Cardinali v. Plusfour, Inc.

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: September 26, 2019
• Docket: 2:16-cv-02046
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 Louis A. Cardinali, Case No.: 2:16-cv-02046-JAD-NJK

4 Plaintiff Order Re: Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment and Other Matters 5 v. [ECF Nos. 140, 141, 144, 146, 156, 166, 183, 6 Plusfour, Inc., et al., 188, 190, 191, 192, 200, 203, 205]

7 Defendants

8 Louis A. Cardinali asserts two claims for relief, alleging that credit reporting agency 9 (CRA) Experian Information Solutions, Inc. violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)1 10 when it failed to reasonably investigate his dispute about an account that had been discharged in 11 bankruptcy and thereafter reported inaccurate information about that account.2 Cardinali’s first 12 claim implicates two provisions of the FCRA: § 1681e(b)’s mandate that CRAs use reasonable 13 procedures to ensure maximum possible accuracy of consumer-credit information and 14 § 1681i(a)’s requirement that CRAs reinvestigate the accuracy of information in a consumer’s 15 credit file upon receiving a consumer’s dispute notice. His second claim seeks declarations that 16 Experian violated the FCRA and an injunction permanently enjoining Experian from doing so. 17 Discovery is closed and the parties have filed numerous motions. Cardinali moves for 18 summary judgment on his first claim and Experian moves for summary judgment on both of 19 Cardinalli’s claims.3 Cardinali moves for class certification and appointment of class counsel 20 and to seal and unseal various judicial records.4 He also moves to supplement his summary- 21 1 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1681x. 22 2 ECF No. 57 (First-amended Complaint). 23 3 ECF Nos. 140 (Cardinali), 146 (Experian). 4 ECF Nos. 141 (for class certification), 144 (to seal), 156 (to unseal). 1 judgment motion.5 Experian moves to supplement both its response to Cardinali’s class- 2 certification motion and its summary-judgment motion.6 3 Non-party Haines & Kreiger, LLC (H&K)—one of five law firms who represent 4 Cardinali in this case—also contributes to this well-populated docket. H&K objects to 5 Magistrate Judge Nancy J. Koppe’s order compelling it to produce documents in response to

6 Experian’s FRCP 45 subpoena.7 Experian moves to seal documents associated with its response 7 to that motion and renews its motion for sanctions against Cardinali’s attorneys for their 8 purported discovery abuses.8 Finally, H&K seeks leave to file a reply in support of its objection9 9 and to redact the part of its response to the sanctions motion that quotes from documents that 10 Experian seeks to seal.10 11 To prevail on his claim that Experian violated the FCRA, Cardinali must demonstrate that 12 his credit report contained an inaccuracy. Having carefully considered the arguments of counsel 13 and the substantial record in this case, I find that Cardinali has not made this showing. Nor has 14 he raised a genuine dispute of fact about the lynchpin issue of inaccuracy. I therefore deny

15 Cardinali’s motion for summary judgment and grant Experian’s motion for the same relief. This 16 determination moots all other pending motions save those seeking to seal and unseal judicial 17 records and two motions to supplement. I grant those motions—in part as to unsealing—and 18 direct the Clerk of Court to enter judgment accordingly and close this case. 19

20 5 ECF No. 203. 21 6 ECF Nos. 166, 191, 205. 7 ECF No. 183. 22 8 ECF Nos. 188 (to seal), 190 (for sanctions). 23 9 ECF No. 192. 10 ECF No. 200. 1 Factual Background 2 A. Bankruptcy discharge (April 2012) 3 Cardinali voluntarily filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on January 26, 2012.11 On his 4 schedule of creditors holding unsecured nonpriority claims, Cardinali listed Dell Financial 5 Services (DFS) with a claim valued at $991 stemming from a charge account that he opened four

6 years prior.12 The bankruptcy court granted Cardinali a discharge on April 30, 2012.13 DFS, 7 through its agent, filed a proof of claim in the amount of $991.06 in Cardinali’s bankruptcy case 8 on May 29, 2012.14 In its final accounting to the bankruptcy court, the Chapter 7 trustee reported 9 that DFS received a distribution of $83.60 from Cardinali’s bankruptcy estate on its claim.15 10 B. Credit report (August 2015) and dispute letter (October 2015) 11 H&K represented Cardinali in his bankruptcy case.16 Three years after discharge, H&K 12 requested a copy of Cardinali’s credit report from Experian.17 Cardinali received the report from 13 Experian dated August 25, 2015, and after reviewing it with H&K, believed that his DFS account 14 was being misreported.18 So, H&K wrote and sent a dispute letter to Experian on Cardinali’s

15 16

17 11 ECF No. 142-4 (Voluntary Petition). 18 12 ECF No. 142-2 at 7 (Schedule F—Creditors Holding Unsecured Nonpriority Claims). 13 ECF No. 142-3 (Discharge Order). 19 14 In re Cardinai, 12-10854, Claim 11-1 (Bankr. D. Nev. May 29, 2012). I take judicial notice of 20 this document filed in Cardinali’s bankruptcy case. 15 In re Cardinali, 12-10854, ECF No. 28 at 4 (Bankr. D. Nev. Nov. 21, 2012). I take judicial 21 notice of this document filed in Cardinali’s bankruptcy case. 22 16 See, e.g., ECF No. 146-2 at 175 (Voluntary Petition). 17 See, e.g., id. at 238–46 (Personal Credit Report dated Aug. 25, 2015), 100 (Cardinali Dep., 23 55:02–56:18). 18 Id. at 101 (Cardinali Dep., 57:13–18). 1 behalf.19 Cardinali reviewed and signed the letter before H&K sent it.20 Included with the letter 2 were copies of Cardinali’s August 2015 credit report, the first three pages of his bankruptcy 3 petition, and his Nevada-issued driver’s license.21 4 The letter states that the DFS account “was discharged in [Cardinali’s] [b]ankruptcy[,] 5 which was filed on 1/26/2012 and discharged 4/30/2012, bearing docket No. 12-10854-bam in

6 the District for [sic] Nevada. There should be no derogatory reporting after the filing date. 7 Specifically, please remove the derogatory information for the following post-bankruptcy dates: 8 Feb2012 and Mar2012 (CO–Charge Off).”22 The letter directs Experian to “[i]mmediately 9 delete this account and the disputed derogatory information from [the] credit report.”23 It states 10 that “[t]he discharged debt should be reported with an account balance of $0 with a status of 11 “current.”24 “Further, there should be no post-bankruptcy activity reported on this account. The 12 date of last activity on this account should pre-date [the] bankruptcy filing date, 1/26/2012, since 13 a default on this account occurred no later than the Bankruptcy filing date.”25 The letter 14 demands that “[a]ny post-bankruptcy derogatory information should be immediately deleted

15 from [the] report.” Finally, it says that if Experian doesn’t “immediately delete this from 16 [Cardinali’s] credit report, please include a 100[-]word statement in [his] credit report of all the 17 disputed information contained in this letter regarding this account.”26 18

19 Id. at 104–105 (Cardinali Dep., 71:08–74:02). 19 20 Id. 20 21 ECF No. 142-4 at 6–25. 21 22 Id. at 5. 23 Id. 22 24 Id. 23 25 Id. 26 Id. 1 C. Reinvestigation (October 2015) 2 Experian’s internal records state that it received and addressed Cardinali’s dispute letter 3 on October 19, 2015.27 The records also state that the dispute agent resolved the matter 4 “[i]nternal[ly]” and under Experian’s “[b]ankruptcy [p]olicy.”28 Mary Methvin, who works as a 5 Senior Legal and Compliance Analyst in Regulatory Compliance for Experian and also serves as

6 its FRCP 30(b)(6) witness here, declares that the agent “made several internal updates to the 7 [DSF] [a]ccount to confirm its accuracy.”29 First, the agent “reapplied the ‘CII’ code for a 8 Chapter 7 discharge” and then he “updated the ‘last report date’ for this information from August 9 31, 2015, to April 30, 2012, the date of [Cardinali’s] discharge order.”30 After processing these 10 changes, the agent also “added a consumer dispute statement to the account as the letter 11 requested.”31 12 Methvin explains that CII stands for “Consumer Information Indicator” and is how an 13 account is coded in Experian’s systems to report information to third parties like that the account 14 was “discharged in Chapter 7” and now has a “$0 balance and no monthly payment

