IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 12-2241 Filed August 13, 2014
CALVIN NELSON, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E. Gamble,
Judge.
Calvin Nelson appeals the denial of his postconviction-relief application.
AFFIRMED.
Jessica Maffitt of Benzoni Law Office, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik, Assistant Attorney
General, John Sarcone, County Attorney, and James Ward, Assistant County
Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Mullins, JJ. 2
VAITHESWARAN, J.
A jury found Calvin Nelson guilty of first-degree murder in connection with
the shooting of a man in a Des Moines neighborhood. The Iowa Supreme Court
affirmed his conviction. See State v. Nelson, 791 N.W.2d 414, 419 (Iowa 2010).
Nelson subsequently filed a postconviction-relief application raising several
issues. The district court denied the application following a hearing. On appeal,
Nelson contends (1) his postconviction attorney was ineffective in several
respects and (2) his due process rights were violated in the underlying trial.
I. Ineffective Assistance of Postconviction Counsel
Nelson claims he “was denied effective assistance of postconviction
counsel because his counsel failed to timely investigate his case, file an
amended application for postconviction relief, or even talk to [him].” Nelson
further contends “[c]ounsel never conducted standard discovery, and therefore
failed to collect and present evidence in support of [his] claims.” He asserts that,
“[a]s a direct result of counsel’s failure to investigate and produce evidence in
support of [his] claims, [his] postconviction application was denied.”
To prevail, Nelson must show (1) counsel breached an essential duty and
(2) prejudice resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Our
review is de novo. See Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 250 (Iowa 2011).
We agree Nelson’s postconviction attorney was initially dilatory in
investigating the case and in filing an amended application for postconviction
relief. At a hearing on a motion to postpone trial, the attorney conceded as
much, stating he did not take steps to litigate the issues “in a timely fashion.” 3
That said, he communicated with Nelson and eventually filed an amended and
substituted postconviction-relief application.
In that application, Nelson’s postconviction attorney (1) challenged the
admission of “evidence of drug dealing” and (2) claimed trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to (a) “raise defenses at trial and on appeal that would have
shifted the burden of proof,” (b) “impeach trial witnesses properly,” (c) “seek an
interlocutory appeal” of a district court order denying Nelson’s motion for mistrial,
(d) “object to the composition of the jury panel which lacked requisite minority
representation,” and (e) “investigate undue influence and/or intimidation of a
witness (Roby) that resulted in altered testimony.” As noted, the district court
denied these claims. On our de novo review, we are not convinced the denial
resulted from postconviction counsel’s ineffectiveness, as Nelson now claims.
We begin with the drug-dealing evidence. The court explained that the
admissibility of this evidence was raised and addressed at trial and was raised
and addressed on direct appeal. See Nelson, 791 N.W.2d at 426 (addressing
the admission of prior bad acts evidence). The court concluded there was no
basis for a finding that trial counsel was ineffective “regarding this evidence.”
Assuming without deciding this issue was indeed raised in the
postcoviction application under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric, we
agree with the district court that trial counsel did not breach an essential duty
because the admissibility of this evidence was in fact raised at trial. That means
postconviction counsel also could not have breached an essential duty with
respect to this claim. At worst, counsel could be faulted for attempting to re-
litigate the issue. See Wycoff v. State, 382 N.W.2d 462, 465 (Iowa 1986) 4
(“Issues that have been raised, litigated, and adjudicated on direct appeal cannot
be relitigated in a postconviction proceeding.”). But he did so at Nelson’s behest,
raising all the issues previously raised in Nelson’s pro se application for
postconviction relief. Counsel’s decision to accede to his client’s demands did
not amount to a breach of duty to his client.
We turn to the claim that trial counsel failed to raise “defenses.” The
postconviction testimony focused on the defense of intoxication and why it was
not raised at trial. Nelson himself testified the defense was inconsistent with his
claim of innocence. His trial attorney seconded this opinion. The district court
concurred, concluding “it would have been improvident trial strategy to inject the
defense of intoxication into the trial.”
Appellate counsel now suggests the pursuit of this claim by Nelson’s
postconviction attorney, given Nelson’s concession that an intoxication defense
was inconsistent with his claim of innocence, “clearly demonstrates
postconviction counsel did not conduct even the most basic investigation by
discussing the claims with Nelson.” We disagree.
Nelson’s pro se postconviction-relief application asserted “counsel failed
to raise defenses.” Nelson’s postconviction attorney simply re-asserted and
expanded upon this allegation in his amended and substituted application.
Nelson agreed he talked through the allegations with counsel “in length” and
concurred in the grounds and explanation contained in the amended and
substituted application. The fact that Nelson ultimately undermined his own
“defenses” claim in his postconviction testimony does not mean postconviction
counsel failed to properly investigate the claim. 5
This brings us to the third ineffective-assistance claim: whether trial
counsel should have filed an interlocutory appeal from a mistrial ruling. The
district court stated “there is no reasonable probability the Supreme Court would
have interrupted the trial by granting an interlocutory appeal on this issue.” The
court’s conclusion was supported by the testimony of Nelson’s direct appeal
attorney, who stated interlocutory appeals were “rare.” Nelson does not explain
how postconviction counsel was ineffective with respect to this issue.
