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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
No. 24-CV-0504
CAPITOL PARK IV CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC., APPELLANT,
V.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITY, APPELLEE.
Appeal from the Superior Court of the District of Columbia (2021-CA-000878-B)
(Hon. Danya A. Dayson, Trial Judge)
(Argued May 29, 2025 Decided September 18, 2025)
Brian R. Fellner for appellant.
Emil Hirsch for appellee.
Before BECKWITH, EASTERLY, and MCLEESE, Associate Judges.
MCLEESE, Associate Judge: Appellant Capitol Park IV Condominium
Association, Inc. (Capitol Park) sued appellee the District of Columbia Water and
Sewer Authority (D.C. Water), challenging the way in which D.C. Water calculates
a portion of Capitol Park’s water bill. The trial court granted summary judgment to 2
D.C. Water. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand the case for further
proceedings.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
A. Statutory Background
D.C. Water is required by statute “to plan, design, construct, operate,
maintain, regulate, finance, repair, modernize, and improve water distribution and
sewage collection, treatment, and disposal systems and services, and to encourage
conservation.” D.C. Code § 34-2202.02(c). D.C. Water has the authority “[t]o
make, adopt, and alter . . . regulations for the administration and regulation of its
business and affairs” and “[t]o establish, adjust, levy, collect, and abate charges for
services, facilities, or commodities furnished or supplied by it.” Id. § 34-2202.03(3),
(11).
In 2005, a consent decree required D.C. Water to develop a long-term plan to
reduce stormwater overflow into the Anacostia River. See Report on Bill No.
17-0935 before the Committee on Public Works and the Environment, Council of
the District of Columbia at 2-3 (Nov. 21, 2008). To cover the costs of implementing
the plan, the D.C. Council authorized D.C. Water “to determine sanitary sewer
service charges to include a charge for the amount of impervious surface area on [a] 3
customer’s property.” Id. at 3; see also D.C. Code § 34-2202.16(c-1)(1)(A) (“[D.C.
Water] shall assess an impervious area charge on any property in the District . . . .”);
CRIAC Clarification Temporary Amendment Act of 2024, D.C. Law 25-285, § 3,
71 D.C. Reg. 14108 (2024) (temporarily adding Subsection (c-1)(1) to Section
34-2202.16). An impervious surface “either prevents or retards the entry of water
into the ground as occurring under natural conditions, or [] causes water to run off
the surface in greater quantities or at an increased rate of flow, relative to the flow
present under natural conditions.” D.C. Code § 34-2202.16(c-1)(1)(A). “[T]he term
‘surface’ includes rooftops, footprints of patios, driveways, private streets, other
paved areas, athletic courts and swimming pools, and any path or walkway that is
covered by impervious material.” Id. § 34-2202.16(c-1)(1)(B).
The impervious-surface charge is referred to as the Clean Rivers Impervious
Area Charge (CRIAC). The CRIAC must be assessed “based on a billing
methodology that takes into account the amount of impervious surface on a
property.” D.C. Code § 34-2202.16(c-1)(1)(A).
D.C. Water assesses the CRIAC based on the Equivalent Residential Unit
(ERU) of each property, which “is defined as [1,000] square feet . . . of impervious
surface area, taking account of a statistical median of residential properties.” 21
D.C.M.R. § 4101.4. D.C. Water has divided its customers into three categories to 4
calculate each customer’s ERU: residential, multi-family, and nonresidential. Id.
§ 4104.1. A residential customer is defined as
a customer whose premises is a single-family dwelling unit used for domestic purposes, whether as a row, detached or semi-detached structure, or as a single dwelling unit within an apartment building, or as a single dwelling unit within a condominium, or as a single dwelling unit within a cooperative housing association, where each unit is served by a separate service line and is individually metered and used for domestic purposes; or a multi-family structure or development of less than four (4) single-family, apartment, condominium, or cooperative housing association dwelling units where all the units are used for domestic purposes and served by a single service line that is master metered; excluding a premises operated as a nursing home, dormitory or transient housing business, including, but not limited to a bed and breakfast, hotel, motel, inn, boarding house or rooming house.
Id. § 4104.1(a) (emphasis added). A multi-family customer is defined as
a customer whose premises is a multi-family structure or development (such as an apartment, condominium, or cooperative housing association) used for domestic purposes, with four or more single-family, apartment, condominium, or cooperative housing association residential dwelling units served by the same service line that is master metered; excluding a premises operated as a nursing home, dormitory or transient housing business, including, but not limited to a bed and breakfast, hotel, motel, inn, boarding house or rooming house.
