James, Justice.
At common law, foreign corporations could not be reached by process of law from our courts, nor could their property within the state be made to satisfy demands or claims against them. Our statutes early gave a proceeding by attachment against property within the state, of non-resident debtors, including corporations—a proceeding which was the commencement of an action. That remedy still exists, notwithstanding the provisions of the Code of Procedure.
By the latter statute, actions must be commenced by a summons followed by a complaint. In the case of a foreign corporation, service of the summons may he by publication, when it shall appear that such corporation has property Avithin the state, or the cause of action arose therein. {Code, % 135.) In such actions, as a provisional remedy, an attachment may also issue at the same time with the summons or at any time after-[416]*416wards, and the property of the defendant be arrested and held to answer any judgment which the plaintiff may obtain in the action. (Code, § 297.)
The present action was commenced under the Code. By the Code, actions are only authorized to be brought against foreign corporations, by a plaintiff who is a resident of this state, by a non-resident plaintiff when the cause of action arose in the state, or the subject of the action shall be situated within the state. (Code, § 427.) The statute of 1849 also provides that suits may be brought against a foreign corporation, upon any contract made, executed or delivered within this state, or upon any cause of action arising therein. Unless this cause of action or its subject matter be within one or the other of these requirements, the courtis without jurisdiction, and all further proceeding must cease and the action be dismissed.
There is nothing on the face of the original papers, showing that the case is within either of the provisions of section 427. Were not this a court of general jurisdiction, I should hold that the proceeding ought to be dismissed, for the reason that authority to entertain the action does not affirmatively appear by the plaintiff’s own showing; and even in this court, I think the safer and better practice in cases of special jurisdiction is, for the moving papers to show affirmatively that the court has jurisdiction.
The motion papers show that the demand for which this action is brought, arose upon a contract for the payment of money. Therefore, this is not a case where the subject of the action is situated within the state; it also appears that the contracts were made, executed, delivered and made payable in Canada; that all the labor done and materials furnished, were under those contracts, and upon work located in Canada, except that a part of the work under one contract, amounting tó about $15,000, extended a short distance over the Province line into this state; and that the plaintiff is not a resident of this state, but a citizen of the United States, and a citizen and resident of the state of Uew-Hampshire.
The plaintiff claims that this action and proceeding should [417]*417be sustained and upheld on two grounds: 1st. Because the plaintiff, though not a resident of this state, is nevertheless a citizen of the state of ifew-Hampshire, and if the statute excludes him from having and maintaining this action, it violates the first part of the second section of the fourth article of the constitution of the United States, which declares that “ the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states,” and is, therefore, unconstitutional and void. 2d. That the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose within this state.
To plaintiff’s first position there are several very conclusive answers. 1st. The right to bring this action against the defendant, a foreign corporation, only exists by statute, and the statute gives it only to residents of this state, unless, &c. If for that reason it is unconstitutional and void, it will not aid the plaintiff; it only-leaves the court without jurisdiction, so that no action can be maintained by any person in this state against a foreign corporation. 2d. The statute makes no distinction between the citizens of this state, and those of any other state or country. Our own citizens must be residents to entitle them to bring an action against such a defendant, unless the demand arose within the state; and the citizen of any other state or nation, if a resident, is entitled to the same privilege. The right does not depend upon citizenship but upon 'residence.
The second is a more difficult question; still, I am of the opinion that the demand sought; to be recovered cannot be said to have arisen within this state. As to the whole demand there can be no doubt. I am not prepared to say, where apart of the cause of action arose within the state, whether a nonresident plaintiff could recover against a foreign corporation; but in such case, I would not dismiss the proceeding at this stage of its progress, but would allow it to proceed, and if jurisdiction was sustained for such portion, let the severance be made upon the trial.
But no cause of action existed for that part of the work done in this state, separate from, and independent of the written [418]*418contract under which, it was performed. A cause of action does not exist until the claimant has the legal right to sue. In a contract for labor, &c., no action lies until breach or performance, and neither breach by defendant, or performance by plaintiff, is alleged in this complaint as the, basis of plaintiff’s right of action.
