CapitalSource Bank v. Hnatiuk

2016 Ohio 3450

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: June 16, 2016
• Docket: 103210
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as CapitalSource Bank v. Hnatiuk, 2016-Ohio-3450.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION No. 103210

CAPITALSOURCE BANK, ETC. PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

MARTHA M. HNATIUK, ET AL.

DEFENDANTS-APPELLANTS

JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED

Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-12-782513

BEFORE: Boyle, J., McCormack, P.J., and E.T. Gallagher, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 16, 2016 FOR APPELLANT

Paul Hnatiuk, pro se 3302 Wales Avenue Parma, Ohio 44134

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES

For CapitalSource Bank

David N. Patterson Patterson & Simonelli 33579 Euclid Avenue Willoughby, Ohio 44094

For Cuyahoga County Treasurer

Timothy J. McGinty Cuyahoga County Prosecutor BY: Colleen Majeski Assistant County Prosecutor The Justice Center 1200 Ontario Street Cleveland, Ohio 44113

For Halon, L.L.C.

Benjamin Golsky 27 N. Wacker Drive, #503 Chicago, Illinois 60606

For Andrew and Clementine Hnatiuk

Andrew Hnatiuk, pro se Clementine Hnatiuk, pro se 131 Riverbrook Ct., Unit 2 Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 29588 MARY J. BOYLE, J.:

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Paul Hnatiuk (“Paul”), appeals the trial court’s

judgment adopting the magistrate’s decision, ordering foreclosure of the subject property,

and granting judgment in favor of substitute plaintiff-appellee, Halon, L.L.C. Finding

no merit to the appeal, we affirm.

A. Procedural History and Facts

{¶2} In May 2012, CapitalSource Bank FBO Aeon Financial, L.L.C. (“Aeon”)

refiled this tax certificate foreclosure action against the following named defendants: (1)

Martha M. Hnatiuk; (2) spouse, if any, of Martha M. Hnatiuk; (3) Paul Hnatiuk; (4)

spouse, if any, of Paul Hnatiuk; (5) Andrew Hnatiuk; (6) Clementine Hnatiuk; (7)

Cuyahoga County treasurer; and (8) the unknown heirs, at law or under the will, if any, of

Martha M. Hnatiuk, all of whom have an alleged interest in the subject property located in

Parma, Ohio. The record reflects that Martha M. Hnatiuk, who is deceased, was the sole

title owner of the property.

{¶3} The Cuyahoga County treasurer answered the complaint, admitting that it

has some interest in the property and that the treasurer is due taxes on the property.

{¶4} On June 4, 2013, Aeon moved for summary judgment on its claims, arguing

that (1) it is the certificate holder of the tax certificates; (2) it is “vested in the first lien”;

and (3) it complied with all the statutory requirements of R.C. Chapter 5721, thereby

entitling it to a foreclosure order as a matter of law. Aeon also moved for default judgment against all defendants, except Paul and the county treasurer, on the basis that

those defendants failed to answer or otherwise respond.

{¶5} On July 9, 2013, after filing several requests for extension of time to answer

or plead, Paul filed a reply to Aeon’s motion for summary judgment, arguing that Aeon’s

complaint should be dismissed “for failure to serve defendant Martha M. Hnatiuk

(deceased), the titleholder to the subject premises.” Paul further stated that he provided

“thousands of hours of service for [his] mom, prior to her death, and that [his] claims go

ahead of any of plaintiff’s claims.” Paul also filed a motion to dismiss on the same

grounds asserted in his reply brief.

{¶6} Aeon responded to Paul’s motion to dismiss, arguing that, aside from Paul’s

motion being untimely, it had no merit: the docket reflects that Aeon had perfected

service on all of the defendants. Aeon further argued that Paul’s motion relies solely on

a defense belonging to a codefendant, whom he does not represent, and therefore, has no

authority to assert such a defense on the party’s behalf.