15 obligation.”32 The formatting language for that code is called Metro 2 and is what creditors like 16 DFS must use when furnishing information to CRAs about a consumer’s debt.33 Methvin 17 explains that Metro 2’s formatting language is described in the Credit Resource Reporting Guide 18 19 27 See ECF No. 143-7 (sealed). 20 28 Id. 21 29 ECF No. 149-1 at 25, ¶ 42 (Methvin Decl). 30 Id. 22 31 Id. at 25, ¶ 43. 23 32 Id. at 20, ¶ 13. 33 Id. at 19–20, ¶¶ 8, 13. 1 (CRRG)—a guide that’s created and published by an international trade association representing, 2 among other entities, the consumer-credit industry.34 3 Methvin declares that the updates that Experian’s dispute agent made “automatically 4 generated a DRN [that] was sent to” DFS informing it “of the dispute and specifically showed 5 [DFS] how the account was reporting before and after Experian’s updates.”35 Methvin explains

6 that a DRN, which stands for “Dispute Response Notification” and is also known as a “DR 7 Notification,” is a notice that Experian sends to data furnishers like DFS through an online portal 8 called e-Oscar.36 Experian sends a DRN when it internally resolves a dispute.37 According to 9 Methvin, “Experian’s systems are configured so that any time it internally updates tradeline data 10 in response to a consumer dispute, it automatically sends a DRN to the furnisher[,]” i.e., the 11 person or entity who provides Experian information about the account, “describing the 12 changes.”38 Methvin declares that “[d]ata furnishers are instructed to review the DRN and 13 contact Experian if they have any questions or concerns about” its contents.39 14 D. Reinvestigation credit reports (October 2015)

15 After the dispute agent finished his work, Experian issued two credit reports to Cardinali 16 dated October 19, 2015.40 The first report explains that “[w]hen you use credit, a record of your 17 18

19 34 Id. at 19, ¶ 8; accord ECF No. 142-16 at 3 (Credit Resource Reporting Guide). 35 ECF No. 149-1 at 25, ¶ 42. 20 36 Id. at 21, ¶¶ 18–20. 21 37 Id. at ¶ 18. 22 38 Id. at ¶ 20. 39 Id. at ¶ 21. 23 40 ECF No. 142-6 at 2–15 (Report No. 0405-5428-19); ECF No. 142-6 at 16–21 (Report No. 1210-8791-66). 1 payment history is stored along with the respective account.”41 It also explains that “[t]he 2 monthly payments leading up to a bankruptcy discharge tells that account’s history. Unless the 3 history is inaccurate, it cannot be deleted. Accounts included in a bankruptcy (other than those 4 under Chapter 13) will no longer indicate that a balance is owed.”42 This report contains a 5 summary showing the revisions that Experian made to Cardinali’s credit file in response to its

6 processing of his dispute.43 It states that the information for the DFS account has been 7 “updated,” which the report explains means that “[a] change was made to this item; review this 8 report to view the change. If ownership of the item was disputed, then it was verified as 9 belonging to you.”44 10 The first report lists information for the accounts in Cardinali’s file, separating between 11 “accounts that may be considered negative” and those that are in “good standing.”45 The first 12 category is separated into “Public Records” and “Credit Items” subcategories. Cardinali’s 13 bankruptcy case is listed under public records, including its “[s]tatus” as “Chapter 7 bankruptcy 14 discharged[,]” its “[d]ate filed” as “Jan 2012[,]” and its “[d]ate resolved” as “Apr 2012.”46

15 Turning to the credit items subcategory and, specifically, the information listed for the DFS 16 account, the first report states that the “[s]tatus for this account is “[d]ischarged through 17 [b]ankruptcy Chapter 7. This account is scheduled to continue on record until Jul 2017. This 18 19

20 41 ECF No. 142-6 at 2. The parties call this report a “CDF Full” or CDF-F.” 21 42 Id. 43 Id. at 3. 22 44 Id. 23 45 Id. at 5, 9. 46 Id. at 5. 1 item was updated from our processing of your dispute in Oct 2015.”47 The last sentence did not 2 appear on the August 2015 report, but the first two did. The only other visible difference for the 3 DFS account between this report and the one issued in August 2015 is that the “[r]ecent balance” 4 was updated from “$0 as of Jul 2015” to “$0 as of Aug 2015.”48 5 The second October 2015 report states that Experian “can add a statement to [Cardinali’s]

6 personal credit report that sets forth the nature of [his] dispute as required by the FCRA[,]” but 7 Experian “cannot add a statement that is abusive or obscene, or a statement that does not set forth 8 the nature of a dispute.”49 So, the report explains, Experian “revised the statement [that 9 Cardinali] submitted to comply with these rules” and “added the revised statement to [his] 10 personal credit report.”50 The second report tells Cardinali to review the statement and instructs 11 him how to submit another one if he so desires. Like the first report, the second one states that 12 the DFS account has been “updated.”51 It provides the same information for the DFS account as 13 the first report, but includes a new “[y]our statement” section, which states: “account included in 14 BK7 filed 01/26/2012 and discharged 4/30/2012 – Docket No 12-10854-bam in the District for

15 Nevada.”52 16 E. Complaint (August 2016) 17 Methvin declares that Experian’s internal records show what happened next: DFS 18 stopped its monthly reporting of the account after September 2015 and instructed Experian to 19

20 47 Id. at 9. 21 48 Compare ECF No. 142-4 at 11, with ECF No. 142-6 at 9. 49 ECF No. 142-6 at 16. The parties call this report a “CDF Abbreviated” or “CDF-A.” 22 50 Id. 23 51 Id. at 17. 52 Id. at 18 (capitalized emphasis omitted). 1 delete the account from Cardinali’s file on March 24, 2016.53 Experian removed the account on 2 that date as DFS instructed, and it has not appeared on any report for Cardinali since.54 3 However Cardinali, dissatisfied with the results of Experian’s reinvestigation, filed his 4 complaint in this case on August 29, 2016,55 which he later amended to assert class allegations 5 and remove defendants.56 Cardinali claims that Experian violated § 1681i(a)’s reasonable-

6 reinvestigation requirement by reporting inaccurate information about the DFS account57 and 7 failing to notify DFS about his dispute.58 Cardinali also claims that, by failing to notify DFS 8 about his dispute, Experian failed to conform its reinvestigation to industry-wide practice and 9 thus violated § 1681e(b)’s mandate that CRAs follow reasonable procedures designed to ensure 10 maximum possible accuracy of information concerning the person about whom the report relates. 11 Discussion 12 A. Summary-judgment motions [ECF Nos. 140, 146] 13 1. Legal standards for cross-motions for summary judgment 14 The principal purpose of the summary-judgment procedure is to isolate and dispose of

15 factually unsupported claims or defenses.59 The moving party bears the initial responsibility of 16 presenting the basis for its motion and identifying the portions of the record or affidavits that 17 demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.60 If the moving party satisfies its 18

53 ECF No. 149-1 at 25–26, ¶ 45. 19 54 Id. 20 55 ECF No. 1. 21 56 ECF No. 57. 57 Id. at ¶¶ 28–47. 22 58 Id. at ¶¶ 48–70. 23 59 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). 60 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323; Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1076 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). 1 burden with a properly supported motion, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to present 2 specific facts that show a genuine issue for trial.61 3 Who bears the burden of proof on the factual issue in question is critical. When the party 4 moving for summary judgment would bear the burden of proof at trial (typically the plaintiff), “it 5 must come forward with evidence [that] would entitle it to a directed verdict if the evidence went

6 uncontroverted at trial.”62 Once the moving party establishes the absence of a genuine issue of 7 fact on each issue material to its case, “the burden then moves to the opposing party, who must 8 present significant probative evidence tending to support its claim or defense.”63 When instead 9 the opposing party would have the burden of proof on a dispositive issue at trial, the moving 10 party (typically the defendant) doesn’t have to produce evidence to negate the opponent’s claim; 11 it merely has to point out the evidence that shows an absence of a genuine material factual 12 issue.64 The movant need only defeat one element of the claim to garner summary judgment 13 because “a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s 14 case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.”65 “When simultaneous cross-motions for