Again, the case shows, that in October, 1852, the parties entered into a bond for the submission to arbitrators, of all their differences, for work and all other matters arising out of and under the said contracts, whose award and determination should be final and conclusive upon them. While that bond continued in force unperformed, no cause of action existed to either party. That bond ivas never revoked, but on the contrary a submission was had under it, and an award made, and hence the award is the only cause of action arising out of the aforesaid contracts, now extant between the parties. By it the several matters which composed the plaintiff’s claim against .the defendant are merged, and cannot be separated into their •.original elements, unless the award be set aside, and the bond of submission revoked.
.After a careful examination and consideration of the case, I think this must be held an action upon the award. The two counts are for the same claims submitted to the arbitrators, and included in the award; judgment is demanded for precisely its amount, with interest from its date, at the rate allowed by law in the country where it was made. In fact no other action • could-be maintained.
The action being upon the award for labor, &c., performed ■mostly in Canada, under contracts made, executed, delivered mud payable there, by virtue-of a bond of arbitration there ¡made, ..and a submission there had, such award must be regarded as a foreign debt; in other words, not a cause of action arising within this state, in the just sense contemplated by the -statute.
The suggestion of Justice Hand, in Bank of Commerce agt. Rutland and Washington Railroad (10 How. 8), that “ if the subsequent.amendment of §§ 134 and 135 of the Code, limit[419]
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
James, Justice.
At common law, foreign corporations could not be reached by process of law from our courts, nor could their property within the state be made to satisfy demands or claims against them. Our statutes early gave a proceeding by attachment against property within the state, of non-resident debtors, including corporations—a proceeding which was the commencement of an action. That remedy still exists, notwithstanding the provisions of the Code of Procedure.
By the latter statute, actions must be commenced by a summons followed by a complaint. In the case of a foreign corporation, service of the summons may he by publication, when it shall appear that such corporation has property Avithin the state, or the cause of action arose therein. {Code, % 135.) In such actions, as a provisional remedy, an attachment may also issue at the same time with the summons or at any time after-[416]*416wards, and the property of the defendant be arrested and held to answer any judgment which the plaintiff may obtain in the action. (Code, § 297.)
The present action was commenced under the Code. By the Code, actions are only authorized to be brought against foreign corporations, by a plaintiff who is a resident of this state, by a non-resident plaintiff when the cause of action arose in the state, or the subject of the action shall be situated within the state. (Code, § 427.) The statute of 1849 also provides that suits may be brought against a foreign corporation, upon any contract made, executed or delivered within this state, or upon any cause of action arising therein. Unless this cause of action or its subject matter be within one or the other of these requirements, the courtis without jurisdiction, and all further proceeding must cease and the action be dismissed.
There is nothing on the face of the original papers, showing that the case is within either of the provisions of section 427. Were not this a court of general jurisdiction, I should hold that the proceeding ought to be dismissed, for the reason that authority to entertain the action does not affirmatively appear by the plaintiff’s own showing; and even in this court, I think the safer and better practice in cases of special jurisdiction is, for the moving papers to show affirmatively that the court has jurisdiction.
The motion papers show that the demand for which this action is brought, arose upon a contract for the payment of money. Therefore, this is not a case where the subject of the action is situated within the state; it also appears that the contracts were made, executed, delivered and made payable in Canada; that all the labor done and materials furnished, were under those contracts, and upon work located in Canada, except that a part of the work under one contract, amounting tó about $15,000, extended a short distance over the Province line into this state; and that the plaintiff is not a resident of this state, but a citizen of the United States, and a citizen and resident of the state of Uew-Hampshire.
The plaintiff claims that this action and proceeding should [417]*417be sustained and upheld on two grounds: 1st. Because the plaintiff, though not a resident of this state, is nevertheless a citizen of the state of ifew-Hampshire, and if the statute excludes him from having and maintaining this action, it violates the first part of the second section of the fourth article of the constitution of the United States, which declares that “ the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states,” and is, therefore, unconstitutional and void. 2d. That the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose within this state.
