IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-08-00355-CV
CANDICE SOSSAMON, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS NEXT FRIEND OF KATELYN KIRKLAND, KATELYN KIRKLAND, AND JEFFREY S. DAVIS, Appellants v.
CLEBURNE INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT BOARD OF TRUSTEES AND JAMES WARLICK, INTERIM SUPERINTENDENT, Appellees
From the 413th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. C200800320
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Candice Sossamon and her daughter Katelyn Kirkland filed suit against the
Cleburne Independent School District Board of Trustees and Interim Superintendent
James Warlick (collectively, “Cleburne ISD”) after Sossamon was informed that
Kirkland would not be receiving a high school diploma from Cleburne High School
(“CHS”) and would not be allowed to participate in the CHS graduation ceremony. The trial court denied Sossamon’s and Kirkland’s request for a temporary injunction and
later granted a motion for sanctions filed by Cleburne ISD. The court ordered
Sossamon and Kirkland to pay $7,500 in costs and attorney’s fees under section 11.161
of the Education Code and ordered Sossamon, Kirkland and their attorney Jeffrey S.
Davis to pay an additional $3,500 as sanctions under Rule of Civil Procedure 13 and
section 10.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
Appellants contend in three issues respectively that the court abused its
discretion by imposing sanctions under Rule 13, section 10.004, and section 11.161. We
will reverse and render.
Background
During the 2007-2008 school year, Kirkland was a senior at CHS on track to
graduate, except that she was failing her English class. She hid several report cards
from Sossamon and finally revealed her predicament by leaving a letter on Sossamon’s
pillow. School officials advised Sossamon that the only way Kirkland would be able to
graduate was to transfer to the TEAM School, an accelerated learning program.
Sossamon and Kirkland completed the paperwork for the TEAM School. One
document they signed concerned high school graduation and reads:
We understand that all students from the Cleburne Independent School District who complete their credits from the TEAM School will be provided a graduation exercise and diploma from the TEAM School. We also understand that should it be our desire to graduate from Cleburne High School, we may transfer to that school at the beginning of the last semester of our senior year.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 2 Kirkland finished her coursework promptly and sought to transfer back to CHS
so she could graduate with her class. Cleburne ISD officials advised that she would not
be permitted to do so and referred them to the document they had signed regarding the
TEAM School graduation. Sossamon and Kirkland sought administrative review and
ultimately filed a grievance which was to be heard by the school board. However,
because the grievance was not filed until May 7, they were advised that it would not be
included on the agenda for the board’s May 12 meeting. During the public comment
section of the meeting, Sossamon presented her complaint to the school board, which
advised that they would confer with Superintendent Warlick on the matter.
By letter dated May 16, Warlick advised Sossamon that Kirkland would not be
permitted to graduate from CHS. Sossamon filed a second grievance which the school
board placed on its agenda for the June 9 meeting. However, graduation was
scheduled for May 30.
Sossamon and Kirkland filed suit on the afternoon of May 29. They alleged that
Cleburne ISD failed to provide the notice required by section 28.022 of the Education
Code to be given to the parent or guardian of a student whose performance in a subject
“is consistently unsatisfactory.” See TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.022(a)(3) (Vernon 2006).
They sought a temporary injunction prohibiting the defendants from preventing
Kirkland from participating in CHS graduation ceremonies the following day and an
order directing that she be given a CHS diploma. The court held an emergency hearing
on May 30 and, after hearing Sossamon’s testimony, denied the requested injunction.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 3 The court granted Sossamon’s and Kirkland’s motion for non-suit on July 3.
Cleburne ISD filed a motion for sanctions claiming that the “suit is groundless, brought
in bad faith, misrepresented facts, and lacks basis in law and fact” because:
Sossamon and Kirkland were aware before filing suit that Kirkland could not satisfy the local requirements necessary to receive a diploma from CHS and thus was not entitled to such a diploma;
state and federal law is “very clear” that students do not have a fundamental right to participate in high school graduation ceremonies; and
their claim that Kirkland should be awarded a diploma from CHS and allowed to participate in the CHS graduation ceremonies because of the defendants’ alleged violations of the Education Code “is without support in Texas law.”