{¶7} On July 26, 2013, Paul filed another motion to dismiss, arguing that the trial

court lacked jurisdiction because “service was not perfected within one year of the

complaint.” Aeon responded to this motion, again asserting that it had perfected service

against Paul within a year, that Paul lacked standing to assert a defense belonging to a

codefendant, and that Paul’s motion was untimely.

{¶8} On September 26, 2013, Aeon moved for summary judgment again,

asserting the same arguments raised in its first motion. {¶9} On October 28, 2013, the trial court denied Paul’s motion to dismiss for

failure to serve the titleholder, Martha M. Hnatiuk (deceased); the trial court also denied

Paul’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. On this same day, Paul moved for a

ten-day extension to respond to the outstanding motions, as well as additional time to

answer or cross-claim. The trial court granted Paul an extension until December 2,

2013, and set a hearing for that day on all outstanding motions.

{¶10} On December 2, 2013, Paul filed a “motion to dismiss and brief in

opposition to plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment,” again arguing that Aeon failed to

serve Martha Hnatiuk or the estate of Martha Hnatiuk. Paul further argued that Aeon’s

claims were not timely commenced. On this same day, Paul also filed his answer.

Although he asserted several affirmative defenses, Paul never averred that Aeon lacked

the capacity to sue.

{¶11} In May 2014, Aeon moved for the court to set a hearing on Aeon’s motion

for summary judgment and motion for default judgment filed on June 4, 2013. The trial

court granted this motion and set the matter for a hearing on July 28, 2014.

{¶12} Two weeks prior to the hearing, Aeon filed the same motion for summary

judgment and motion for default judgment that it previously filed. On the day of the

hearing, Paul filed two new motions: (1) “motion to dismiss and motion to substitute

estate” — arguing that Aeon failed to name the estate as a defendant and failed to perfect

service on the estate within one year — and (2) “motion to dismiss and motion for

summary judgment as plaintiff lacks standing to bring legal action in Ohio and hence there is no jurisdiction” — arguing that Aeon is not registered with the Ohio secretary

of state, and therefore, lacks standing to bring the underlying action.

{¶13} Aeon responded to Paul’s motions, contending that it had standing to bring

the action under R.C. 5721.37 and that the “unknown heirs” of a decedent defendant is

the proper and necessary party. Aeon further argued that it has been unable to locate an

estate for Martha Hnatiuk despite a due diligent effort. In response, Paul submitted a

reply brief in support of its motion for summary judgment, attaching a magistrate’s order

dismissing a tax certificate foreclosure case filed by CapitalSource Bank on the basis that

CapitalSource Bank was not registered with the Ohio secretary of state despite transacting

business in Ohio. Aeon moved to strike Paul’s reply brief on the grounds that it was

untimely and filed without leave of court.

{¶14} On September 4, 2014, while Paul’s motion to dismiss and motion for

summary judgment were pending, Aeon filed a motion to substitute plaintiff.

Specifically, Aeon moved the court for an order substituting Halon, L.L.C. as plaintiff

because “the tax certificates were assigned to Halon, L.L.C.” In support of its motion,

Aeon attached the tax certificates, reflecting that they had been transferred and assigned

from Aeon to Halon, L.L.C. on August 21, 2014.

{¶15} Paul responded to Aeon’s motion to substitute and filed a motion to strike,

arguing that because Halon, L.L.C. and Aeon did not have standing at the inception of the

case, the complaint had to be dismissed. Paul further argued that the motion to

substitute “is two years too late.” {¶16} On March 16, 2015, the trial court granted Aeon’s motion to substitute,

ordering that “Halon, L.L.C.” be substituted in place of the originally named plaintiff.