Next is the ineffective-assistance claim concerning the composition of the
jury pool. The district court noted that Nelson failed to present evidence to
support this contention. On appeal, Nelson contends the failure to present
evidence rests at the doorstep of postconviction counsel. Again, we disagree.
Following the original trial, Nelson raised the jury composition issue in a
pro se new trial motion. He asserted “there was only (1) African American on the
whole jury list.
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 12-2241 Filed August 13, 2014
CALVIN NELSON, Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA, Respondent-Appellee. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E. Gamble,
Judge.
Calvin Nelson appeals the denial of his postconviction-relief application.
AFFIRMED.
Jessica Maffitt of Benzoni Law Office, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Kevin Cmelik, Assistant Attorney
General, John Sarcone, County Attorney, and James Ward, Assistant County
Attorney, for appellee.
Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Mullins, JJ. 2
VAITHESWARAN, J.
A jury found Calvin Nelson guilty of first-degree murder in connection with
the shooting of a man in a Des Moines neighborhood. The Iowa Supreme Court
affirmed his conviction. See State v. Nelson, 791 N.W.2d 414, 419 (Iowa 2010).
Nelson subsequently filed a postconviction-relief application raising several
issues. The district court denied the application following a hearing. On appeal,
Nelson contends (1) his postconviction attorney was ineffective in several
respects and (2) his due process rights were violated in the underlying trial.
I. Ineffective Assistance of Postconviction Counsel
Nelson claims he “was denied effective assistance of postconviction
counsel because his counsel failed to timely investigate his case, file an
amended application for postconviction relief, or even talk to [him].” Nelson
further contends “[c]ounsel never conducted standard discovery, and therefore
failed to collect and present evidence in support of [his] claims.” He asserts that,
“[a]s a direct result of counsel’s failure to investigate and produce evidence in
support of [his] claims, [his] postconviction application was denied.”
To prevail, Nelson must show (1) counsel breached an essential duty and
(2) prejudice resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Our
review is de novo. See Lado v. State, 804 N.W.2d 248, 250 (Iowa 2011).
We agree Nelson’s postconviction attorney was initially dilatory in
investigating the case and in filing an amended application for postconviction
relief. At a hearing on a motion to postpone trial, the attorney conceded as
much, stating he did not take steps to litigate the issues “in a timely fashion.” 3
That said, he communicated with Nelson and eventually filed an amended and
substituted postconviction-relief application.
In that application, Nelson’s postconviction attorney (1) challenged the
admission of “evidence of drug dealing” and (2) claimed trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to (a) “raise defenses at trial and on appeal that would have
shifted the burden of proof,” (b) “impeach trial witnesses properly,” (c) “seek an
interlocutory appeal” of a district court order denying Nelson’s motion for mistrial,
(d) “object to the composition of the jury panel which lacked requisite minority
representation,” and (e) “investigate undue influence and/or intimidation of a
witness (Roby) that resulted in altered testimony.” As noted, the district court
denied these claims. On our de novo review, we are not convinced the denial
resulted from postconviction counsel’s ineffectiveness, as Nelson now claims.
We begin with the drug-dealing evidence. The court explained that the
admissibility of this evidence was raised and addressed at trial and was raised
and addressed on direct appeal. See Nelson, 791 N.W.2d at 426 (addressing
the admission of prior bad acts evidence). The court concluded there was no
basis for a finding that trial counsel was ineffective “regarding this evidence.”
Assuming without deciding this issue was indeed raised in the
postcoviction application under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric, we
agree with the district court that trial counsel did not breach an essential duty
because the admissibility of this evidence was in fact raised at trial. That means
postconviction counsel also could not have breached an essential duty with
respect to this claim. At worst, counsel could be faulted for attempting to re-
litigate the issue. See Wycoff v. State, 382 N.W.2d 462, 465 (Iowa 1986) 4
(“Issues that have been raised, litigated, and adjudicated on direct appeal cannot
be relitigated in a postconviction proceeding.”). But he did so at Nelson’s behest,
raising all the issues previously raised in Nelson’s pro se application for
postconviction relief. Counsel’s decision to accede to his client’s demands did
not amount to a breach of duty to his client.
We turn to the claim that trial counsel failed to raise “defenses.” The
postconviction testimony focused on the defense of intoxication and why it was
not raised at trial. Nelson himself testified the defense was inconsistent with his
claim of innocence. His trial attorney seconded this opinion. The district court
concurred, concluding “it would have been improvident trial strategy to inject the
defense of intoxication into the trial.”
Appellate counsel now suggests the pursuit of this claim by Nelson’s
postconviction attorney, given Nelson’s concession that an intoxication defense
was inconsistent with his claim of innocence, “clearly demonstrates
postconviction counsel did not conduct even the most basic investigation by
discussing the claims with Nelson.” We disagree.