At the sanctions hearing, the court heard argument of counsel and admitted in
evidence a transcription of the injunction hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
court took the matter under advisement and asked each side to submit a proposed
order. The court signed its order granting sanctions about a month later.
The court ruled that the suit was groundless because: (1) “there is no remedy for
a violation of Texas Education Code § 28.022”; and (2) the court was “without the
authority to grant Plaintiffs their requested remedy.” The court ruled that the suit was
brought in bad faith for the purpose of harassing Cleburne ISD because Sossamon and
Kirkman were aware before filing suit that: (1) Sossamon had received the notice
required by section 28.022; and (2) they “were informed throughout their attempt to
receive a diploma and graduate with [CHS] that Kirkland had not, could not, and did
not meet all necessary requirements to so receive a diploma from and participate in
graduation ceremonies with [CHS].”
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 4 Standard of Review
We review an order imposing sanctions under an abuse-of-discretion standard.
Low v. Henry, 221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Loeffler v. Lytle Indep. Sch. Dist., 211 S.W.3d
331, 347 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.).
An appellate court may reverse the trial court’s ruling only if the trial court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles, such that its ruling was arbitrary or unreasonable. To determine if the sanctions were appropriate or just, the appellate court must ensure there is a direct nexus between the improper conduct and the sanction imposed. Generally, courts presume that pleadings and other papers are filed in good faith. The party seeking sanctions bears the burden of overcoming this presumption of good faith.
Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614 (citations omitted).
Rule 13 Sanctions
Appellants contend in their first issue that the court abused its discretion by
imposing sanctions against them under Rule 13.
"The imposition of Rule 13 sanctions involves the satisfaction of a two-part test.
First, the party moving for sanctions must demonstrate that the opposing party’s filings
are groundless, and second, it must be shown that the pleadings were filed either in bad
faith or for the purposes of harassment.” R.M. Dudley Constr. Co. v. Dawson, 258 S.W.3d
694, 707 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. denied) (quoting Estate of Davis v. Cook, 9 S.W.3d
288, 297 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.)).
“’Groundless’ for purposes of this rule means no basis in law or fact and not
warranted by good faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 13. “The trial court uses an objective standard to
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 5 determine if a pleading was groundless: did the party and counsel make a reasonable
inquiry into the legal and factual basis of the claim?” R.M. Dudley Constr., 258 S.W.3d at
708. In doing so, “the trial court must examine the facts available to the litigant and the
circumstances existing when the litigant filed the pleading.” Id.
Here, the trial court ruled that the suit was groundless because: (1) “there is no
remedy for a violation of Texas Education Code § 28.022”; and (2) the court was
“without the authority to grant Plaintiffs their requested remedy.”
Generally, a party whose claim concerns a violation of school laws must exhaust
the statutorily provided administrative remedies with the Commissioner of Education
before seeking judicial relief. Guerra v. Santa Rosa Indep. Sch. Dist., 241 S.W.3d 594, 599-
600 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2007, pet. denied); Dotson v. Grand Prairie Indep. Sch.
Dist., 161 S.W.3d 289, 291(Tex. App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.); see TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. §
7.057 (Vernon 2006) (providing for administrative appeal). One exception to this rule
applies when the party will suffer irreparable harm and the Commissioner is unable to
provide relief. Houston Fed’n of Teachers, Local 2415 v. Houston Indep. Sch. Dist., 730
S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. 1987); Dotson, 161 S.W.3d at 291; Harlandale Indep. Sch. Dist. v.
Rodriguez, 121 S.W.3d 88, 92 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.); see Guerra, 241
S.W.3d at 600.
Therefore, the court’s conclusions are incorrect as a matter of law. See R.M.
Dudley Constr., 258 S.W.3d at 708 (failure to analyze or apply law correctly is abuse of
discretion). Here, Sossamon and Kirkland had a statutory right to pursue
administrative relief for the alleged violation of section 28.022. See TEX. EDUC. CODE
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 6 ANN. § 7.057. And because the Commissioner is not authorized to award injunctive
relief and Kirkland would not otherwise have been able to receive a CHS diploma and
participate in the CHS graduation ceremonies, it was within the trial court’s authority to
grant injunctive relief if Sossamon and Kirkland otherwise established their entitlement
to it. See Houston Fed’n of Teachers, 730 S.W.2d at 646.
