06-3977 Camara v. DHS
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2006
(Argued: June 26, 2007 Decided: August 2, 2007)
Docket No. 06-3977-ag
BINTOUGBE CAMARA ,
Petitioner,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ,
Respondent.
Before: WINTER, CABRANES, and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner seeks review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals affirming a
decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that denied her application for a waiver of inadmissibility
under Section 212(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i). The agency
determined that petitioner had failed to demonstrate the extreme hardship to her qualifying spouse
necessary to obtain a waiver of inadmissibility. On appeal, petitioner contends that the IJ’s decision
was erroneous and not supported by substantial evidence. The Government asserts that this Court
lacks jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary and factual determinations leading to the denial of
petitioner’s application.
We dismiss the petition, concluding that we lack jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary
and factual determinations underlying the denial of petitioner’s application for a waiver of
inadmissibility, and that petitioner fails to raise any constitutional claims or questions of law. See Jun
Min Zhang v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 172, 175-76 (2d Cir. 2006).
1 Theodore Vialet, New York, NY, for Petitioner.
BRENDAN P. HOGAN , Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Jeffrey J. Bernstein, Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Bintougbe Camara , a native and citizen of Guinea, seeks review of an order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a decision of Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Michael
Rocco that denied her application for a waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(i) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i).1 See In re Camara, No. A 77 906 543
(B.I.A. July 28, 2006) (“BIA Dec.”), aff’g In re Camara, No. A 77 906 543 (Immig. Ct. Buffalo Sept.
30, 2004). Camara conceded that she was inadmissible by operation of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i),2
but sought a waiver of inadmissibility based upon the hardship that her U.S.-citizen spouse would
allegedly suffer were she to be removed to Guinea.
The IJ found that Camara had failed to demonstrate that her spouse would suffer the
extreme hardship necessary for Camara to qualify for a waiver of inadmissibility under the statute.
The BIA, while noting that Camara “present[ed] sympathetic circumstances,” BIA Dec. 1,
Administrative Record 2, concluded that it could not “find that the Immigration Judge erred in
1 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i)(1) provides in pe rtinent part:
The A ttorney Ge neral may, in the discretion of the Attorney G eneral, waive the application of clause (i) of subsection (a)(6)(C) of this section in the case of an immigrant who is the spouse, son, or dau ghter of a United S tates c itizen or of an alien lawfu lly admitted for perm anent residence if it is established to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the refusal of admission to the United States of such immigrant alien would result in extreme hardship to the citizen or lawfully resident spou se or pare nt of such an alien . . . .
2 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) provides that “[a]ny alien w ho, by fraud or willfully m isrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United State s or other benefit provid ed und er this chapter is inad missible.”
2 determining that she had failed to establish that her removal would result in extreme hardship to her
qualifying relative.” Id.
On appeal, Camara argues that the agency’s decision was erroneous and not supported by
substantial evidence. The Government asserts, in opposition to the petition, that our Court lacks
jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary and factual determinations leading to the denial of
Camara’s application. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i)(2) (“No court shall have jurisdiction to review a
decision or action of the Attorney General regarding a waiver [of inadmissibility] under [8 U.S.C. §
1182(i)(1)].”); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) (depriving courts of jurisdiction to review “any judgment
regarding the granting of relief under . . . section 1182(i)”). The Government further argues that
Camara did not raise any constitutional claims or questions of law that we would have power to
review under Section 106(a)(1)(A)(iii) of the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, 119
Stat. 231, 310-11 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D)). See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) (restoring
jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for review”).
DISCUSSION
We write briefly to reaffirm the vitality of our earlier holding in Jun Min Zhang v. Gonzales,
457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2006), which has been called into question by a recent decision of our Court.
See Barnaby-King v. DHS, 485 F.3d 684, 687 (2d Cir. 2007) (observing in dicta that “whether Zhang
remains controlling precedent is an open question”).
Zhang held that we lack jurisdiction to review the discretionary and factual determinations
underlying the denial of a waiver of inadmissibility. See Zhang, 457 F.3d at 174 (“We hold that . . . a
finding of ‘extreme hardship’ under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i) is a discretionary judgment committed to the
BIA (acting on behalf of the Attorney General) and that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) precludes us
from reviewing such a judgment . . . .”). In reaching this conclusion, we relied on our earlier opinion
3 in De La Vega v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2006), which held that we lacked jurisdiction to
review the discretionary and factual determinations underlying the denial of an application for
cancellation of removal, a similarly discretionary form of relief that 8 U.S.C.