15 summary judgment on the same claim are before the court, the court must consider the 16 appropriate evidentiary material identified and submitted in support of”—and against—“both 17 motions before ruling on each of them.”66 18

19 61 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 20 62 C.A.R. Transp. Brokerage Co. v. Darden Restaurants, Inc., 213 F.3d 474, 480 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Houghton v. South, 965 F.2d 1532, 1536 (9th Cir. 1992)). 21 63 Intel Corp. v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 952 F.2d 1551, 1558 (9th Cir. 1991). 22 64 See, e.g., Lujan v. National Wildlife Fed’n, 497 U.S. 871, 885 (1990); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323–24. 23 65 Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. 66 Tulalip Tribes of Washington v. Washington, 783 F.3d 1151, 1156 (9th Cir. 2015). 1 2. Cardinali fails to establish that the October 2015 reports are inaccurate. 2 To sustain a claim under either § 1681e or § 1681i, “a consumer must first make a prima 3 facie showing of inaccurate reporting by the CRA.”67 Information is inaccurate for purposes of 4 these statutes if it is either “patently incorrect or is misleading in such a way and to such an 5 extent that it can be expected to adversely affect credit decisions.”68 Patently incorrect means,

6 “at the very least, information that is inaccurate on its face . . . .”69 7 Cardinali argues that three items of information in the October 2015 reports are patently 8 incorrect and materially misleading: (1) Experian’s statement that it updated the reporting of the 9 DFS account, (2) Experian’s reporting the “recent balance” as “$0 as of Aug 2015,” and 10 (3) Experian’s reporting charge-off notations during his bankruptcy case and over multiple 11 months.70 Cardinali couches some of his arguments for why this information is inaccurate as 12 undisputed material facts.71 This is improper.72 Nevertheless, I address each argument in turn. 13 a. Experian’s statement that it updated the DFS account

14 Cardinali first takes aim at Experian’s representation that it “updated” the reporting of the 15 DFS account as a result of processing his dispute letter.73 He argues that this statement is 16 materially misleading because it “presupposed that Experian had completed a fulsome 17 18 67 Shaw v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 891 F.3d 749, 756 (9th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). 19 68 Id. (quotation omitted). 20 69 Drew v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 690 F.3d 1100, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (quotation omitted). 70 ECF No. 140 at 19–22. 21 71 See id. at 10–13 (blending argument with statements of fact). 22 72 See LR 56-1 (requiring a “concise statement setting forth each material fact to the disposition of the motion that the party claims is or is not genuinely in issue” and the pleading or evidence 23 on which the movant relies). 73 ECF No. 140 at 20. 1 reinvestigation process [that] involved [DFS’s] input and response.”74 Assuming without 2 deciding that this statement in the “Notice of Results” part of the October 2015 reports qualifies 3 as credit-report data,75 I’m at a loss to understand how it implies that DFS provided input in 4 resolving the dispute. That fact isn’t implied by operation of the FCRA. CRAs are required to 5 provide prompt notice of a consumer’s dispute to the furnisher of the disputed information,76 but

6 nothing in the FCRA prohibits CRAs from resolving consumer disputes internally and notifying 7 the furnisher of both the consumer’s dispute and Experian’s resolution. So, I turn to the reports 8 themselves, which explain that “updated” means that “[a] change was made to this item; review 9 this report to view the change. If ownership of the item was disputed, then it was verified as 10 belonging to you.”77 The last sentence is the only part of the definition that arguably implies that 11 DFS provided input, but that sentence isn’t applicable here because Cardinali didn’t dispute 12 ownership of the DFS account. In fact, by disputing that this debt “was discharged in my 13 [b]ankruptcy[,]”78 Cardinali tacitly acknowledged that the debt was his. Cardinali’s evidence 14 doesn’t support his argument that this statement is misleading.

15 Cardinali also argues that this statement is patently incorrect. But the undisputed 16 evidence shows that Experian did make several changes to the DFS account. It internally 17 reapplied the CII code for a Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge, updated the reporting date for that 18 19 74 Id. 20 75 Experian argues that Cardinali must “demonstrate an inaccuracy in his actual credit report data even when the claim is about the contents of dispute results.” ECF No. 149 at 13 (citing 21 Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 588 F. Supp. 2d 1089, 1099–1100 (N.D. Cal. 2008), aff’d 629 F.3d 876 (9th Cir. 2010)). 22 76 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(2)(A). 23 77 ECF No. 142-6 at 3. 78 ECF No. 142-4 at 5. 1 information to match the discharge date, added a “your statement” section to the account, and 2 updated the “[r]ecent balance” to “$0 as of Aug 2015.”79 So, the evidence fails to support 3 Cardinali’s argument that this statement is inaccurate on its face. 4 To the extent Cardinali contends that the October 2015 reports were patently incorrect 5 because Experian didn’t notify DFS about his dispute,80 the evidence doesn’t support this theory,

6 either. Cardinali relies on the fact that Experian hasn’t produced a copy of the DRN it says was 7 automatically sent after its dispute agent updated the DFS account. He also relies on the 8 declaration of Megan Bartlett, a Senior Litigation Paralegal at Dell, Inc., of which DFS is a 9 “direct subsidiary[,]” who declares that she has “personally verified that, as of November 21, 10 2016, DFS’s e-Oscar account did not reflect any records, in the ACDV tab or otherwise, 11 indicating the manner in which the [DFS account] was being reported has been disputed.”81 12 Experian admits “that[,] in the normal course of its business[,] it does not preserve 13 [DRNs] beyond the 120 days [that] those [n]otifications remain available through e-Oscar.”82 14 Cardinali provides no evidence to refute that the lifespan of a typical DRN in e-Oscar is 120

15 days. This means that, in the ordinary course, a DRN sent on October 19, 2015, wouldn’t be 16 available through e-Oscar after February 16, 2016. Cardinali doesn’t provide evidence to show 17

18 79 ECF No. 142-6 at 9, 18; ECF No. 149-1 at 25, ¶¶ 42–43. 19 80 Cardinali vacillates between arguing that Experian sent a DRN “nanoseconds” after it finalized its reinvestigation and disputing that Experian sent that notice. Compare ECF No. 140 at 6:01– 20 02, with ECF No. 140 at 10, ¶ 15. 81 ECF No. 142-5 at 2, ¶¶ 2, 4 (Bartlett Decl). The Participant Guide for e-Oscar explains that 21 ACDV stands for “Automated Consumer Dispute Verification” and data furnishers can use e- Oscar to, among other things, “[v]iew and respond to disputes (ACDVs)” and “[r]eview 22 [n]otifications” like DRNs. ECF No. 142-14 at 5, 7 (Participant Guide). 82 ECF No. 142-21 at 5 (Experian’s Answer to RFA # 29); accord ECF No. 142-27 at 21, 74:08– 23 16 (Methvin testified that Experian doesn’t retain copies of DRNs but e-Oscar retains them for 120 days). 1 that this DRN fell outside of the normal course of Experian’s business. Bartlett’s declaration that 2 she couldn’t find a record of the DRN on e-Oscar in November 2016, which is over nine months 3 after its natural expiration date and three months after Cardinali initiated this lawsuit,83 doesn’t 4 raise a factual dispute about whether Experian sent that notice to DFS. In sum, Cardinali hasn’t 5 demonstrated that Experian’s statement that it updated the reporting of his DFS account is

6 patently incorrect or materially misleading, nor has he raised a genuine factual dispute about the 7 accuracy of that statement. 8 b. Experian’s reporting the recent balance as $0 as of August 2015 9 Cardinali next argues that Experian’s reporting “$0 as of Aug 2015” for the “recent 10 balance” of the DFS account is misleading because it suggests that the account “had gone to $0 11 sometime after his bankruptcy discharge in 2012, which [isn’t] true.”84 Cardinali contends that 12 Experian should have reported a $0 balance as of the date of his bankruptcy petition—January 13 26, 2012.85 Experian responds that Cardinali didn’t allege this issue in his operative pleading, so 14 he cannot obtain summary judgment on it now.86 This is not an accurate statement of the law.