Accordingly, the court abused its discretion by finding and concluding that
Sossamon’s and Kirkland’s suit was groundless. See R.M. Dudley Constr., 258 S.W.3d at
708. We sustain their first issue.
Section 10.004 Sanctions
Appellants contend in their second issue that the court abused its discretion by
imposing sanctions under section 10.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code.
According to section 10.004(a), “A court that determines that a person has signed
a pleading or motion in violation of Section 10.001 may impose a sanction on the person,
a party represented by the person, or both.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §
10.004(a) (Vernon 2002).
The court’s determination that Sossamon’s and Kirkland’s claims were
“groundless” was based on its understanding that “there was no basis in law or fact,
nor was there a good faith argument for an extension, modification, or reversal of
existing law” with respect to their claims. This conclusion led to the imposition of
sanctions for violation of section 10.001(2).1 See id. § 10.001(2) (Vernon 2002). But we
1 Section 10.001(2) provides in pertinent part that the signing of a pleading “constitutes a certificate by the signatory that to the signatory’s best knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry . . . each claim, defense, or other legal contention in the pleading or motion is warranted by
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 7 have already determined that the court abused its discretion by finding and concluding
that the suit was groundless. Thus, the court abused its discretion by imposing
sanctions for violation of section 10.001(2).
The court also determined that their claims were brought in bad faith for the
purpose of harassing Cleburne ISD because Sossamon and Kirkman were aware before
filing suit that: (1) Sossamon had received the notice required by section 28.022; and (2)
they “were informed throughout their attempt to receive a diploma and graduate with
[CHS] that Kirkland had not, could not, and did not meet all necessary requirements to
so receive a diploma from and participate in graduation ceremonies with [CHS].” This
conclusion led to the imposition of sanctions for violation of section 10.001(1).2 Id. §
10.001(1) (Vernon 2002).
Section 28.022 Notice
The first component of the court’s bad faith determination is grounded in its
Finding of Fact No. 5:
The sole basis of Plaintiffs’ complaint against the District was that Plaintiffs were not provided with Notice, pursuant to Texas Education Code § 28.022, (“Notice”) informing Sossamon that her daughter, Katelyn Kirkland (“Kirkland”) was failing English. Plaintiffs were aware, prior to filing their Petition, that Sossamon received the Notice from the District made the sole basis of their complaint.
existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 10.001(2) (Vernon 2002).
2 According to section 10.001(1), the signing of a pleading certifies “that to the signatory’s best knowledge, information, and belief, formed after reasonable inquiry . . . the pleading or motion is not being presented for any improper purpose, including to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation.” Id. § 10.001(1) (Vernon 2002).
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 8 Cleburne ISD contends that this finding is supported by the following statement made
by counsel for Sossamon and Kirkland during the sanctions hearing: “Yes, Katelyn was
provided with a note to take home to her mother, but it wasn’t the kind the Texas
Education Code said.”
Statements of counsel do not generally constitute evidence unless made under
oath. Banda v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam); Russ v. Titus Hosp.
Dist., 128 S.W.3d 332, 338 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, pet. denied). The oath
requirement can be waived if the opposing party fails to object when he knows or
should know that an objection is necessary. Id.
In Banda, the attorney “was clearly attempting to prove the existence and terms
of the settlement agreement,” stating, for example, “this agreement that I’m testifying to
today before the court as an officer of the court, if Mr. Latham felt so strongly about it,
he is not present.” See Banda, 955 S.W.2d at 272. Here, however, counsel was not
offering evidence. Rather, counsel was presenting argument in response to Cleburne
ISD’s counsel with regard to the propriety of sanctions and, in particular, whether
Cleburne ISD had violated section 28.022.
At the sanctions hearing, Cleburne ISD offered in evidence a transcription of the
injunction hearing.3 Aside from this transcription, the only other evidence arguably
offered and admitted at the hearing was counsel’s testimony regarding the amount of
attorney’s fees incurred.
3 We assume without deciding that the court took judicial notice of the testimony from the prior hearing. See Davis v. State, 293 S.W.3d 794, 797 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, no pet.).