The trial court likewise denied (1) Paul’s motion to dismiss and motion to strike, and (2)

Paul’s motion to dismiss and motion to substitute estate. With respect to Paul’s motion

for summary judgment, the trial court issued the following order:

Defendant, Paul Hnatiuk’s motion to dismiss and motion for

summary judgment for lack of standing, filed 7/28/2014, is denied at this

time. Plaintiff’s argument that it is relieved from the requirement of

O.R.C. 1703.29 by O.R.C. 5723.37(C)(2) is without merit. Section

5721.37(C)(2) imposes a time limit on the plaintiff rather than relieving

plaintiff from every other requirement imposed by the Ohio Revised Code

for maintaining an action in Ohio’s courts. However, failure to obtain a

license is a technical failure that can be cured during the pendency of a suit.

“Therefore any time before judgment that the license is in fact obtained

fulfills the requirement of the statute with reference to maintaining an

action.” E.R. Moore Co. v. Ochiltree, 16 Ohio Misc. 45 (Ohio C.P. 1968).

Substitute plaintiff, Halon, L.L.C., must present evidence that it has

obtained a license pursuant to Section 1703.29 within 14 days of the date of

this order. Failure to file evidence of compliance within 14 days will

result in dismissal without prejudice. {¶17} Halon, L.L.C. subsequently filed its evidence of registration with the Ohio

secretary of state as a foreign limited liability company. Thereafter, the magistrate

issued a decision, granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff and against all

defendants, including Paul, and ordering that the subject property be foreclosed.

{¶18} Paul filed his objections to the magistrate’s decision, asserting, inter alia,

that (1) Aeon “had no standing to file this case in May 2012” because of its failure to

register with the Ohio secretary of state; and (2) all necessary parties have not been

served, namely, the estate of Martha Hnatiuk.

{¶19} The trial court subsequently overruled Paul’s objections and adopted the

magistrate’s decision, stating that the substitute plaintiff, Halon, L.L.C., presented

evidence of compliance with Ohio’s licensing requirement and that plaintiff has named

and served the necessary parties, including the known and unknown heirs of Martha M.

Hnatiuk. The trial court further granted summary judgment in favor of substitute

plaintiff Halon, L.L.C. against Paul, granted default judgment in favor of Halon, L.L.C.,

as to the other defendants, granted foreclosure on the premises, and provided an order of

distribution of the proceeds upon confirmation of the sale.

{¶20} From this decision, Paul appeals, raising two assignments of error. Halon,

L.L.C. has failed to file an appellee brief.

B. Standing and Capacity to Sue

{¶21} In his first assignment of error, Paul argues that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment because Aeon did not have “standing to sue.” According to Paul, Aeon’s failure to register with the Ohio secretary of state “as required under R.C.

1703.29” affects Aeon’s standing to initiate an action in common pleas court and should

have resulted in the trial court dismissing the complaint. We disagree.

{¶22} “It is fundamental that a party commencing litigation must have standing to

sue in order to present a justiciable controversy and invoke the jurisdiction of the

common pleas court.” Davet v. Sheehan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101452,

2014-Ohio-5694, ¶ 22, citing Fed. Home Loan Mtge. Corp. v. Schwartzwald, 134 Ohio

St.3d 13, 2012-Ohio-5017, 979 N.E.2d 1214, ¶ 41. Standing refers to whether a party

has a sufficient stake in an otherwise justiciable controversy to obtain judicial resolution

of that controversy. Schwartzwald at ¶ 21. “The lack of standing at the

commencement of a foreclosure action requires dismissal of the complaint[.]” Id. at ¶

40.

{¶23} In this case, Aeon’s standing to initiate the action arises from a number of

specific statutes authorizing the invocation of the judicial process for tax certificate

foreclosures under R.C. Chapter 5721. Specifically, R.C. 5721.37(C)(2) expressly

authorizes the commencement of a foreclosure proceeding in the name of the “certificate

holder.” Additionally, R.C. 5721.37(F) provides in relevant part that “the private

attorney shall institute a foreclosure proceeding under this division in the name of the

certificate holder to enforce the holder’s lien[.]” Here, there is no dispute that Aeon was

the certificate holder of the tax lien certificates at the time that the lawsuit was filed.

