Canul-Mukul v. Bondi

• Court: Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
• Decided: December 5, 2025
• Docket: 25-2281
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS DEC 5 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

LUIS CANUL-MUKUL, No. 25-2281 Agency No. Petitioner, A077-118-795 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted December 1, 2025** Pasadena, California

Before: GOULD, BEA, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Luis Canul-Mukul, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for

review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) dismissal of his appeal from

an immigration judge’s (IJ) decision denying his applications for cancellation of

removal, asylum, withholding of removal, adjustment of status, and protection

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8

U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.

We review de novo questions of law and constitutional claims. Mohammed

v. Gonzales, 400 F.3d 785, 791–92 (9th Cir. 2005). We review the agency’s

determination of “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D) for substantial evidence. Gonzalez-Juarez v. Bondi, 137 F.4th

996, 1002–03 (9th Cir. 2025). Under the substantial evidence standard, “we must

uphold the agency determination unless the evidence compels a contrary

conclusion.” Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019).

1. Canul-Mukul argues that the BIA erred by affirming the denial of

cancellation of removal because the IJ failed to consider relevant evidence. He

argues that the agency failed to consider that his son might be unable to attend

college if he had to work full-time to support himself in his father’s absence.

Canul-Mukul also contends that the agency failed to consider that his removal to

Mexico would cause increased stress to his parents who have health issues and

who live with Canul-Mukul and his family. The record shows that the agency

considered these factors individually and cumulatively. See Salcido-Salcido v.

INS, 138 F.3d 1292, 1293 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998) (per curiam); In re Gonzalez Recinas,

23 I. & N. Dec. 467, 472 (B.I.A. 2002) (explaining that the hardship factors must

be assessed “in their totality”—“a ‘cumulative’ analysis”). Specifically, the

2 25-2281 agency considered the ages, health, and circumstances of Canul-Mukul’s

qualifying relatives and found that the difficulties they would face if Canul-Mukul

were removed to Mexico did not surpass the ordinary hardship associated with the

removal of a close relative.

Canul-Mukul admits that the IJ “noted many of the relevant facts,” but

disagrees with the agency’s conclusion that they did not establish exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship. Substantial evidence, however, supports the agency’s

decision. Canul-Mukul’s U.S.-citizen son is in good health, worked at a bodega,

and had attended college briefly, but stopped while waiting for the pandemic to

end. Although Canul-Mukul’s parents have health issues and share the rent for

their apartment with Canul-Mukul, the record does not compel the conclusion that

they would be unable to receive necessary medical care if Canul-Mukul were

removed.

Because the record does not compel the conclusion that any hardships faced

by Canul-Mukul’s qualifying relatives would be “significantly different from or

greater than the hardship that a deported alien’s family normally experiences,”

Gonzalez-Juarez, 137 F.4th at 1006 (citation omitted), the agency’s hardship

determination must be upheld. Duran-Rodriguez, 918 F.3d at 1028.

2. The BIA did not err by affirming the IJ’s denial of asylum and

withholding of removal because Canul-Mukul waived any challenge to the IJ’s

3 25-2281 dispositive determination that his proposed particular social groups (PSGs) were

not cognizable. His membership in the PSGs was the only alleged protected

ground supporting his claims for asylum and withholding of removal. The IJ

determined that the proposed PSGs were not cognizable. In his brief to the BIA,

Canul-Mukul mentioned that the IJ denied asylum and withholding of removal, but

his substantive argument pertained only to asylum. He argued that he feared

persecution based on the crime and violence in Mexico, but he did not challenge

the IJ’s cognizability determination. Because this unchallenged determination is

dispositive of Canul-Mukul’s claims for asylum and withholding of removal, the

BIA did not err by affirming the denial of these forms of relief. See Riera-Riera v.

Lynch, 841 F.3d 1077, 1081 (9th Cir. 2016) (“The lack of a nexus to a protected

ground is dispositive of [a petitioner’s] asylum and withholding of removal

claims.”).

3. The BIA did not err by determining that Canul-Mukul did not present,

and thus waived, any challenge to the denial of the adjustment of status and CAT

protection. Canul-Mukul’s brief to the BIA merely mentioned that the IJ denied

these forms of relief, but it did not include any arguments pertaining to these

issues. See Abebe v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d 1203, 1208 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (per

curiam) (stating that when a petitioner filed a brief, “the BIA is entitled to look to

4 25-2281 the brief for an explication of the issues that petitioner is presenting to have

reviewed”).

PETITION DENIED. 1

1 The motion for a stay of removal is denied. The temporary stay of removal is lifted. Dkt. 2.

5 25-2281