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06-3977 Camara v. DHS
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
August Term, 2006
(Argued: June 26, 2007 Decided: August 2, 2007)
Docket No. 06-3977-ag
BINTOUGBE CAMARA ,
Petitioner,
v.
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY ,
Respondent.
Before: WINTER, CABRANES, and RAGGI, Circuit Judges.
Petitioner seeks review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals affirming a
decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that denied her application for a waiver of inadmissibility
under Section 212(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i). The agency
determined that petitioner had failed to demonstrate the extreme hardship to her qualifying spouse
necessary to obtain a waiver of inadmissibility. On appeal, petitioner contends that the IJ’s decision
was erroneous and not supported by substantial evidence. The Government asserts that this Court
lacks jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary and factual determinations leading to the denial of
petitioner’s application.
We dismiss the petition, concluding that we lack jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary
and factual determinations underlying the denial of petitioner’s application for a waiver of
inadmissibility, and that petitioner fails to raise any constitutional claims or questions of law. See Jun
Min Zhang v. Gonzales, 457 F.3d 172, 175-76 (2d Cir. 2006).
1 Theodore Vialet, New York, NY, for Petitioner.
BRENDAN P. HOGAN , Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Jeffrey J. Bernstein, Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.
PER CURIAM:
Petitioner Bintougbe Camara , a native and citizen of Guinea, seeks review of an order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirming a decision of Immigration Judge (“IJ”) Michael
Rocco that denied her application for a waiver of inadmissibility under section 212(i) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i).1 See In re Camara, No. A 77 906 543
(B.I.A. July 28, 2006) (“BIA Dec.”), aff’g In re Camara, No. A 77 906 543 (Immig. Ct. Buffalo Sept.
30, 2004). Camara conceded that she was inadmissible by operation of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i),2
but sought a waiver of inadmissibility based upon the hardship that her U.S.-citizen spouse would
allegedly suffer were she to be removed to Guinea.
The IJ found that Camara had failed to demonstrate that her spouse would suffer the
extreme hardship necessary for Camara to qualify for a waiver of inadmissibility under the statute.
The BIA, while noting that Camara “present[ed] sympathetic circumstances,” BIA Dec. 1,
Administrative Record 2, concluded that it could not “find that the Immigration Judge erred in
1 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i)(1) provides in pe rtinent part:
The A ttorney Ge neral may, in the discretion of the Attorney G eneral, waive the application of clause (i) of subsection (a)(6)(C) of this section in the case of an immigrant who is the spouse, son, or dau ghter of a United S tates c itizen or of an alien lawfu lly admitted for perm anent residence if it is established to the satisfaction of the Attorney General that the refusal of admission to the United States of such immigrant alien would result in extreme hardship to the citizen or lawfully resident spou se or pare nt of such an alien . . . .
2 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i) provides that “[a]ny alien w ho, by fraud or willfully m isrepresenting a material fact, seeks to procure (or has sought to procure or has procured) a visa, other documentation, or admission into the United State s or other benefit provid ed und er this chapter is inad missible.”
2 determining that she had failed to establish that her removal would result in extreme hardship to her
qualifying relative.” Id.
On appeal, Camara argues that the agency’s decision was erroneous and not supported by
substantial evidence. The Government asserts, in opposition to the petition, that our Court lacks
jurisdiction to review the IJ’s discretionary and factual determinations leading to the denial of
Camara’s application. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i)(2) (“No court shall have jurisdiction to review a
decision or action of the Attorney General regarding a waiver [of inadmissibility] under [8 U.S.C. §
1182(i)(1)].”); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) (depriving courts of jurisdiction to review “any judgment
regarding the granting of relief under . . . section 1182(i)”). The Government further argues that
Camara did not raise any constitutional claims or questions of law that we would have power to
review under Section 106(a)(1)(A)(iii) of the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, Div. B, 119
Stat. 231, 310-11 (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D)). See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) (restoring
jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for review”).
DISCUSSION
We write briefly to reaffirm the vitality of our earlier holding in Jun Min Zhang v. Gonzales,
457 F.3d 172 (2d Cir. 2006), which has been called into question by a recent decision of our Court.
See Barnaby-King v. DHS, 485 F.3d 684, 687 (2d Cir. 2007) (observing in dicta that “whether Zhang
remains controlling precedent is an open question”).