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 9 Sossamon and Kirkland claimed that Cleburne ISD failed to give the notice
required by section 28.022, which provides in pertinent part:
(a) The board of trustees of each school district shall adopt a policy that:
(1) provides for a conference between parents and teachers;
(2) requires the district, at least once every 12 weeks, to give written notice to a parent of a student's performance in each class or subject; and
(3) requires the district, at least once every three weeks, or during the fourth week of each nine-week grading period, to give written notice to a parent or legal guardian of a student's performance in a subject included in the foundation curriculum under Section 28.002(a)(1) if the student‘s performance in the subject is consistently unsatisfactory, as determined by the district.
(b) The notice required under Subsections (a)(2) and (a)(3) must:
(1) provide for the signature of a student’s parent; and
(2) be returned to the district.
TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.022(a), (b) (Vernon 2006).
Their claim focused on the notice required by subsection (a)(3).4 According to
the statute, written notice must: (1) be given to the parent or legal guardian; (2) provide
for the parent’s (or, presumably, the guardian’s) signature; and (3) be returned to the
district. Id.
The only evidence offered regarding whether a proper notice was given is
Sossamon’s testimony at the injunction hearing. She testified that Kirkland first
received a failing grade in English during the third six-weeks’ grading period in the fall
of 2007. Kirkland had failing marks in the fourth and fifth grading periods as well but
4 Cleburne ISD does not dispute that it was required to send notice under section 28.022.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 10 did not tell Sossamon until sometime during the fifth grading period that she was
failing English. Sossamon testified that Kirkland received progress reports for each
grading period but never showed them to Sossamon, instead making excuses for being
unable to do so. She testified unequivocally that she “never received anything to sign
and return back to the school.”
There is no evidence in the record that the progress reports given to Kirkland
either provided for a parent’s or guardian’s signature or indicated that they must be
returned to CHS. Thus, the record contains no evidence that “Sossamon had received
the notice required by section 28.022.” The trial court abused its discretion in ruling
otherwise. See Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, 53 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 57, 60, 2009 Tex. LEXIS
823, at *12 (Tex. Oct. 23, 2009) (per curiam) (trial court abuses its discretion in imposing
sanctions “when its decision is contrary to the only permissible view of probative,
properly-admitted evidence”).
Compliance with Graduation Requirements
The second component of the court’s bad faith determination is grounded in its
Findings of Fact Nos. 6 through 9 in which the court found:
6. Kirkland did not meet the state and local requirements to graduate and receive a diploma from Cleburne High School.
7. Plaintiffs were aware, prior to filing their Petition, that Kirkland did not meet the state and local requirements in order to graduate and receive a diploma from Cleburne High School.
8. Plaintiffs were aware, as early as April 16, 2008, that Kirkland would not be awarded a diploma from nor be allowed to participate in graduation ceremonies at Cleburne High School.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 11 9. By exhausting all administrative remedies before filing the Petition, Plaintiffs had numerous conversations with District personnel and were aware that they could not receive the remedy they requested.
From these findings, the court reached the conclusion that Sossamon and Kirkland
“were informed throughout their attempt to receive a diploma and graduate with
[CHS] that Kirkland had not, could not, and did not meet all necessary requirements to
so receive a diploma from and participate in graduation ceremonies with [CHS].”
Cleburne ISD argued and the court ruled that a student must satisfy both state
and local requirements to graduate from CHS. Cleburne ISD cited section 28.025 of the
Education Code, section 101.4001(a) of title 19 of the Texas Administrative Code, and
Cleburne ISD Board Policy EIF(LEGAL) to support this assertion. However, these
provisions say nothing about compliance with “local requirements” as a prerequisite for
graduation.
Section 28.025 provides in pertinent part that “a student may graduate and
receive a diploma only if the student successfully completes the curriculum
requirements identified by the State Board of Education under Subsection (a) and
complies with Section 39.025.” TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.025(c)(1) (Vernon Supp.