15 The Ninth Circuit instructs that when issues raised at summary judgment fall “outside the scope 16 of the complaint,” the district court must construe the matter as a request to amend the pleadings 17 under FRCP 15(b).87 Assuming without deciding that this is a colorable theory of inaccuracy, 18 i.e., that Cardinali should be given leave to amend to include it, I consider the parties’ arguments 19 about its merits. 20

21 83 ECF No. 1 (Complaint, filed August 29, 2016). 84 ECF No. 140 at 21. 22 85 Id. at 12, ¶ 21. 23 86 ECF No. 149 at 12 (comparing ECF No. 140 at 21, with ECF No. 57 at ¶ 28). 87 See, e.g., Desertrain v. City of Los Angeles, 754 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2014). 1 To support his contention that Experian’s reporting of a “[r]ecent balance” as of “Aug 2 2015” is misleading, Cardinali proffers his expert Dean Binder’s opinion that any negative or 3 balance reporting after a bankruptcy petition has been filed is inaccurate because it violates 4 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)’s automatic stay. I disregard Binder’s opinion on this issue because it is a 5 legal conclusion.88

6 Cardinali also provides Experian’s expert Marsha Courchane’s deposition testimony to 7 support his position, whom he contends conceded that Experian’s reporting didn’t reflect the 8 month that the DFS account reached $0 balance.89 But a closer look at her testimony shows that 9 it doesn’t support Cardinali’s characterization. Courchane was asked whether it was her 10 “opinion that the recent balance field . . . reflects the months at which the account balance 11 became zero balance?”90 She responded, “[n]o. It became zero balance on April 30, 2012,” the 12 date of Cardinali’s discharge, “but it was zero balance as of August 2015. That is a recent 13 balance.”91 Experian explains what this exchange means: Cardinali is wrongly conflating 14 “recent balance,” which Experian clarifies is “the most recent time [that] balance information

15 was reported to [it][,]” with “‘date of status,’ which in this case represents the date of the . . . 16 bankruptcy discharge.”92 Cardinali’s expert testified in deposition that “recent balance” means 17 what Experian claims it does: the last time that information about the balance was reported to 18 19 20 88 See infra Discussion (A)(2)(c)(3). 21 89 ECF No. 140 at 12, ¶ 21 & n.90 (citing ECF No. 143-20 at 29 (sealed), Courchane Dep. at 106:14–20). 22 90 ECF No. 143-20 at 29 (sealed), Courchane Dep. at 106:14–17). 23 91 Id. (Courchane Dep. at 106:18–20). 92 ECF No. 149 at 12. 1 Experian.93 It can be logically inferred from this evidence that “recent balance” is a term of art 2 with a defined meaning for the audience of these reports. 3 Cardinali doesn’t dispute Experian’s definition for this term nor his apparent confusion. 4 Instead, he asks in reply why the CRA would even report when the balance was last reported to 5 it, and he posits that’s a question for the jury.94 Thus, Cardinali’s argument about this reporting

6 didn’t come into clear focus until his summary-judgment reply brief. But an argument raised for 7 the first time in a reply brief is not something a judge must consider.95 Regardless, because this 8 belated argument is merely an open-ended question that isn’t supported by authority or evidence, 9 it does not establish that this reporting was inaccurate as a matter of law, nor does it raise a 10 triable issue of fact about its accuracy. So, I turn my attention to Cardinali’s remaining 11 arguments for why the October 2015 reports are inaccurate, all of which concern Experian’s 12 manner of reporting charge-off notations in the payment history grid for the DFS account. 13 c. Experian’s reporting of delinquencies after a bankruptcy petition is filed

14 Cardinali filed his bankruptcy petition in January 2012 and was discharged in April 2012. 15 For the two months that Cardinali’s bankruptcy case was pending but before his debts were 16 discharged—February and March 2012—Experian reported “CO” for “charge off” in the 17 payment-history grid for the DFS account. The charge-off notations for those months appear on 18 both October 2015 reports. Cardinali argues that this reporting is inaccurate because the charge- 19 off notations “created the impression” that he was still liable for the debt but he wasn’t because it 20 21

22 93 ECF No. 149-2 at 95:3–13. 94 ECF No. 155 at 4. 23 95 C.f. Zamani v. Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007) (“The district court need not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief.”). 1 is undisputed that debt was discharged in bankruptcy.96 Cardinali cites two cases to support this 2 proposition—In re Torres and Montgomery v. PNC Bank, N.A.97 He also relies on his expert 3 Dean Binder’s report.98 I begin with the cases. 4 1. Cardinali’s legal authorities are factually distinguishable. 5 In re Torres concerns adversary proceedings filed by two debtors against Chase Bank.99

6 The debtors, who had received discharges in their Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases, alleged that the 7 bank refused to update its disclosures to note the effect of the debtors’ discharges.100 The 8 debtors alleged that their credit reports “continued to show a current balance owing to Chase” 9 and described the debt as “Account charged off/Past due 150 days” for one debtor and “Charged 10 Off as Bad Debt” for the other.101 The court found that the debtors’ credit reports “contain[ed] 11 no notation of the effect of [their] bankruptcy cases on [their] indebtedness to Chase.”102 The 12 debtors claimed that the bank’s refusal to include that information violated the bankruptcy- 13 discharge injunction and the FCRA and amounted to defamation.103 14 The bank moved to dismiss all of the debtors’ claims. The bankruptcy court found that it

15 lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to consider the debtors’ FCRA and defamation claims, so it 16

96 ECF No. 140 at 20–21. Cardinali doesn’t contend that the account wasn’t charged off by DFS 17 nor does he contend that DFS didn’t report to Experian, month after month, that the account’s payment status was charged off. ECF No. 57 at ¶ 28 (alleging why the charge-off notations are 18 inaccurate). 19 97 ECF No. 140 at 21 n.170 (citing In re Torres, 367 B.R. 478 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2007); Montgomery v. PNC Bank, N.A., 2012 WL 3670650 (N.D. Cal. 2012)). 20 98 Id. at 11 n.79 & 80 (citing Binder’s Report, ECF No. 142-23 at 8, ¶ 18). 21 99 In re Torres, 367 B.R. at 480. 100 Id. 22 101 Id. at 483. 23 102 Id. 103 Id. at 480. 1 dismissed them.104 As for the debtors’ claims that the bank violated the discharge injunction, the 2 court rejected the bank’s contention that its refusal to update previously supplied information, 3 without more, could never constitute an act to collect a debt. The bankruptcy court noted that 4 other courts “had no difficulty recognizing that false or outdated reporting to [CRAs], even 5 without additional collection activity, can constitute an act to extract payment of a debt in

6 violation of [11 U.S.C. § 524(a)(2)].”105 After analyzing several cases, the court confirmed “[i]t 7 is true, of course, that a bankruptcy discharge does not send a debt into the equivalent of 1984’s 8 ‘memory hole.’”106 But, the court determined, “a credit report that continues to show a 9 discharged debt as ‘outstanding,’ ‘charged off,’ or ‘past due’ is unquestionably inaccurate and 10 misleading, because end users will construe it to mean that the lender still has the ability to 11 enforce the debt personally against the debtor,” i.e., “that the debtor has not received a discharge, 12 that [the debtor] has reaffirmed the debt notwithstanding the discharge, or that the debt has been 13 declared non-dischargeable.”107 So the bankruptcy court allowed the debtors to proceed on their 14 claims that the bank’s refusal to act violated the discharge injunction.