Id. § 4104.1(b) (emphasis added). Nonresidential customers are all other customers
that do not fall within the residential or multi-family categories. Id. § 4104.1(c). 5
Residential customers are assessed a CRIAC based on a system that divides
customers into six tiers based on the square footage of the impervious area on the
property at issue. 21 D.C.M.R. § 4101.5. Each tier is assigned an ERU, which is
then used to calculate the amount of the CRIAC. Id. That ERU does not precisely
correspond to the square footage of the impervious area. Id. For example, a
residential customer with 1,800 square feet of impervious area would be placed in
Tier 2 and would be assigned an ERU of 1.0, even though an ERU is defined as
1,000 square feet of impervious area. Id.; id. § 4104.1. In contrast, the ERUs for
multi-family and nonresidential customers are “based upon the total amount of
impervious surface area on each lot.” Id. § 4101.6. There is no tier system for
multi-family and nonresidential customers.
B. Factual Background
The following facts appear to be undisputed, except as indicated. Capitol Park
is an association that owns and operates a condominium complex located in
Southwest D.C. The complex spans over fifty acres and includes over 200
individually owned townhomes that are separated into blocks of four to five units
and surrounded by courtyards, playgrounds, and parking lots.
Although each townhome in the complex is owned separately, water comes
into the complex through several service lines that each have their own meter. D.C. 6
Water issues several separate water bills to Capitol Park, and Capitol Park pays the
bills but collects monthly dues from townhome owners to recover the cost of the
bills. Capitol Park explored individually metering each townhome’s water supply,
but doing that would have cost Capitol Park between $10 million and $20 million,
which Capitol Park could not afford.
Because Capitol Park is “a customer whose premises is a
multi-family . . . development . . . used for domestic purposes, with four or
more . . . condominium . . . units served by the same service line that is master
metered,” 21 D.C.M.R. § 4104.1(b), Capitol Park is classified as a multi-family
customer to calculate its CRIAC. Capitol Park is thus assessed a CRIAC “based
upon the total amount of impervious surface area on each lot.” Id. § 4101.6. If the
townhomes each had a separate individually metered service line from D.C. Water,
at least some of the properties on the complex could be classified as residential, and
those properties could be billed under the different approach applicable to residential
properties. According to Capitol Park, the CRIAC charge for the complex would
have been reduced by over $200,000 under the latter approach.
C. Procedural Background
Capitol Park’s complaint alleges that D.C. Water’s classification of Capitol
Park as a multi-family customer is arbitrary and capricious because that 7
classification turns on how the water supply to the property was metered. The
complaint also alleges that D.C. Water violated Capitol Park’s due-process rights
because Capitol Park was not afforded an opportunity to properly challenge its
classification as a multi-family customer. Capitol Park sought a declaratory
judgment, damages, and a permanent injunction requiring D.C. Water to classify
Capitol Park as a residential customer.
Capitol Park and D.C. Water both moved for summary judgment. In support
of its motion, Capitol Park attached a committee report published as the D.C.
Council was considering the Water and Sewer Authority Equitable Ratemaking
Amendment Act of 2008, which was later codified as D.C. Code § 34-2107. See
Report on Bill No. 17-0935 before the Committee on Public Works and the
Environment, Council of the District of Columbia (Nov. 21, 2008). The report
contained hearing testimony from D.C. Water’s Chairman of the Board, Robin B.
Martin, which described the purpose of the CRIAC and how D.C. Water would
develop the CRIAC rate structure. Report on Bill No. 17-0935 before the Committee
on Public Works and the Environment, Council of the District of Columbia,
Statement of Robin B. Martin, Chairman of the Board at 2-4 (Nov. 21, 2008). Mr.
Martin testified that “the stormwater that causes combined sewer overflows has
nothing to do with the volume of sanitary wastewater that comes from a property.”