Accordingly, Aeon had standing to commence the lawsuit. {¶24} In his first assignment of error, Paul confuses two distinct legal concepts:

standing and capacity to sue. Aeon’s alleged failure to register with the Ohio secretary

of state does not divest it of standing to bring the foreclosure action; instead, this issue

relates to its capacity to sue. The Seventh Appellate District addressed this distinction,

explaining as follows:

A person can have standing but have no capacity to sue.

“Capacity to sue or be sued does not equate with the jurisdiction of a court to adjudicate a matter; it is concerned merely with a party’s right to appear in a court in the first instance.” National City Mtge. v. Skipper, 9th Dist. No. 24772, 2009-Ohio-5940, ¶ 11-13. Capacity to sue involves a determination as to whether an individual may properly sue, either as an entity or on behalf of another. Mousa v. Mt. Carmel Health Sys., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-737, 2013-Ohio-2661, ¶ 13 (decedent’s parent, who had not yet been appointed administrator at the time the complaint was filed, lacked capacity to sue but possessed standing). Capacity to sue deals with a person’s eligibility to commence the action and is typically determined without regard to the claims being asserted. Wanamaker v. Davis, 2d Dist. No. 2005-CA-151, 2007-Ohio-4340, ¶ 42.

“When a party desires to raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party or the capacity of any party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity, he shall do so by specific negative averment * * *.” Civ.R. 9(A). See also Civ.R. 8(C) (defendant must set forth in the answer any matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense); Civ.R. 12 (set forth every defense in the responsive pleading).

Bank of Am., N.A. v. Stewart, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 13 MA 48, 2014-Ohio-723, ¶

44-46.

{¶25} Moreover, “if capacity to sue is not raised by specific negative averment

under Civ.R. 9(A), it will be waived under Civ.R. 12(H).” Dot Sys., Inc. v. Adams

Robinson Ent., Inc., 67 Ohio App.3d 475, 481, 587 N.E.2d 844 (4th Dist.1990); see also State ex rel. Downs v. Panioto, 107 Ohio St.3d 347, 2006-Ohio-8, 839 N.E.2d 911, ¶ 30

(incapacity to sue is waived if a party does not specifically raise it in party’s answer).

Thus, “if a party does not raise by way of a defense, the absence of a license for a foreign

corporation to do business in Ohio, the issue is waived.” Dot Sys., Inc. at 481; see also

Kirk Bros. Co. v. Advanced Aquatics, Inc., 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-07-15, 2008-Ohio-621,

¶ 4.

{¶26} R.C. 1703.29(A), on which Paul relies, provides that “[t]he failure of any

corporation to obtain a license under sections 1703.01 to 1703.31, inclusive, of the

Revised Code, does not affect the validity of any contract with such corporation, but no

foreign corporation which should have obtained such license shall maintain any action in

any court until it has obtained such license.” (Emphasis added.) Aeon, however, is a

limited liability company governed by R.C. 1705, et seq., not a corporation.

{¶27} R.C. 1705.58(A) provides that “[a] foreign limited liability company

transacting business in this state may not maintain any action or proceeding in any court

of this state until it has registered in this state in accordance with sections 1705.53 to

1705.58 of the Revised Code.” Either way, Aeon may not maintain suit if it is

transacting business in Ohio because this court has applied the prohibition in R.C.

1703.29 to limited liability corporations through R.C. 1705.58. Harvest Credit Mgmt.

VII, L.L.C. v. Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96742, 2012-Ohio-80, ¶ 9, citing Bosl v.

