
One dealing with the duty element of Mr. Johannes’s negligence claim against El Paso Electric
Company, and affirm the summary judgment in the electric company’s favor.
In the remainder of Issue One, Mr. Johannes argues primarily that a genuine issue of
material fact remains regarding whether Ace Transportation’s alleged negligence was a proximate
cause of his injuries. Mr. Johannes contends that because the evidence demonstrates the
electricity flowing from the downed power line had not been grounded at the time he was injured,
the results of the transportation company’s negligence was ongoing, and that electroshock was a
foreseeable result of the conduct.
The components of proximate cause are cause in fact and foreseeability. IHS Cedars
-4- Treatment Cntr. of DeSoto, Texas, Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004). Neither
element can be satisfied by mere conjecture, guess, or speculation. Id. at 798-99. Cause in fact is
established when the act or omission was a substantial factor in brining about the injuries, and
without it, the harm would not have occurred. Doe v. Boy’s Club of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907
S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex. 1995). On the other hand, cause in fact is not shown if the defendant’s
negligence did no more than furnish a condition which made the injury possible. Id. The evidence
must show that the negligence was the proximate, as opposed to a remote, cause of the resulting
injuries. Id. It must justify the conclusion that the injury was the “natural and probable result.”
Id. Even if the injury would not have happened but for the defendant’s conduct, the connection
between the negligent act and the injury may be too attenuated to constitute legal cause. Id.
Mr. Johannes argues the evidence shows that at the time he arrived at the scene, the
electricity surrounding the downed pole had not been “properly grounded,” and was still being
conducted through the surrounding area. He concludes that the truck driver’s negligent conduct
in damaging the pole “had not ended” at the time he was shocked, and therefore, did more than
merely create the condition in which his injury was possible. We disagree. Certainly the driver’s
negligence in knocking down the transmission line contributed to the situation where
Mr. Johannes could be injured. However, as he now frames his argument, Ace Transportation’s
alleged negligence created the condition whereby the Electric Company’s alleged failure to
properly ground the line was but for, and proximate cause of Mr. Johannes’s injuries. Ace
Transportation’s allegedly negligent conduct had come to a rest. Another act, by a third party,
although it was put in motion by the original negligence, was the efficient cause of the injuries. In
such a situation, the original negligence merely created the condition by which the second act of
-5- negligence could occur, and the resulting harm is too attenuated from the first negligent actor’s
conduct to constitute the cause in fact of the claimant’s injuries. See Mason, 143 S.W.3d at 799.
Because Ace Transportation’s negligence was too attenuated from Mr. Johannes’s injuries to
constitute a legal cause of the incident, summary judgment was properly granted on this ground.1
Accordingly, we overrule the remainder of Issue One and affirm the summary judgment in Ace
Transportation’s favor.
Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
April 30, 2009 DAVID WELLINGTON CHEW, Chief Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Carr, JJ. Carr, J., Not Participating
1 We express no opinion on Ace Transportation’s summary judgment argument that it owed no legal duty to Mr. Johannes. Given our discussion of the proximate cause element there is no need to address the question of duty. In addition, as Mr Johannes’s brief fails to provide any legal citation or discussion of binding authority in support of his position that Ace Transportation owed him a duty of care under Texas law, that issue has been waived. See TEX .R.APP.P. 38.1(h).
-6-