Id. at 2. Mr. Martin further emphasized that “wet weather run-off is not directly 8
related to the sanitary wastewater produced by a customer. In fact, high volumes of
run-off are produced by property owners that do not have a metered connection to
the District water and sewer infrastructure.” Id. at 3. Accordingly, the new rate
structure for the CRIAC was being developed “to separate the traditional volumetric
sewer charges from the cost of dealing with the wet weather runoff that produces
[combined sewer overflows].” Id. at 2. Mr. Martin testified that, as a part of
developing the rate structure, D.C. Water researched other municipalities across the
country, including Philadelphia, Denver, and Louisville. Id. at 3. D.C. Water “also
found that impervious surface area is a well-established and accepted methodology,
used in a number of jurisdictions. ERUs are also a common measure of surface
area . . . .” Id. at 4.
The committee report also contained testimony from Jerry N. Johnson, D.C.
Water’s General Manager. Report on Bill No. 17-0935 before the Committee on
Public Works and the Environment, Council of the District of Columbia, Statement
of Jerry N. Johnson, General Manager (Nov. 21, 2008). Mr. Johnson testified that
“property owners with more impervious area contribute more to the runoff that
reaches the combined sewer system,” which “is why communities around the
country have begun to implement programs to recover costs using a measure of
impervious surface area to develop an ‘Impervious Surface Area Charge.’” Id. at 4
(emphasis omitted). 9
In support of its motion for summary judgment, D.C. Water submitted a
declaration from Olu Adebo, who had previously served as the Chief Financial
Officer of D.C. Water. Mr. Adebo explained that, to calculate each customer’s ERU,
each parcel’s impervious area is measured. Consistent with the regulations,
residential customers are placed into tiers based on the measured impervious area
and assigned an ERU based on their tier placement. Multi-family and nonresidential
customers’ ERUs are determined based on the measured impervious area. This rate
structure “aligns with industry standards that were duly considered by [D.C.] Water
in applying the regulations” and “is common practice.” Single-family residential
rate classes have a simplified rate structure such as the one used by D.C. Water
because “[p]arcels in the single-family residential rate class are often substantially
similar in size, characteristics, and impervious area, while characteristics of the
non-single family residential rate class can vary considerably.” Additionally, “[t]he
use of number of dwelling units is commonly used to determine whether
multi-family properties should be classified and billed consistent with the
nonresidential rate class.”
Mr. Adebo concluded that “Capitol Park’s request to be classified as
residential would be a violation of the regulations and would defeat water billing,
including CRIAC.” One stated reason for that conclusion was that “[i]n the event of
non-payment for CRIAC, [D.C.] Water may turn the water off at the meter and/or 10
place a lien against the property for unpaid water bills, including CRIAC, among
other remedies.” Mr. Adebo also identified measures that Capitol Park could take
to reduce its CRIAC, including separating service lines and installing individual
meters.
The trial court granted summary judgment to D.C. Water. Relying on Mr.
Adebo’s declaration, the trial court concluded that D.C. Water’s decision to bill
residential customers using a different rate structure from that used for multi-family
and nonresidential customers was reasonable “because of substantial similarities in
the single-family residential rate class and the lack of similarity as a subject property
grows in size” (internal quotation marks omitted). According to the trial court, the
D.C. Council committee report discussed above supported the reasonableness of this
decision, and the comments from Mr. Martin confirmed that D.C. Water’s
methodology was used in other jurisdictions. Further, the trial court stated that
Capitol Park had not pointed to any record evidence to show that D.C. Water acted
arbitrarily, capriciously, plainly erroneously, or inconsistently with the enabling
statute or to dispute that D.C. Water’s methodology was consistent with industry
standards. 11
For those reasons, the trial court granted summary judgment to D.C. Water
with respect to Capitol Park’s claim that D.C. Water’s classification of Capitol Park
as a multi-family customer was arbitrary and capricious.
The trial court also granted summary judgment with respect to Capitol Park’s
due-process claim. Because Capitol Park does not challenge the trial court’s due-
process ruling in this court, we do not further discuss that claim. See, e.g., In re
Shearin, 764 A.2d 774, 778 (D.C. 2000) (“Points not urged in a party’s initial brief
are treated as abandoned.”).
Finally, the trial court interpreted the complaint as raising a separate
equal-protection challenge, as to which the trial court also granted summary
judgment to D.C. Water. Capitol Park does not raise a separate equal-protection
claim on appeal, however, and we therefore do not address that issue.
II. Analysis
We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to D.C. Water with
respect to the constitutional claims that are not contested in this court. We vacate
the trial court’s ruling that D.C. Water was entitled to summary judgment with
respect to Capitol Park’s claim that D.C. Water’s classification of Capitol Park as a 12
multi-family customer was arbitrary and capricious, and we remand the case for
further proceedings.