Nelson’s pro se postconviction-relief application asserted “counsel failed
to raise defenses.” Nelson’s postconviction attorney simply re-asserted and
expanded upon this allegation in his amended and substituted application.
Nelson agreed he talked through the allegations with counsel “in length” and
concurred in the grounds and explanation contained in the amended and
substituted application. The fact that Nelson ultimately undermined his own
“defenses” claim in his postconviction testimony does not mean postconviction
counsel failed to properly investigate the claim. 5
This brings us to the third ineffective-assistance claim: whether trial
counsel should have filed an interlocutory appeal from a mistrial ruling. The
district court stated “there is no reasonable probability the Supreme Court would
have interrupted the trial by granting an interlocutory appeal on this issue.” The
court’s conclusion was supported by the testimony of Nelson’s direct appeal
attorney, who stated interlocutory appeals were “rare.” Nelson does not explain
how postconviction counsel was ineffective with respect to this issue.
Next is the ineffective-assistance claim concerning the composition of the
jury pool. The district court noted that Nelson failed to present evidence to
support this contention. On appeal, Nelson contends the failure to present
evidence rests at the doorstep of postconviction counsel. Again, we disagree.
Following the original trial, Nelson raised the jury composition issue in a
pro se new trial motion. He asserted “there was only (1) African American on the
whole jury list. Meaning 1 out of 60 people. Thus making the jury duty list, un-
racially balanced.” The trial court denied the new trial motion. At the
postconviction-relief hearing, postconviction counsel offered Nelson’s pro se new
trial motion as an exhibit and clarified that Nelson was presently raising the same
claim under an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric. He elicited testimony
from Nelson that Nelson told his trial attorneys “he wanted somebody of a
minority there” but he “didn’t get that opportunity.”1 The precise issue Nelson
now wishes his trial attorneys had raised was raised by him directly and was
decided. Because this issue was raised and litigated at trial, we do not fault
postconviction counsel for failing to pursue the issue.
1 The court established that Nelson is African-American. 6
We are left with the claim that Nelson’s trial attorneys failed to investigate
the asserted undue influence of witness Roby. The district court found Nelson
did not present evidence to support this claim. Nelson asserts that this reflects a
breach of duty by postconviction counsel. Again, we disagree.
Nelson’s trial attorneys raised the issue of certain contacts Roby had in
the hallway of the courthouse and obtained a hearing outside the jury’s presence
on the nature of those contacts. Roby testified she was not persuaded or
threatened to change her testimony as a result of the contacts. As this issue was
raised and decided at trial, postconviction counsel had no obligation to re-litigate
it. To satisfy his client, he did attempt to relitigate it, albeit cursorily. His attempt
to abide by his client’s wishes does not amount to the breach of an essential duty
owing to Nelson.
There is one final issue that bears mention. Postconviction counsel
elicited testimony from Nelson about certain witnesses who were not called at
trial. The district court found there was no postconviction testimony “showing
what their testimony might have been.” On appeal, Nelson contends
postconviction counsel should have called these individuals to the stand and he
was ineffective in failing to do so. On our de novo review, we disagree.
Nelson testified at the postconviction hearing that the two witnesses he
wished to have called “were interviewed, [] were questioned,” and they said “that
they had seen several people [at the scene] and they had given description of a
car, two cars that they had seen at the scene.” The trial record contains
undisputed evidence that a number of people and more than one car were at the
scene. The witnesses Nelson wished to call would have added little on that 7
score. Additionally, Nelson did not intimate that these witnesses would provide
an alibi or identify someone else as the shooter. Absent some indication their
testimony would be exculpatory, we conclude postconviction counsel breached
no essential duty in declining to call them as witnesses at the postconviction
hearing.
A third witness, James Brown III, who Nelson now claims would have
exonerated him, was not alive. In any event, postconviction counsel elicited
testimony from Nelson’s trial attorney that an attempt was made to implicate
Brown III in the shooting. This was partially accomplished through cross-
examination of Brown’s nephew, who testified for the State on direct examination
that he and Brown III were at the home of his grandmother on the night of the
shooting. In sum, Nelson’s trial attorneys pursued the theory that Brown III was
the shooter. For that reason, neither they nor Nelson’s postconviction attorney
breached an essential duty to Nelson.
II. Due Process Violations
Nelson next contends “due process rights were violated by the court’s
denial of his motion for mistrial and denial of the opportunity to present expert
witness evidence regarding the effect of crack use by witness Lester.” This issue
was neither raised in the postconviction court nor addressed by the
postconviction court. Accordingly, it was not preserved for our review. Goosman
v. State, 764 N.W.2d 539, 545 (Iowa 2009).2
2 Nelson claims the issue was raised and decided, but the issue raised and decided was his trial attorneys’ claimed “failure to properly impeach the credibility of Nelson’s girlfriend Dody Lester.” That is a different issue than the one he presently raises. 8
We affirm the denial of Nelson’s postconviction-relief application.