15 At first blush, In re Torres appears to favor Cardinali’s position, but a closer look at our 16 facts proves it inapplicable. Most significantly and unlike the credit reports for the In re Torres 17 debtors, the evidence here shows that Experian was already reporting—before Cardinali’s 18 dispute letter—that his debt to DFS had been discharged in bankruptcy. The August 2015 report 19 states that the “[s]tatus” for Cardinali’s DFS account is “[d]ischarged through [b]ankruptcy 20 Chapter 7[,]” the “[d]ate of status” for that information is listed as “Apr 2012[,]” the month of 21 104 Id. at 481–82. 22 105 Id. at 486. 23 106 Id. at 487. 107 Id. at 487–88. 1 his bankruptcy discharge, and the “[a]ccount [h]istory” states “[d]ebt included in Chapter 7 2 [b]ankruptcy on Apr 30, 2012[,]” the exact date of his discharge order.108 The report also lists 3 the “[r]ecent balance” as “$0 as of July 2015.”109 Experian’s addition of the “your statement” 4 section to the second October 2015 report emphasized its reporting that Cardinali’s debt had 5 been discharged in his bankruptcy case in April 2012.110

6 In re Torres explains why this distinction matters: “[a] credit report entry that reflects a 7 past due account is treated differently by prospective creditors in evaluating credit applications 8 than an entry that reflects a debt that has been discharged in bankruptcy.”111 “The essential 9 difference is that a discharged debt represents a historical fact, that the prospective borrower 10 filed bankruptcy in the past and was relieved from the obligation. Nothing is now due. A past 11 due debt represents a delinquent but legally enforceable obligation that must be resolved.”112 12 Because Cardinali’s credit report clearly and repeatedly stated that his debt to DFS had been 13 discharged in his Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, his reliance on In re Torres is misplaced. 14 This reporting distinguishes Cardinali’s other authority, too. In Montgomery v. PNC

15 Bank, the consumer claimed that PNC Bank’s reporting was inaccurate because the payment- 16 history grid reflected that he “was at least 180 days overdue on his PNC loan from June 2009 17 through September 2010” but “no delinquencies should have been reported on the account after 18 19

20 108 ECF No. 142-4 at 11. 109 Id. 21 110 See ECF No. 142-6 at 18 (providing: “ACOUNT INCLUDED IN BK7 FILED 01/26/2012 22 AND DISCHARGED 4/30/2012- DOCKET NO 12- 10854- BAM IN THE DISTRICT FOR NEVADA”). 23 111 In re Torres, 367 B.R. at 488. 112 Id. 1 June 2010, when his PNC debt was discharged through bankruptcy.”113 The district court found 2 that this was enough to survive dismissal because PNC hadn’t offered any authority suggesting 3 that Montgomery’s position was “incorrect as a matter of law” and the court was obligated at the 4 dismissal stage to “accept all well-pleaded allegations as true and construe them in the light most 5 favorable to the plaintiff.”114

6 But Cardinali’s case has proceeded to summary judgment, so he faces a greater burden 7 than the consumer did in Montgomery. Cardinali’s claim is also quite different from that 8 consumer’s claim. Here, it is undisputed that nothing was reported on DFS account for the 9 month of Cardinali’s bankruptcy discharge (April 2012) or any month thereafter, so the 10 gravamen of Cardinali’s claim is that it’s inaccurate to report delinquencies like charge offs after 11 a bankruptcy petition is filed—as opposed to after the debt has been formally discharged by the 12 bankruptcy court, which is what the consumer claimed in Montgomery. Cardinali’s authorities 13 don’t support his argument that the October 2015 credit reports are inaccurate because Experian 14 reported charge-off notations in the DFS account’s payment-history grid for the two months that

15 his bankruptcy case was pending before his liability for that debt was discharged. 16 2. Persuasive authorities have determined on similar facts that post- 17 petition delinquency reporting isn’t inaccurate.

18 Many district courts in this circuit have concluded, some as a matter of law, that it is 19 neither misleading, inaccurate, nor incomplete to report delinquent debts during the pendency of 20 a bankruptcy case before those debts are discharged.115 These courts have explained that “the 21 113 Montgomery, 2012 WL 3670650, at *2–3. 22 114 Id. at *3. 23 115 Devincenzi v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 2017 WL 86131, at *5–7 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 10, 2017) (collecting cases from N.D. Cal. concerning debts discharged in bankruptcies under Chapters 7 and 13); Mensah v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 2017 WL 1246892, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 4, 2017) 1 legal status of a debt does not change until the debtor is discharged from bankruptcy.”116 Other 2 courts have found that “[t]he automatic stay does not render an otherwise accurate report of a 3 delinquency inaccurate for the purposes of the FCRA.”117 For example, the debtor in In re 4 O’Connell moved for an order requiring his creditors and the CRAs “to report that there is ‘no 5 balance due’ on certain debts discharged in his chapter 7 proceeding.”118 In denying the motion,

6 the bankruptcy court explained, “[a]ll that a bankruptcy discharge does, in ‘releasing’ a debtor’s 7 personal liability[,] is to bar a creditor’s right to pursue such in personam mode of enforcing its 8 debt.”119 “But what a debtor cannot escape is his or her own past history of unpaid debt. Those 9 blemishes remain on a debtor’s credit record for a period of time, sometimes as long as ten 10 years.”120 “Thus, a creditor’s derogatory remarks, to its credit bureaus, is not inaccurate if what 11 it is reporting are simply the facts of non-payment and prior delinquencies.”121 12 I find these cases persuasive and adopt their reasoning. Following their guidance, and 13 because Experian reported that Cardinali’s debt to DFS had been discharged through Chapter 7 14 bankruptcy on April 30, 2012, and had a balance of $0, I determine that Cardinali has not

15 demonstrated that Experian’s reporting charge-off notations in the payment-history grid during 16 17 (collecting same and other N.D. Cal. cases and two cases from this district: Abeyta v. Bank of 18 Am., 2016 WL 1298109 (D. Nev. Mar. 31, 2016); Polvorosa v. Allied Collection Serv., Inc., 2017 WL 29331 (D. Nev. Jan. 3, 2017)). 19 116 Devincenzi, 2017 WL 86131, at *6 (citing 11 U.S.C. § 1328; Blakeney v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 2016 WL 4270244, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2016)). 20 117 Mortimer v. Bank of Am., N.A., 2013 WL 1501452, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 10, 2013). 21 118 In re O’Connell, 2008 WL 5046496, at *1 (Bankr. D. Ariz. Oct. 20, 2008) (collecting authorities). 22 119 Id. (collecting authorities). 23 120 Id. 121 Id. 1 the pendency of Cardinali’s bankruptcy case was inaccurate. I also determine that Cardinali has 2 not raised a triable issue of fact about the accuracy of this reporting. 3 3. Cardinali’s expert’s opinion doesn’t alter this determination. 4 Cardinali also relies on the report of his expert, Dean Binder, to establish that reporting 5 delinquencies during the pendency of a bankruptcy case is inaccurate. Binder’s report takes the

6 form of a declaration, and his curriculum vitae is attached as an exhibit.122 Cardinali points to 7 Binder’s opinion that “[a]ny negative or balance reporting on this unsecured debt after the filing 8 date of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy (1/26/2012) is inaccurate and inconsistent with the Orders 9 entered by the Bankruptcy Court.”123 Binder explained in deposition that what he meant by 10 “Orders entered by the Bankruptcy Court” (he hadn’t reviewed any orders that had been entered 11 in Cardinali’s bankruptcy case) was “the basic, general knowledge of an automatic stay.”124 12 Binder’s opinion is a legal conclusion. I don’t consider his opinion on this issue because 13 it is impermissible for an expert to “give an opinion as to [his] legal conclusion, i.e., an opinion 14 on an ultimate issue of law.”125 It is also an incorrect legal conclusion according to many district

15 courts in this circuit, including this one. It seems wrong to Binder, too, who confirmed in 16 deposition that filing a bankruptcy petition didn’t change the fact that Cardinali’s DFS account 17 “was a charge[-]off account.”126 18 19

20 122 ECF No. 142-23 at 4–19 (Binder’s Report and CV). 123 Id. at 8, ¶ 18. 21 124 ECF No. 149-2 at 58:02–23 (Binder’s Dep.). 22 125 Nationwide Transport Finance v. Cass Info. Sys., Inc., 523 F.2d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir. 2008) (emphasis omitted) (citing Hangarter v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 373 F.3d 998, 1016 23 (9th Cir. 2004); Fed. R. Evid. 702)). 126 ECF No. 149-2 at 52:23–53:05. 1 Even if Binder’s opinion simply “embrace[d] an ultimate issue” and thus wasn’t 2 “objectionable”127 on this basis, the record doesn’t demonstrate that he has the knowledge, skill, 3 experience, training, or education to offer an opinion that embraces bankruptcy law. Though 4 Binder professed in deposition to have “knowledge of” and “expertise with bankruptcy[,]”128 he 5 isn’t a lawyer and his curriculum vitae speaks only to his experience with “credit reporting and