2009).5 Subsection (a) of this statute refers to the statewide curriculum requirements
specified in section 28.002. See id. §§ 28.002, 28.025(a) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Section
5 Subsection (c)(2) of this statute applies to any student who “successfully completes an individualized education program under Section 29.005.” TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.025(c)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009). This subsection does not apply to Kirkland.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 12 39.025 requires a satisfactory score in end-of-course assessments for “each subject in the
foundation curriculum.”6 Id. § 39.025 (Vernon Supp. 2009).
Section 101.4001 of title 19 provides in pertinent part, “All students must pass
exit-level assessments in English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies
to qualify for a high school diploma from a Texas public school.” 19 TEX. ADMIN. CODE
§ 101.4001(a) (2009) (Tex. Educ. Agency, Testing Requirements for Graduation); see also
id. § 101.7(a) (2009) (Tex. Educ. Agency, Testing Requirements for Graduation) (“To be
eligible to receive a high school diploma, a student must demonstrate satisfactory
performance as determined by the State Board of Education (SBOE) on the assessments
required for graduation as specified in the Texas Education Code (TEC), Chapter 39,
Subchapter B.”).7
Cleburne ISD Board Policy8 EIF(LEGAL) provides:
A student may graduate and receive a diploma only if the student successfully completes:
1. The curriculum requirements identified by the State Board of Education [see STATE GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS, below] and has performed satisfactorily on the exit-level assessments [see EKB]; or
6 The “foundation curriculum” includes English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.002(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2009).
7 Section 101.4001 provides for “alternative exit-level assessments” by which a student may be exempt from taking the TAKS exit-level assessment in English and/or mathematics with a sufficient score on the SAT or ACT. See 19 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 101.4001 (2009) (Tex. Educ. Agency, Testing Requirements for Graduation); see also TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 39.025(a-1) (Vernon Supp. 2009). Conversely, section 101.7 applies to high school students generally. See id. § 101.7 (2009) (Tex. Educ. Agency, Testing Requirements for Graduation).
8 Cleburne ISD’s Board Policies are available on line at the website of the Texas Association of School Boards. See CLEBURNE INDEP. SCH. DIST., CLEBURNE ISD BOARD POLICY MANUAL, http://www.tasb.org/policy/pol/private/126903/ (last visited Dec. 3, 2009).
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 13 2. An individualized education program (IEP) developed under Education Code 29.005.
This local policy appears to be nothing more than a local version of section 28.025(c) of
the Education Code. Cf. TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 28.025(c). And like section 28.025 and
the cited provisions of the Texas Administrative Code, this local policy makes no
reference to local graduation requirements.9
The court found that Kirkland did not satisfy all state and local requirements to
graduate and receive a diploma from CHS, that Sossamon and Kirkland were aware of
this before they filed suit, and that they were aware as early as April 16, 2008 that
Kirkland would not be permitted to graduate or receive a diploma from CHS.
However, Cleburne ISD has not identified a single requirement which Kirkland did not
satisfy. Cleburne ISD focuses on the fact that Kirkland earned her final English credit at
the TEAM school rather than at CHS. The TEAM School Graduation document states
that a TEAM student who wishes to graduate from CHS “may transfer to that school at
the beginning of the last semester of our senior year.” It does not provide for or
prohibit transfers during the last semester of the senior year.
At the injunction hearing, Sossamon and Kirkland offered in evidence a May 16,
2008 letter from Superintendent Warlick denying their request for Kirkland to graduate
with CHS. Warlick cited two reasons for his decision: (1) the above quoted TEAM
School Graduation document “clearly states that Katelyn and you understood that
9 By contrast, Board Policy FMH(LOCAL) provides, “Students shall meet all state and local graduation requirements, including all applicable exit-level testing, to be eligible to participate in commencement activities and ceremonies.”
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 14 Katelyn must graduate from TEAM school and could not graduate from [CHS]”; and (2)
page 3 of the TEAM School Handbook provides that a student in Kirkland’s position
must graduate from the TEAM School and cannot “go back to [CHS] for graduation.”
However, the quoted document does not “clearly state” this information and the TEAM
School Handbook is not in the record.
During cross-examination of Sossamon at the injunction hearing, Cleburne ISD’s
counsel asked whether it was a district policy “that if a student goes in to TEAM School
the last semester of their senior year, they must graduate from TEAM School.”