At the outset, the parties disagree on the applicable standard of review.
Capitol Park argues that our review is de novo, whereas D.C. Water argues that our
review is highly deferential. We need not resolve that disagreement, because we
assume without deciding that D.C. Water is entitled to substantial deference with
respect to the way it has implemented the CRIAC in the challenged regulation. See,
e.g., Lloyd’s Window Prods. Co. v. D.C. Minority Bus. Opportunity Comm’n, 585
A.2d 1323, 1324 (D.C. 1990) (“Regulations promulgated pursuant to a statute are
valid unless they are arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.”).
Even on that assumption, however, this court may not uphold a challenged regulation
if the agency that promulgated the regulation has failed to provide an adequate
explanation for the agency’s decision. See, e.g., Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro,
579 U.S. 211, 221 (2016) (“One of the basic procedural requirements of
administrative rulemaking is that an agency must give adequate reasons for its
decisions. The agency must examine the relevant data and articulate a satisfactory
explanation for its action including a rational connection between the facts found
and the choice made. That requirement is satisfied when the agency’s explanation
is clear enough that its path may reasonably be discerned. But where the agency has 13
failed to provide even that minimal level of analysis, its action is arbitrary and
capricious and so cannot carry the force of law.”) (citation modified).
As we understand it, Capitol Park’s argument in substance is as follows:
(1) D.C. Water assesses the CRIAC for multi-family customers based on an actual
measurement of the impervious surface on their property; (2) for residential
customers, D.C. Water instead uses a tier system that means the CRIAC for any
given residential customer may be less (or more) than the CRIAC would have been
if it were based directly on a measure of the impervious surface on the property;
(3) if Capitol Park metered the water-service lines differently, at least some of the
area on the complex would be classified as residential; (4) that change in
classification would substantially reduce Capitol Park’s overall CRIAC; (5) the
CRIAC is intended to reflect the stormwater runoff from a given property; (6) how
the water lines are metered has nothing to do with the amount of stormwater runoff
from a property; and (7) it is therefore arbitrary and capricious for D.C. Water to tie
the amount of the CRIAC to how the water-supply lines are metered.
We agree with Capitol Park’s argument to the following extent: Barring some
adequate explanation by D.C. Water for tying the CRIAC charge to metering, the
regulation seems arbitrary and capricious. D.C. Water is directed by statute to set
CRIAC charges using “a billing methodology that takes into account the amount of 14
impervious surface on a property.” D.C. Code § 34-2202.16(c-1)(1)(A). We take
as a given for current purposes that D.C. Water would have quite a bit of flexibility
in determining how to create a CRIAC billing system that adequately “takes into
account the amount of impervious surface” on each property. Id.; see generally, e.g.,
Washington Pub. Int. Org. v. Pub. Serv. Comm’n, 393 A.2d 71, 81 (D.C. 1978)
(noting that courts “grant[] considerable deference to the expertise of a regulatory
commission in arriving at a proper ratemaking judgment”). In the absence of some
further explanation, however, it does not seem reasonable for D.C. Water to establish
a system of CRIAC charges that makes the amount of the CRIAC charge depend on
the way in which water-service lines are metered, given that it is undisputed that the
manner of metering bears no direct logical relation to the amount of impervious
surface area on a property.
Although D.C. Water has attempted to provide some explanation of the
approach to the CRIAC reflected in the regulation, we view that explanation as
insufficient. Much of what D.C. Water relies upon is simply general information
about the reasons for the CRIAC charge and the basic approach taken to calculate
that charge under the regulation, such as dividing customers into classes and
generally tying the amount of the CRIAC to the impervious surface area on a given
property. That general information, however, does not provide an explanation for
the specific aspect of the regulation that Capitol Park is challenging. 15
Somewhat more specifically, D.C. Water points to the statement in Mr.
Adebo’s declaration that D.C. Water’s “CRIAC rate structure aligns with industry
standards.” We do not view that general statement as adequately explaining D.C.
Water’s focus on metering as a sometimes-dispositive consideration in classifying
customers for purposes of the CRIAC. Mr. Adebo’s deposition goes on to explain
why different rate classes are used and to state that the number of dwelling units is
commonly used to differentiate between rate classes. Those general explanations do
not shed light on whether the use of metering as a key consideration is or is not
reasonable.