6 scoring . . . .”129 There is no evidence about Binder’s educational history, but Binder declares 7 that “[b]ecuase of [his] work at Fair Issac and Equifax, [he’s] well-versed on credit scoring, 8 scoring analysis[,] and the use of credit scoring and credit models in the financial[-]services 9 industry.”130 Binder revealed in deposition that his knowledge about bankruptcy law is 10 extremely limited—he “[doesn’t] read court cases”131—and his experience with CRAs reporting 11 pre-discharge deficiencies is murky132 and misses the relevant time frame.133 Binder appears to 12 base his conclusions on his personal opinions134 and unsupported speculation.135 But because 13

14 127 Fed. R. Evid. 704(a). 128 ECF No. 149-2 at 23:24–24:01, 47:01–02, 78:16–21. 15 129 ECF No. 142-23 at 15–16; accord ECF No. 149-2 at 42:16–19 (objecting to question because 16 Binder “is not a lawyer”). 130 ECF No. 142-23 at 7, ¶ 12. 17 131 ECF No. 149-2 at 22:8–11. 18 132 Id. at 54:04–19 (Binder testified that Experian had a policy of reporting pre-discharge deficiencies but he’s “unfamiliar during [his] time with Equifax that Equifax had that standard” 19 yet he can “confidently say it’s not Equifax’s or TransUnion’s standard now to report that” because he’s “never seen it”). 20 133 Id. at 24:23–25:01, 78:16–21 (Binder testified that his opinions are based on his “expertise 21 with bankruptcy[,]” how Equifax reported pre-discharge delinquencies when he worked there in the ‘90s, and his knowledge that CRAs don’t report those deficiencies “now”). 22 134 Id. at 66:21–24, 42:01–05, 64:15–25 (Binder repeatedly testified that he’s unfamiliar with the concept of pre-discharge delinquency reporting, so he’d be confused by that reporting if he were 23 a lender). 135 See, e.g., id. at 64:07–10. 1 what Binder offers on this issue is an impermissible legal conclusion, I don’t reach the question 2 of whether his testimony on this topic should be excluded. 3 d. Experian’s reporting of multiple charge-off notations 4 Cardinali tacks on the argument that Experian’s reporting of charge-off notations in the 5 DFS account’s payment-history grid for multiple months is materially misleading because those

6 notations suggest that the account “had been charged off more than once, when in fact it had not 7 been.”136 To support this proposition, Cardinali relies on Binder’s opinion that reporting 8 “multiple consecutive charge offs in the payment history field can be misleading for consumer 9 and current or prospective creditors.”137 But Binder doesn’t explain the basis for his conclusion, 10 i.e., why a potential creditor could be misled by these notations, making his opinion valueless. 11 Binder testified in deposition that the term charge off is well understood in the credit industry to 12 mean that the lender has “written [the debt] off” as a “profitable loss.”138 He also testified that a 13 charge-off is a one-time event that can’t occur multiple times and is the last thing that can 14 happen to an account unless it is sold for collections or discharged in bankruptcy.139 But Binder

15 never bridges the intellectual gap between these well-understood facts and his conclusion that a 16 potential creditor could be misled by multiple charge-off notations in the payment-history grid to 17 believe that a debt had been charged off more than once—or more recently than it had been. 18 Binder testified that he’s not aware of anyone being misled in this way and that it would require 19 misreading the credit report.140 When Binder offered this same opinion in Barakat v. Equifax 20

21 136 ECF No. 140 at 21. 137 ECF No. 142-23 at 9, ¶ 21. 22 138 ECF No. 149-2 at 44:18–45:21. 23 139 Id. at 46:15–25. 140 Id. at 90:05–24. 1 Info. Servs, LLC, the magistrate judge excluded his testimony as speculative.141 Though Binder 2 has since learned to not expressly testify that he’s speculating,142 as Experian points out,143 he 3 doesn’t offer any other basis for his opinion here. 4 But I don’t reach the question of whether Binder’s testimony on this issue should be 5 excluded; rather, I consider only whether it creates a triable issue of fact or conclusively

6 establishes a material fact. Cardinali points out that U.S. District Judge Kent Dawson recently 7 stated in another case that this evidence “seems to support” the theory that multiple charge offs 8 are inaccurate.144 But Judge Dawson, who was determining a motion for judgment on the 9 pleadings, expressly declined to “consider outside evidence at the risk of converting” the motion 10 into one for summary judgment.145 Rather, he determined that, “[d]ue to a conflict between the 11 case law and the proffered evidence[,] it is as least plausible that the appearance of multiple 12 charge-offs on a consumer report could cause a prospective creditor to deny” credit to the 13 consumer, so he allowed the plaintiff’s claim to proceed past dismissal.146 14 The bar for Cardinali to obtain summary judgment on this issue is far higher than

15 plausibility, and Binder’s testimony doesn’t clear that bar because he doesn’t articulate the basis 16

141 Barakat v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 2017 WL 3278202, at *5–6 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 2, 2017). 17 142 ECF No. 149-2 at 64:11–14 (“Q. And that’s just speculation on your part that is possible, 18 right? A. I don’t know. I thought not saying I’m speculating – –”), 70:25–71:03 (“Q. You were speculating that it’s possible someone could have, right? A. Well, I haven’t speculated that. 19 Again, my opinion is not speculating at all.”). 143 ECF No. 149 at 11. 20 144 ECF No. 203-1 at 4. I grant Cardinali’s motion to supplement his summary-judgment motion 21 with this authority. ECF No. 203. I likewise grant Experian’s motion to supplement its summary-judgment motion with contrary authority. ECF No. 205 (providing U.S. District Judge 22 James Mahan’s recent order granting Experian’s motion to dismiss in Steinmetz v. American Honda Finance, et al., 2019 WL 4415090 (D. Nev. Sept. 19, 2019)). 23 145 Harroff v. Experian Info. Servs., Inc., 2017 WL 4168729, at *3 (D. Nev. Sept. 3, 2019). 146 Id. at *4. 1 for his conclusion. Binder’s testimony also doesn’t raise a factual dispute because the strongest 2 inference that can be drawn from it is that it’s possible for a potential creditor to be misled by 3 this reporting—not, as Cardinali has the burden to show, that this type of reporting can be 4 “expected” to adversely affect credit decisions.147 Because Binder’s testimony doesn’t move the 5 needle on whether Experian’s reporting of multiple charge-off notations is inaccurate, Cardinali

6 has failed to meet his burden on either side of the summary-judgment analysis for this theory of 7 inaccuracy. 8 e. Post-petition delinquency reporting vis-à-vis industry standards 9 Finally, Cardinali argues that Experian’s reporting of charge-off notations during the 10 months that his bankruptcy case was pending is materially misleading because it violates the 11 credit industry’s reporting standards—specifically the Metro 2 format laid out in the 2015 12 CRRG. Cardinali points to the part of this guide that tells furnishers to report code “D,” which 13 stands for “no payment history available this month,” for all months between the filing of a 14 bankruptcy petition and the resolution of that bankruptcy case.148 It is undisputed that Experian

15 reported “CO” for “charge off” in the payment-history grid for February and March 2012. 16 Cardinali argues that a CRA’s failure to follow industry guidelines is “materially 17 misleading where (1) the CRA adopts the standard, (2) the CRA deviated from the standard, and 18 [(3)] this ‘deviation might adversely affect credit decisions—in other words, that entities would 19 have expected the defendant CRA to report in compliance with the Metro 2 guidelines.”149 20