Sossamon replied that she did not know. Cleburne ISD did not introduce evidence of
this alleged policy at the injunction hearing and none appears in the record.
Improper Motive10
In Finding of Fact No. 9, the court found that Sossamon and Kirkland were
aware before filing suit that they could not obtain the remedy sought. According to
Cleburne ISD, it may be inferred that they harbored an “improper motive” in filing this
suit because “[t]he relevant law available to Appellants before they filed the Petition
was that: (i) in order to graduate from CHS, Kirkland must meet all state and local
graduation requirements; and, (ii) a Texas court is without authority to grant
Appellant’s requested relief.”
We have already discussed how the record contains no evidence of a local
graduation policy with which Kirkland failed to comply. We now turn our attention to
10 A party seeking sanctions must show improper motive if it seeks to obtain sanctions on the basis of bad faith. Parker v. Walton, 233 S.W.3d 535, 540 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 15 Cleburne ISD’s contention that a Texas court is without authority to grant the relief
sought, namely, to compel Cleburne ISD to permit Kirkland to participate in the CHS
graduation ceremony and give her a CHS diploma. However, the law in this area is not
as settled as Cleburne ISD contends, particularly with regard to the nature of a student’s
interest in receiving a high school diploma or participating in a graduation ceremony.
The Fifth Circuit has concluded that a high school student has a constitutionally
protected property interest in receiving a high school diploma.
It is clear that in establishing a system of free public education and in making school attendance mandatory, the state has created an expectation in the students. From the students’ point of view, the expectation is that if a student attends school during those required years, and indeed more, and if he takes and passes the required courses, he will receive a diploma. This is a property interest as that term is used constitutionally.
Debra P. v. Turlington, 644 F.2d 397, 403-04 (5th Cir. Unit B May 1981); see GI Forum v.
Tex. Educ. Agency, 87 F. Supp. 2d 667, 682 (W.D. Tex. 2000) (“The Court has previously
found, and reiterates here, that the State of Texas has created a protected interest in the
receipt of a high school diploma.”).
The late federal Judge William Wayne Justice applied Debra P. in the case of three
students who failed the TAAS exam and were told they could not participate in their
high school’s graduation ceremony.
It hardly needs emphasizing that high school graduation ceremonies are an occasion to celebrate profound personal achievement and hope for the future. A student’s high school graduation is the source of fond memories and treasured mementos and photographs that cannot be replaced. Unquestionably, plaintiffs will suffer irreparable harm if they are denied the opportunity to participate in their graduation ceremony.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 16 Crump v. Gilmer Indep. Sch. Dist., 797 F. Supp. 552, 554 (E.D. Tex. 1992). Judge Justice
granted two of the students11 injunctive relief, ordering the school district to permit
them “to participate fully” in the graduation exercises. Id. at 557. Thus, Judge Justice at
least implicitly concluded that the right to participate in a particular graduation
ceremony is a constitutionally protected interest on the same level as the right to receive
a diploma.12
Eleven days after the Crump decision, Judge Sam Sparks of the Western District
of Texas came to a different conclusion in a case involving another student who failed
the TAAS exam.
While the Court recognizes that high school graduation is an important and memorable occasion in a young person’s life, “walking across the stage” certainly does not rise to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest any more than attending one’s high school prom, which most young people also expect to do after completing twelve years of public school. It is the actual high school diploma which is the property interest described in Debra P. v. Turlington. There is no accompanying constitutional right to receive that diploma at a specific graduation ceremony.
Williams v. Austin Indep. Sch. Dist., 796 F. Supp. 251, 255 (W.D. Tex. 1992) (citation
omitted). Judge Sparks denied Williams’s request for injunctive relief. Id. at 256. In the
concluding paragraph of his opinion, he took the opportunity to express his difference
of opinion with Judge Justice regarding the interests at issue.
11 The two students in whose favor the judge ruled established that they had satisfied all requirements for graduation other than passing the TAAS exam. The third student failed to make this showing. See Crump v. Gilmer Indep. Sch. Dist., 797 F. Supp. 552, 557 (E.D. Tex. 1992).