Mr. Adebo’s declaration does briefly discuss metering more specifically at
two points. First, the declaration seems to indicate that larger multi-unit properties
that are master metered typically have one customer, such as a homeowner
association, that is charged for the CRIAC at a nonresidential rate and that then can
pass that charge along to individual unit owners. It appears to be undisputed,
however, that this typical arrangement is not required, because Mr. Adebo’s
declaration acknowledged that Capitol Park could permissibly have caused the
townhomes on the property to be classified as residential simply by individually
metering the water-service lines to the townhomes. 16
Second, Mr. Adebo’s declaration suggests somewhat unclearly that requiring
separate meters makes it easier for D.C. Water to respond if a customer fails to pay
a water bill. It is difficult to see how that general idea would be applicable in the
present context, where Capitol Park is the sole customer and is simply seeking to
have the townhomes treated as residential for purposes of the CRIAC.
In granting summary judgment to D.C. Water, the trial court also relied on
Mr. Martin’s testimony in the committee report stating that, as a part of developing
the rate structure, D.C. Water researched other municipalities. Mr. Martin’s
testimony provided no details, however, about the rate structures in those
municipalities, each municipality’s originating statute and regulations, and whether
metering is a factor in the municipalities’ classification criteria.
The trial court also stated that Capitol Park had not “pointed to any record
evidence to dispute [D.C. Water’s] allegations regarding the chosen methodology’s
acceptance as an industry standard or that the agency acted arbitrarily and
capriciously in formulating the basis for its classification structure.” D.C. Water
makes a similar argument in this court. We are not persuaded by this point.
We first flag a question that the parties somewhat unclearly dispute but that
we do not fully resolve: To what extent does Capitol Park’s challenge raise issues of
fact, as to which Capitol Park might have a factual burden of proof, and to what 17
extent does Capitol Park’s challenge raise issues of law? Whatever the full answer
to that broad question may be, we conclude that Capitol Park presented sufficient
support in the trial court for the argument that D.C. Water had failed to provide an
adequate explanation for considering metering as part of the CRIAC billing
methodology. Specifically, Capitol Park pointed out that metering did not appear to
be relevant to the purpose of CRIAC charges and presented legislative-history
materials supporting that argument. We see no basis for concluding that Capitol
Park was required to do more than that.
Finally, D.C. Water argues that metering is just one of several factors
considered under the CRIAC regulations in determining the CRIAC for various
customers. See 21 D.C.M.R. § 4104.1 (factors that distinguish residential,
multi-family, and nonresidential customers include (1) the type of property, (2) the
purpose of the property, (3) the number of units on the property, and (4) how the
property is metered). That is true, but sometimes, as in the present case, metering
can be a dispositive factor. If that factor is arbitrary, the agency’s overall
determination based on that factor can be arbitrary even if other of the applicable
factors are not arbitrary.
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that D.C. Water has not provided a
sufficient explanation to show that there is a rational connection between metering 18
and the CRIAC. It follows that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
to D.C. Water with respect to Capitol Park’s contention that D.C. Water’s
consideration of metering in determining CRIAC rates was arbitrary and capricious.
Cf. generally, e.g., Fed. Election Comm’n v. Rose, 806 F.2d 1081, 1088 (D.C. Cir.
1986) (“For example, an agency action accompanied by an inadequate explanation
constitutes arbitrary and capricious conduct.”).
Capitol Park asks this court not only to vacate the trial court’s order granting
summary judgment to D.C. Water but also to hold that the trial court should have
granted Capitol Park’s motion for summary judgment in its favor. We decline to
take that further step. Because the trial court ruled for D.C. Water, the trial court did
not address a number of potential issues that would have to be resolved before any
judgment could be entered in favor of Capitol Park. To take just one example, it is
not at all clear what remedy should follow from the conclusion that D.C. Water failed
in the trial court to adequately explain the basis for considering metering in
determining CRIAC charges. We leave such issues to be decided in the first instance
by the trial court. See, e.g., Stancil v. First Mount Vernon Indus. Loan Ass’n, 131
A.3d 867, 874 (D.C. 2014) (issue that trial court did not address was “best left for
the trial court in the first instance on remand”). 19
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment to D.C. Water on Capitol Park’s constitutional claims, vacate the grant of
summary judgment to D.C. Water on Capitol Park’s claim that D.C. Water acted
arbitrarily and capriciously in considering metering in determining the CRIAC
charge, and remand the case for further proceedings.
So ordered.