21 147 See, e.g., ECF No. 149-2 at 88:10–13 (Binder acknowledges in deposition that consecutive, multiple charge-off reporting “does not” negatively affect credit scoring.) 22 148 ECF No. 142-16 at 5 (FAQ 27(a): “How should an account be reported when all borrowers associated to the account have filed Bankruptcy Chapter 7, 11, or 12?”). 23 149 ECF No. 140 at 21–22 (brackets omitted) (quoting Nissou-Rabban v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., 2016 WL 4508241, at *5 (S.D. Cal. June 6, 2016)). 1 These elements are culled from Nissou-Rabban v. Capital One Bank (USA), N.A., in which the 2 United States District Court for the Central District of California explained the burden for a 3 plaintiff who claims that his credit report is inaccurate because the reporting deviated from Metro 4 2’s guidelines.150 The Nissou-Rabban court stated these elements in the context of deciding an 5 FRCP 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s FCRA claims.151 But, as the United States

6 District Court for the Northern District of California noted in Conrad v. Experian Information 7 Solutions, Inc., “many courts in [its] district have distinguished or disagreed with Nissou- 8 Rab[b]an[,]” including finding that case, “at most . . . stands for the proposition that a furnisher 9 [who] reports delinquent debts during the pendency of a bankruptcy should also report the fact 10 that a bankruptcy is pending so that creditors know that those delinquent debts may be 11 discharged in the future.”152 The Conrad court expressed the approach that has been adopted by 12 a majority of district courts in this circuit. Cardinali’s claim fails as a matter of law under this 13 majority approach because, as I determined above,153 all his Experian-issued credit reports state 14 that his debt to DFS had been discharged through his Chapter 7 bankruptcy case on April 30,

15 2012, and list a $0 balance for that account.154 16 Cardinali’s motion also falters at the final element of the Nissou-Rabban test because his 17 complete analysis of that element is conclusory. He argues merely that “[b]y continuing to 18 19 150 Nissou-Rabban, 2016 WL 4508241, at *5. 20 151 Id. at *1. 21 152 Conrad v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., 2017 WL 1739167, at *6 (N.D. Cal. May 4, 2017) (collecting cases) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Devincenzi, 2017 WL 86131, at * 22 6). 153 See supra Discussion A(2)(c)(1), (2). 23 154 ECF Nos. 142-4 at 11 (August 2015 report), 142-6 at 9 (first October 2015 report), 142-6 at 18 (second October 2015 report). 1 report the post-petition charge-off notations, Experian deviated from the CRRG reporting 2 guidelines, and its failure was likely to influence future credit decision-makers.”155 In a footnote 3 to this statement, Cardinali refers the reader back to ¶ 20 of his statement of undisputed material 4 facts where he reiterates that Experian’s reporting didn’t conform to the CRRG, explains what 5 the CRRG is, states that Experian “takes part in developing” it, and claims that “Experian’s

6 representatives have stated [in other cases] that Experian follows [the CRRG] with respect to 7 reporting bankruptcies.”156 Cardinali restates in ¶ 20 what the CRRG says Experian should have 8 reported for February and March 2012, and he concludes by pointing out that “[u]nder the 9 CRRG, regardless of where the dispute originates, the [f]urnisher must respond.”157 10 What Cardinali doesn’t provide is any analysis or evidence to demonstrate why a 11 potential creditor would have expected Experian to conform its reporting to Metro 2’s standards. 12 Also missing from Cardinali’s series of conclusions is any analysis or evidence to demonstrate 13 why Experian’s failure to conform its reporting to those standards can be expected to adversely 14 affect credit decisions even when Experian reported that Cardinali’s debt to DFS had been

15 discharged in his Chapter 7 bankruptcy case on April 30, 2012, and had a $0 balance.158 16 Cardinali hasn’t discharged his burden to show that Experian’s reporting of charge-off notations 17 instead of Metro 2’s no-data notations was patently incorrect or misleading in such a way and to 18 19 155 ECF No. 140 at 22. 20 156 Id. at 11–12, ¶ 20. 21 157 Id. at 12, ¶ 20. 158 Cardinali’s expert contributes nothing to this discussion: likewise concluding that “Experian’s 22 reporting was inaccurate in that it did not comply with its own Consumer Data Industry Association’s Metro 2 reporting standards (Credit Reporting Resource Guide/ CRRG), which 23 provides industry guidance for credit reporting and FCRA compliance.” ECF No. 142-23 at 8, ¶ 19. 1 such an extent that it can be expected to adversely affect credit decisions. He also hasn’t raised a 2 genuine factual dispute about these issues. 3 The upshot of this order on the parties’ summary-judgment motions is that Cardinali 4 hasn’t demonstrated that any information contained in the October 2015 reports is patently 5 incorrect or so misleading that it can be expected to adversely affect credit decisions. He also

6 hasn’t raised a genuine factual dispute that either report contains inaccurate information.159 7 These failures are fatal to Cardinali’s first claim alleging that Experian violated §§ 1681e and 8 1681i of the FCRA, and because his second claim seeks equitable relief for the same alleged 9 statutory violations, it falls with the first one. I therefore deny Cardinali’s motion for summary 10 judgment and grant Experian’s motion for the same relief on both claims. 11 B. Motions mooted by the summary-judgment ruling [ECF Nos. 141, 166, 183, 190–92] 12 Because I find that Cardinali’s claims fail as a matter of law, I deny as moot his motion 13 for class certification160 and Experian’s motion to supplement its response to that motion.161 I 14 did not reach the issue of whether H&K qualifies as a credit-repair organization in deciding

15 Experian’s summary-judgment motion, so I deny as moot Experian’s motion to supplement the 16 record with newly discovered evidence about that issue.162 17 With no pending claims for relief, there isn’t a continuing reason for discovery in this 18 case, so I deny as moot non-party H&K’s objection to Magistrate Judge Koppe’s order 19 20

21 159 For this reason, I need not—and do not—reach the other arguments in Experian’s summary- judgment briefs. 22 160 ECF No. 141. 23 161 ECF No. 166. 162 ECF No. 191. 1 compelling it to produce documents responsive to Experian’s request163 and its motion for leave 2 to file a reply in support of that objection.164 For this same reason, I also deny as moot 3 Experian’s motion for monetary sanctions against Cardinali’s attorneys for their purportedly 4 abusive discovery practices.165 But I deny it without prejudice to Experian’s ability to reurge 5 that request in conjunction with a motion for attorney’s fees under LR 54-14.166

6 C. Motions to seal or unseal judicial records [ECF Nos. 144, 156, 188, 200] 7 Finally, I turn to the parties’ motions to redact and seal or unseal judicial records that 8 they’ve provided with their summary-judgment and discovery-dispute briefs.167 “The public has 9 a ‘general right to inspect and copy public records and documents including judicial records and 10 documents.’”168 “Although the common law right of access is not absolute, ‘[courts] start with a 11 strong presumption in favor of access to court records.’”169 “A party seeking to seal judicial 12 records can overcome the strong presumption of access by providing ‘sufficiently compelling 13 reasons’ that override the public policies favoring disclosure.”170 “When ruling on a motion to 14 seal court records, the district court must balance the competing interests of the public and the

15 party seeking to seal judicial records.”171 16 163 ECF No. 183. 17 164 ECF No. 192. 18 165 ECF No. 190. 166 This without-prejudice denial should not be construed as a ruling on the merits of any motion 19 for that relief. 20 167 ECF Nos. 144 (Cardinali), 156 (same), 188 (Experian), 200 (H&K). 168 In re Midland Nat. Life Ins. Co. Annuity Sales Practices Litig., 686 F.3d 1115, 1119 (9th Cir. 21 2012) (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commcns., Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 597 (1978)). 22 169 Id. at 1119 (quoting Foltz v. St. Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 331 F.3d 1122, 1135 (9th Cir. 2003)). 23 170 Id. (quoting Foltz, 331 F.3d at 1135). 171 Id. (citing Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006)). 1 “To seal the records, the district court must articulate a factual basis for each compelling 2 reason to seal[,] [which] must continue to exist to keep judicial records sealed.”172 The Ninth 3 Circuit has, however, “‘carved out an exception to the presumption of access’ to judicial records” 4 that is “‘expressly limited to’ judicial records ‘filed under seal when attached to a non-dispositive 5 motion.’”173 “Under the exception, ‘the usual presumption of the public’s right is rebutted[,]’”