Zhang held that we lack jurisdiction to review the discretionary and factual determinations
underlying the denial of a waiver of inadmissibility. See Zhang, 457 F.3d at 174 (“We hold that . . . a
finding of ‘extreme hardship’ under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i) is a discretionary judgment committed to the
BIA (acting on behalf of the Attorney General) and that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) precludes us
from reviewing such a judgment . . . .”). In reaching this conclusion, we relied on our earlier opinion
3 in De La Vega v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2006), which held that we lacked jurisdiction to
review the discretionary and factual determinations underlying the denial of an application for
cancellation of removal, a similarly discretionary form of relief that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) also
precludes us from reviewing. See Zhang, 457 F.3d at 175 (noting that because the hardship
determinations associated with applications for cancellation of removal and for a waiver of
inadmissibility “are made in the same manner under practically identical standards and because De
La Vega holds that the cancellation-of-removal hardship determination is discretionary, we join the
Fourth Circuit in holding that the § 1182(i)(1) hardship determination is discretionary as well”).
Barnaby-King points out that De La Vega relied in part on our original opinion in Xiao Ji Chen
v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 434 F.3d 144 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Xiao Ji Chen I”), to reach the conclusion that we
lack jurisdiction to review discretionary determinations underlying the denial of cancellation of
removal, see Barnaby-King, 485 F.3d at 686 (noting that “De La Vega . . . relied partly on reasoning in
[Xiao Ji Chen I]”), and that Xiao Ji Chen was revised significantly on rehearing, see id. (“The opinion in
Xiao Ji Chen I, however, has recently been significantly revised.” (citing Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S. Dep’t of
Justice, 471 F.3d 315 (2d Cir. 2006) (“Xiao Ji Chen II”))). In view of the revision on rehearing of Xiao
Ji Chen II, Barnaby-King raises, but does not answer, the question of whether De La Vega and—by
extension—Zhang remain binding law of this Circuit.3
We recently answered the question raised by Barnaby-King, and reaffirmed the continuing
vitality of De La Vega, in Barco-Sandoval v. Gonzales, No. 06-0360-ag (2d Cir. Aug. 1, 2007). Barco-
Sandoval holds that “[b]ecause De La Vega’s holding was based on the conclusion that exceptional
and extremely unusual hardship determinations by the BIA are discretionary judgments, and because
Xiao Ji Chen II reaffirmed that we lack jurisdiction to review a quarrel about . . . the exercise of
3 Barnaby-King did not have occasion to answe r this question bec ause the petitione r in that case failed to challenge the BIA ’s conclusion that she failed to satisfy the statutory threshold of extrem e hardsh ip. See 485 F.3d at 687.
4 discretion, . . . De La Vega continues to bind us.” Barco-Sandoval, No. 06-0360-ag, slip op. at 9
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted) (first omission in original).
We hold here that Barco-Sandoval’s conclusions concerning the continued vitality of De La
Vega apply equally to Zhang, and that as a result Zhang “remains controlling precedent.” Barnaby-
King, 485 F.3d at 687. Xiao Ji Chen II reaffirms that we lack jurisdiction to review challenges to
factual and discretionary determinations leading to the denial of a petition for review where a
jurisdiction-denying provision of the INA is implicated, unless, of course, the petitioner raises a
constitutional claim or a question of law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Xiao Ji Chen II, 471 F.3d at
329-30 & n.8. “[T]he § 1182(i)(1) hardship determination is discretionary,” Zhang, 457 F.3d at 175,
and we are barred by statute from reviewing it, see 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(i)(2), 1252(a)(2)(B)(i).
Accordingly, we continue to lack jurisdiction to review the factual and discretionary decisions
underlying the denial of an application for a waiver of inadmissibility.
In this case, the BIA concluded that Camara had not demonstrated the requisite extreme
hardship necessary for a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i), and we agree with the
Government that Camara raises no “constitutional claims or questions of law.” 8 U.S.C. §
1252(a)(2)(D). Camara’s arguments that the agency’s decision was not supported by substantial
evidence and was clearly erroneous represent “quarrels over the correctness of the factual findings”
reached by the agency that we lack jurisdiction to review. Xiao Ji Chen II, 471 F.3d at 329.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Camara’s petition is dismissed.