12 It is also noteworthy that Judge Justice expressly authorized the school district to “have it announced at ceremonies, if its officials so desire, that such plaintiffs have not yet [passed the TAAS exam]” and held that the district “shall not be required to issue a diploma to either of such plaintiffs until each, respectively has [passed the TAAS exam].” Id.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 17 While the contentions and supporting evidence of these cases are obviously dissimilar, this Court is also in basic disagreement with Judge Justice. The right of a free public education in Texas is a Texas constitutional right, and the level of education and academic achievement necessary to obtain a diploma from a Texas high school is appropriately a judgment call for the persons elected for that state responsibility and those experienced persons responsible for educating and preparing students to achieve the established level of competence. Any interference in this process is simply destructive to the attempts by the state to salvage its educational system, and this includes interference by the federal judiciary.
Id.
Judge David Hittner of the Southern District has reached the same conclusion as
Judge Sparks. See Khan v. Fort Bend Indep. Sch. Dist., 561 F. Supp. 2d 760, 767 (S.D. Tex.
2008) (Khan “has no legally protected property interest in attending or speaking at his
high school graduation ceremony”). He held that “due process guarantees do not
protect a student’s interest in participating in extra-curricular activities, such as a
graduation ceremony.” Id. at 764.
The San Antonio Court of Appeals has taken the same position.
[T]he law does not preclude each school district’s elected trustees and administrators from permitting their high school students to participate in graduation ceremonies despite the fact that they have failed to pass the TAAS test. The province and wisdom of such a decision rests squarely on the elected board of trustees and not on the courts of this state.
Edgewood Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Paiz, 856 S.W.2d 269, 271 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993, no
writ); see also Castro v. Northside Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 04-04-00836-CV, 2005 Tex. App.
LEXIS 9286, at *13 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Nov. 9, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“While
high school graduation may be an important occasion in a student’s academic career,
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 18 participation in such a school function does not rise to a protected constitutional
property interest.”).
Both Judge Hittner and the San Antonio Court have equated graduation
ceremonies with extracurricular activities in concluding that no constitutionally
protected interest is at stake. Cleburne ISD takes this view as well. The Supreme Court
of Texas has unequivocally held that a student has no constitutionally protected interest
to participate in extracurricular activities. Spring Branch Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Stamos, 695
S.W.2d 556, 561 (Tex. 1985) (“the federal constitution’s due process guarantees do not
protect a student’s interest in participating in extracurricular activities”). That Court
has not, however, held that a graduation ceremony constitutes an “extracurricular
activity.”
The Commissioner of Education has defined “extracurricular activities” in the
Texas Administrative Code.
(a) An extracurricular activity is an activity sponsored by the University Interscholastic League (UIL), the school district board of trustees, or an organization sanctioned by resolution of the board of trustees. The activity is not necessarily directly related to instruction of the essential knowledge and skills but may have an indirect relation to some areas of the curriculum. Extracurricular activities include, but are not limited to, public performances, contests, demonstrations, displays, and club activities, with the exception of public performances specified in paragraph (2) of this subsection.
(1) In addition, an activity shall be subject to the provisions for an extracurricular activity if any one of the following criteria apply:
(A) the activity is competitive; (B) the activity is held in conjunction with another activity that is considered to be extracurricular;
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 19 (C) the activity is held off campus, except in a case in which adequate facilities do not exist on campus; (D) the general public is invited; or (E) an admission is charged.
19 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 76.1001(a) (2009) (Tex. Educ. Agency, Extracurricular Activities).
A graduation ceremony might arguably fit within this definition, yet graduation
ceremonies have been differentiated from extracurricular activities in some cases and in
the Education Code. For example, in Doe v. Duncanville Indep. Sch. Dist., 70 F.3d 402 (5th
Cir. 1995), the Fifth Circuit distinguished “extracurricular” basketball from a graduation
ceremony, which the court characterized as “a significant, once-in-a-lifetime event.” Id.
at 406-07. And in Bundick v. Bay City Indep. Sch. Dist., 140 F. Supp. 2d 735 (S.D. Tex.
2001), a federal magistrate judge addressed separately the due process guarantees
which attach to participation in extracurricular activities or in graduation. Id. at 739.
The Education Code arguably equates the receipt of a diploma, which Cleburne
ISD agrees to be a constitutionally protected interest, with graduation. See TEX. EDUC.
CODE ANN. § 28.025(c) (“a student may graduate and receive a diploma”). In addition,
Chapter 28 of the Education Code, which addresses “Courses of Study; Advancement”
(i.e., “academics”), even addresses the development of a “personal graduation plan” for
struggling students. Id. § 28.0212 (Vernon Supp. 2009).
Federal district Judge Royal Furgeson summarized the state of the law best when
he opined that “whether a student has a property interest in graduation ceremonies
despite having failed to complete all academic requirements such as the [TAAS exam] is
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 20 by no means settled.” Riggan v. Midland Indep. Sch. Dist., 86 F. Supp. 2d 647, 654-55
(W.D. Tex. 2000).
Contrary to the trial court’s unequivocal finding that “a Texas court is without
authority to grant Appellant’s requested relief,” we agree with Judge Furgeson that the
issue “is by no means settled.” In other words, Sossamon’s and Kirkland’s claim that
Cleburne ISD wrongfully denied Kirkland permission to participate in the CHS
graduation ceremony is a claim with arguable merit because the law is unsettled
regarding whether a student has a constitutionally protected interest in graduating
from a particular high school during a particular ceremony (i.e., with her fellow 12th
grade classmates).
Conversely, the law appears settled (and Cleburne ISD appears to agree) that a
student has a constitutionally protected interest in a high school diploma. See Debra P.,
644 F.2d at 403-04; GI Forum, 87 F. Supp. 2d at 682; Crump, 797 F. Supp. at 554; Williams,
796 F. Supp. at 255. Part of the relief Sossamon and Kirkland sought was an order
directing that Kirkland be given a CHS diploma. As the Fifth Circuit stated in Debra P.,
“From the students’ point of view, the expectation is that if a student attends school
during those required years, and indeed more, and if he takes and passes the required
courses, he will receive a diploma.” 644 F.2d at 404. In Kirkland’s case, it seems clear
that, after attending the requisite years in Cleburne ISD schools, her expectation was to
receive a CHS diploma rather than a TEAM School diploma.
In summary, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by concluding that
Sossamon and Kirkland brought their suit in bad faith for the purpose of harassing
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 21 Cleburne ISD. See R.M. Dudley Constr., 258 S.W.3d at 708 (failure to analyze or apply
law correctly is abuse of discretion). Thus, the court erred by imposing sanctions under
section 10.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. We sustain their second issue.
Section 11.161 Sanctions
Appellants contend in their third issue that the court abused its discretion by
imposing sanctions under section 11.161 of the Education Code.
Section 11.161 provides:
In a civil suit brought under state law, against an independent school district or an officer of an independent school district acting under color of office, the court may award costs and reasonable attorney's fees if:
(1) the court finds that the suit is frivolous, unreasonable, and without foundation; and
(2) the suit is dismissed or judgment is for the defendant.
TEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 11.161 (Vernon 2006).
We have determined that the trial court abused its discretion by concluding that
Appellants’ suit was groundless and brought in bad faith for purposes of harassment.
For the same reasons, we hold that the court abused its discretion to the extent it
concluded that the suit was “frivolous, unreasonable, and without foundation” under
section 11.161. See Cavazos v. Edgewood Indep. Sch. Dist., 400 F. Supp. 2d 948, 966 (W.D.
Tex. 2005), aff’d, 210 F. App’x 414 (5th Cir. 2006).
We sustain Appellants’ third issue.
Sossamon v. Cleburne Indep. Sch. Dist. Page 22 Conclusion
We reverse the trial court’s sanctions order and render judgment denying the
motion for sanctions filed by Cleburne ISD and Superintendent Warlick.
FELIPE REYNA Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Reyna, and Justice Davis (Chief Justice Gray dissenting with note)* Reversed and rendered Opinion delivered and filed January 20, 2010 [CV06]
* (Chief Justice Gray dissents. A separate opinion will not issue. He notes, however, that both the parent and the adult student had signed a document that would allow the student to graduate from high school on time but would effectively prevent her from graduating from CHS because she was transferring to TEAM after the start of the final semester before graduation. Unless she can travel backwards in time, this foreclosed her ability to transfer to CHS for graduation in the same semester.)
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