6 so “a particularized showing of ‘good cause’ under [FRCP] 26(c) is sufficient to preserve the 7 secrecy of sealed discovery documents attached to non-dispositive motions.”174 8 1. Cardinali’s Exhibits 1–3, 5–6, and 27 9 I have reviewed exhibits 1–3, 5–6, and 27 in camera, and I conclude that Cardinali has 10 shown compelling reasons to redact portions of these judicial records because they contain 11 personal identifiers for individuals like birthdates, phone numbers, addresses, SSNs, taxpayer 12 numbers, and credit- and bank- account numbers. These judicial records consist of excerpts of 13 Cardinali’s bankruptcy petition, discharge order, dispute letter, credit reports, and deposition 14 transcript. Though Cardinali has placed his financial history at issue in this litigation, balancing

15 the public’s need to access information about Cardinali’s financial history against his need to 16 maintain the confidentiality of his personal information weighs in favor of redacting these 17 judicial records. Cardinali correctly points out that these exhibits are also subject to redaction 18 under LR IC 6-1 and FRCP 5.2. Thus, I grant Cardinali’s motion to redact his exhibits 1–3, 5–6, 19 and 27. 20 21

22 172 Id. (citing Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1179; Foltz, 331 F.3d at 1136). 173 Id. (quoting Foltz, 331 F.3d at 1135). 23 174 Id. (quoting Phillips ex rel. Estates of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307 F.3d 1206, 1213 (9th Cir. 2002); Foltz, 331 F.3d at 1135, 1138). 1 2. Cardinali’s Exhibits 7–12, 14, 16–17, 19, and 46 2 I also have reviewed exhibits 7–12, 14, 16–17, 19, and 46 in camera, and I conclude that 3 the parties have shown compelling reasons to seal these judicial records. These judicial records 4 consist of logs and reports that Experian generated about the maintenance of its credit file for 5 Cardinali. Mary Methvin declares that these judicial records contain enough codes and other

6 information about Experian’s system for matching consumer information that a competitor could 7 reverse-engineer the rules governing that system, which Experian spent millions of dollars and 8 many years to create.175 These judicial records also consist of policy and procedural manuals 9 and a spreadsheet of internal information about potential class members in this case. Methvin 10 explains that these records are not publicly disclosed, were costly to create, and contain enough 11 detail about Experian’s computer systems and software that a competitor could use them to its 12 own advantage and identity thieves could use them to develop methods to circumvent Experian’s 13 protections.176 Finally, these records consist of the declaration of Experian employee Kimberly 14 Cave, who breaks down the various computer systems that Experian maintains for storing and

15 accessing consumer information and the what those systems report about the matters at issue 16 here. Though Experian’s policies, practices, and systems are at issue in this litigation, balancing 17 the public’s need to access general information about those matters against Experian’s need to 18 maintain the confidentiality of the details and specifics of those matters favors sealing these 19 judicial records. Thus, I grant Cardinali’s motion to seal exhibits 7–12, 14, 16–17, 19, and 46. 20 . . . 21 . . . 22

23 175 ECF No. 147-1 at 4, ¶¶ 7–9. 176 Id. at 5–6, ¶¶ 12–17. 1 3. Cardinali’s Exhibit 29 2 Cardlinal initially moved to seal exhibit 29177 but later moved to unseal it because 3 Experian, after its review, declined to designate any part of it as confidential.178 I construe 4 Cardinali’s motion to unseal this exhibit as a motion to withdraw it from his motion to seal, grant 5 him that relief, and direct the Clerk of Court to unseal ECF No. 143-20.

6 4. Cardinali’s Exhibits 22, 25–26, and 30 7 I have reviewed exhibits 22, 25–26, and 30 in camera, and I conclude that Cardinali has 8 shown compelling reasons to redact parts of these judicial records. These judicial records consist 9 of declarations, deposition testimony, and expert reports that include personal identifiers for 10 Cardinali and non-party consumers and quote from Experian’s materials that I have already 11 found compelling reasons exist to seal. Thus, I grant Cardinali’s motion to redact exhibits 22, 12 25–26, and 30. 13 5. Experian’s Exhibit N 14 Both parties filed redacted versions of Cardinali’s expert’s report.179 Paragraph 22 of this

15 report includes a screen shot from one of Experian’s non-public procedure manuals. When 16 Cardinali filed this report, he redacted only the screen shot from ¶ 22, not Binder’s explanatory 17 sentence that proceeds it, and he sought leave to make this redaction.180 When Experian filed 18 this report, it redacted the entirety of ¶ 22 and didn’t seek leave to do so. Cardinali cries foul and 19 20

21 177 ECF No. 144 at 4 (the deposition transcript of Experian’s expert Marsha Courchane). 22 178 ECF No. 156. 179 ECF Nos. 142-23 (Cardinali), 146-3 at 178–184 (Experian). Cardinali also filed an 23 unredacted copy of this exhibit under seal. ECF No. 143-16. 180 ECF No. 143-16 at 9, ¶ 22. 1 moves to unseal Experian’s exhibit.181 Experian responds that there isn’t anything to “unseal” 2 because it didn’t file an unredacted version of the exhibit, and it complains that Cardinali’s 3 attorneys are being abusive.182 That this trifling dispute mushroomed into motion practice 4 reflects poorly on counsel for both sides and, unfortunately, is characteristic of this case. 5 Cardinali’s redacted version of this report provides the public with access to the sentence that

6 Experian redacted from it, so Cardinali’s motion to unseal Experian’s version is denied. 7 6. Experian’s Exhibits A, B, and C 8 I have reviewed Experian’s exhibits A, B, and C in camera, and I conclude that non-party 9 H&K has shown good cause exists to seal these judicial records and to redact references about 10 their contents from the parties’ discovery-dispute briefs. These judicial records consist of 11 agreements between H&K and Cardinali regarding his legal representation for the matters at 12 issue in this case. These judicial records also consist of emails between H&K and a third-party 13 vendor about H&K’s marketing materials. These records are the subject of a discovery dispute 14 that has been mooted by the determination that Cardinali’s claims fail as a matter of law. I did

15 not reach the merits of the issue that these judicial records pertain to in deciding the summary- 16 judgment motions. Thus, I grant Experian’s and H&K’s motions to seal these judicial records 17 and redact reference about their contents from the parties’ briefs. 18 Conclusion 19 Cardinali has not demonstrated that any information in the October 2015 reports is 20 patently incorrect or misleading in such a way and to such an extent that it can be expected to 21 adversely affect credit decisions. He also has not raised a triable issue of fact about the accuracy 22

23 181 ECF No. 156. 182 ECF No. 165. 1 of the information in those reports. These failures are fatal to both of Cardinali’s claims, entitles 2 Experian to summary judgment, and moots most of the other pending motions. 3 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED that Cardinali’s 4 motion for summary judgment [ECF No. 140] is DENIED and Experian’s motion for summary 5 judgment [ECF No. 146] is GRANTED.

6 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Cardinali’s motion to supplement his summary- 7 judgment motion with authority [ECF No. 203] and Experian’s motion to supplement its 8 summary-judgment motion with authority [ECF No. 205] are GRANTED. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Cardinali’s motion for class certification 10 [ECF No. 141], Experian’s motion to supplement its response to certification [ECF No. 166], 11 non-party H&K’s objection to Magistrate Judge Koppe’s document-production order 12 [ECF No. 183], Experian’s renewed motion for sanctions [ECF No. 190], Experian’s motion to 13 supplement its summary-judgment motion with authority and briefing [ECF No. 191], and 14 H&K’s motion to file a reply supporting its objection [ECF No. 192] are DENIED as moot.

15 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Cardinali’s motion to unseal judicial records 16 [ECF No. 156] is GRANTED in part. The Clerk of Court is directed to UNSEAL ECF No. 17 143-20. The motion is DENIED in all other respects. 18 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Cardinali’s motion to redact and seal [ECF No. 144], 19 Experian’s motion to redact and seal [ECF No. 188], and H&K’s motion to redact and seal 20 [ECF No. 200] are GRANTED. The Clerk of Court is directed to maintain the seal on these 21 judicial records. 22 . . . 23 . . . 1 Finally, IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court is directed to ENTER 2|| JUDGMENT in favor of Experian and against Cardinali and CLOSE THIS CASE.

U.S. District Jud snnifer K Dorey 4 September 26, 2019 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23