To plaintiff’s first position there are several very conclusive answers. 1st. The right to bring this action against the defendant, a foreign corporation, only exists by statute, and the statute gives it only to residents of this state, unless, &c. If for that reason it is unconstitutional and void, it will not aid the plaintiff; it only-leaves the court without jurisdiction, so that no action can be maintained by any person in this state against a foreign corporation. 2d. The statute makes no distinction between the citizens of this state, and those of any other state or country. Our own citizens must be residents to entitle them to bring an action against such a defendant, unless the demand arose within the state; and the citizen of any other state or nation, if a resident, is entitled to the same privilege. The right does not depend upon citizenship but upon 'residence.
The second is a more difficult question; still, I am of the opinion that the demand sought; to be recovered cannot be said to have arisen within this state. As to the whole demand there can be no doubt. I am not prepared to say, where apart of the cause of action arose within the state, whether a nonresident plaintiff could recover against a foreign corporation; but in such case, I would not dismiss the proceeding at this stage of its progress, but would allow it to proceed, and if jurisdiction was sustained for such portion, let the severance be made upon the trial.
But no cause of action existed for that part of the work done in this state, separate from, and independent of the written [418]*418contract under which, it was performed. A cause of action does not exist until the claimant has the legal right to sue. In a contract for labor, &c., no action lies until breach or performance, and neither breach by defendant, or performance by plaintiff, is alleged in this complaint as the, basis of plaintiff’s right of action.
Again, the case shows, that in October, 1852, the parties entered into a bond for the submission to arbitrators, of all their differences, for work and all other matters arising out of and under the said contracts, whose award and determination should be final and conclusive upon them. While that bond continued in force unperformed, no cause of action existed to either party. That bond ivas never revoked, but on the contrary a submission was had under it, and an award made, and hence the award is the only cause of action arising out of the aforesaid contracts, now extant between the parties. By it the several matters which composed the plaintiff’s claim against .the defendant are merged, and cannot be separated into their •.original elements, unless the award be set aside, and the bond of submission revoked.
.After a careful examination and consideration of the case, I think this must be held an action upon the award. The two counts are for the same claims submitted to the arbitrators, and included in the award; judgment is demanded for precisely its amount, with interest from its date, at the rate allowed by law in the country where it was made. In fact no other action • could-be maintained.
The action being upon the award for labor, &c., performed ■mostly in Canada, under contracts made, executed, delivered mud payable there, by virtue-of a bond of arbitration there ¡made, ..and a submission there had, such award must be regarded as a foreign debt; in other words, not a cause of action arising within this state, in the just sense contemplated by the -statute.
The suggestion of Justice Hand, in Bank of Commerce agt. Rutland and Washington Railroad (10 How. 8), that “ if the subsequent.amendment of §§ 134 and 135 of the Code, limit[419]*419ing the service of summons to cases where the cause of action arose in the state, or the defendants had property here, is to be construed as modifying section 427, then a foreign corporation may be sued whenever it has property here,” was not intended as an adjudication of the amendment of sections 134 and 135, but as merely suggesting the effects of such a construction. When that case was before the general term, no such construction was approved. Sections 427 and 134 and 135, each have their special office, and are in harmony with each other. Section 427 specifies the cases in which actions may be brought against foreign corporations; and sections 134 and 135, prescribe the manner of service in such and other actions, and without inquiring whether the action can be sustained.
As neither the plaintiff nor his cause of action are within the provisions of the statute which allows an action to be brought against a foreign corporation, the court has no jurisdiction of the proceedings; the attachment order, authorizing the service of summons by publication, and all acts done under them, must be set aside, and the said orders be discharged and vacated, with $10 costs.
This decision was afterwards unanimously affirmed on the foregoing opinion, by the general term of the Fourth District.