First Fin. Invest. Fund I, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95464, 2011-Ohio-1938, ¶ 17. {¶28} This court has consistently recognized that “[t]he failure to obtain a license

under R.C. 1703.29 is not a jurisdictional issue, but rather a defense that can be waived if

not raised at the proper time.” Harris at ¶13, citing Novak v. Boyle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 87165, 2005-Ohio-5839, ¶ 6; see also P.K. Springfield, Inc. v. Hogan, 86 Ohio

App.3d 764, 621 N.E.2d 1253 (2d Dist.1993); Dot Sys., Inc., 67 Ohio App.3d 475, 587

N.E.2d 844; and Allstate Fin. Corp. v. Westfield Serv. Mgt. Co., 62 Ohio App.3d 657, 577

N.E.2d 383 (12th Dist.1989).

{¶29} The Ohio Supreme Court has not decided the issue of whether a foreign

limited liability company or foreign corporation can avoid dismissal for lack of capacity

by registering with or obtaining a license from the Ohio secretary of state after filing a

lawsuit. Generally, Ohio courts have recognized that, once a corporation obtains the

proper license, “the continuation of the action no longer violate[s] [R.C.] 1703.29(A) and

its prior unlicensed status [is] no longer a basis for a judicial remedy.” Hogan at 771.

And while this court has not yet weighed in on the issue, we find that we need not decide

the issue in this case because (1) Paul waived the issue by never asserting it in his answer

or filing an amended answer, and (2) the issue became moot when Halon, L.L.C. became

the substitute plaintiff. Notably, Paul does not assign any error related to the trial court’s

granting of Aeon’s motion to substitute filed under Civ.R. 25(C); that issue, therefore, is

not before us.

{¶30} Accordingly, we find that Aeon had standing to commence the lawsuit, and

therefore, the trial court did not err in denying Paul’s motion to dismiss. {¶31} The first assignment of error is overruled.

C. Service

{¶32} In his second assignment of error, Paul argues that the complaint should

have been dismissed because Aeon neither named the estate of Martha Hnatiuk as a party

nor served the estate with the complaint. In support of his argument, Paul relies on the

Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Baker v. McKnight, 4 Ohio St.3d 125, 447 N.E.2d 104

(1983). This court, however, has previously addressed and rejected this exact argument,

finding that the naming of the unknown heirs of the decedent is sufficient in a foreclosure

case. BAC Home Loans Servicing L.P. v. Komorowski, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96631,

2012-Ohio-1341, ¶ 16. As this court explained,

Implicitly, Baker holds that a plaintiff in a personal injury action must sue a deceased defendant’s estate as opposed to the deceased individual, in order to pursue the plaintiff’s claims. Such a rule makes sense in personal injury cases because the defendant who allegedly caused the harm is solely responsible for the harm and because monetary damages are sought against the estate. Foreclosure cases and litigation involving real property are different because “following death, all real estate passes to the heirs.” Rinehart v. Wilkes, 10th Dist. No. 84AP-952, 1985 Ohio App. LEXIS 7757, 1985 WL 10297 (May 23, 1985). “Upon such circumstance, the next of kin have an immediate beneficial interest in the real estate.” Id., citing Brownfield v. Home Owners Loan Corp., 38 Ohio Law. Abs. 30, 49 N.E.2d 92 (Franklin Cty. 1942). Hence, in an action to foreclose a mortgage brought after the death of the mortgagor, the heirs and devisees of the mortgagor are necessary parties. CitiMortgage Inc. v. Bumphus, 6th Dist. No. E-10-066, 197 Ohio App. 3d 68, 2011-Ohio-4858, 966 N.E.2d 278; Gary v. May, 16 Ohio 66, 76, 1847 WL 13 (1847); and Rinehart.

{¶33} Here, Aeon named and served all parties with an interest in the property,

including the unknown heirs of Martha Hnatiuk.

{¶34} The second assignment of error is overruled. {¶35} Judgment affirmed.

It is ordered that appellees recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment into

execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of

the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

MARY J. BOYLE, JUDGE

TIM McCORMACK, P.J., and EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR