MEMORANDUM OPINION No. 04-11-00499-CR
Calvin JACKSON, Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas, Appellee
From the 187th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas Trial Court No. 2011CR2570 Honorable Raymond Angelini, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Sitting: Phylis Speedlin, Justice Rebecca Simmons, Justice Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
Delivered and Filed: November 7, 2012
AFFIRMED
Calvin Jackson was convicted of murder and sentenced to sixty years in prison. He
appeals the judgment, complaining the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that a
witness was an accomplice as a matter of law, by including a parties instruction in the jury
charge, and by misapplying the law of parties in the jury charge. Jackson also contends the
evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 04-11-00499-CR
BACKGROUND
Jackson was convicted of murdering Jasmayne McCullough. The murder was set in
motion by an earlier altercation between two groups of people at a convenience store that ended
with the groups shooting at each other. Jackson was at the convenience store with his wife,
children, and Bryan Parham when that shooting occurred. Jackson was angered by the shooting
because it put his family in danger. After the shooting, Jackson returned home to his apartment
at the Nob Hill Apartments. Bryan testified that on the way home Jackson said he wanted to “go
get them.” At his apartment, Jackson changed into black clothing and retrieved two pistols.
According to Bryan, Jackson gave him a 9 mm pistol and told him he knew where the people
who had been shooting were staying. Jackson and Bryan went to Bryan’s sister’s apartment in
the same complex, where Bryan changed clothes. Outside of the apartment, Jackson and Bryan
saw some of the people who had been fired upon at the convenience store. Jackson and Bryan
told them they were going to the La Valencia apartments 1, showed their weapons, and told the
group to come along if they wanted. At the La Valencia apartments, some of the people pointed
out the apartment where members of the other group purportedly were. Bryan understood the
apartment belonged to a girl who allowed some of the people who had been shooting at the
convenience store to stay there with her. Bryan testified he could hear music coming from inside
the apartment and saw shadows through the window. According to Bryan, Jackson walked up to
the window of the apartment, pointed to it as if asking for confirmation, and then fired several
shots into the apartment. Bryan testified he went to shoot into the apartment, but his gun
jammed after he chambered a round. Jackson and Bryan went to another apartment and gave the
guns to the occupant. Bryan returned to his sister’s apartment, and Jackson left. The next
morning Jackson returned to Bryan’s sister Cynthia’s apartment. Bryan testified that while 1 From the evidence, it appears the La Valencia Apartments are across the street from the Nob Hill Apartments.
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Jackson was waiting for him to get ready, Jackson told Cynthia that Jackson’s wife heard on the
television that a girl had been shot in the head.
Cynthia Parham testified she is Bryan’s sister and that Bryan sometimes stayed with her
at the Nob Hill Apartments. The night of the shooting, she had been sleeping but was awakened
by gunshots. Soon afterwards, Bryan came in and told her about the shooting at the convenience
store and at the La Valencia apartments. She also testified that the morning after the shooting,
Jackson came to her apartment to pick up Bryan. While waiting for Bryan to get dressed,
Jackson asked her whether she had seen the news. He told her that there had been a shooting the
night before and a girl got hit and died. Cynthia testified Jackson told her that he went to the La
Valencia Apartments to shoot because of what happened at the gas station — that people had
been shooting at the gas station and his kids were in the car, and the car was in the middle of the
shooting. Jackson told her he was angry and that he shot through the window, but that he did not
mean to shoot the girl.
Ronationa Sylvester testified about what happened inside the apartment where the victim
was shot. Sylvester testified she was having a birthday party and a number of people were at her
apartment. During the evening, Sylvester and a few people from the party walked to a
convenience store where they ran into some other friends. Those friends got into a verbal
altercation with two men who came into the store, and the altercation continued into the parking
lot. Sylvester testified Jackson was at the convenience store as the altercation got under way.
Sylvester walked back to her apartment and was walking up the stairs when she heard gunshots.
Sylvester told her visitors to “get down” and move away from the windows. Within minutes, her
friends who had been at the convenience store when the shooting took place arrived at her
apartment. Sylvester suspected that one of them had shot his gun during the incident and told
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him and his friends to leave. She was concerned that the altercation at the store might continue
at her apartment. When the shooting into her apartment began, someone turned out the lights in
the apartment. When the lights were turned back on, Sylvester saw Jasmayne McCullough had
been shot. Jasmine Culton, another occupant of the apartment, testified that when the lights were
turned back on, she saw McCullough had been shot in the head and appeared to be dead.
Dominique Robinson testified that Jackson is her father. Robinson was in the car when
the shooting occurred at the convenience store. She testified that she got on the floorboard of the
vehicle when the shooting started. She heard her dad yelling at the people to stop shooting. On
the way back to the apartment, Jackson was angry because the family was in the car at the time
of the shooting. Robinson testified that Jackson and Bryan went into the bedroom and Jackson
came out wearing black clothes. She also testified Jackson and Bryan had guns. Both men left
and came back later looking “sweaty.”
Crime scene investigators testified they recovered nine spent .45 caliber shell casings
from the crime scene. The slug removed from the victim and bullet fragments recovered from
the apartment were identified as .45 caliber bullets. A firearms expert testified that all nine shells
were fired in the same weapon and that all the bullets were fired from the same weapon.
However, because no weapon was recovered, he could not testify whether the shells were fired in
the same .45 caliber weapon that fired the bullets. One live 9 mm round was also found at the
crime scene.
Bryan later was arrested on an unrelated matter and offered to reveal information about
the murder in exchange for leniency on the unrelated case. Bryan was never charged with the
murder of McCullough, but he testified under a grant of use immunity.
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ACCOMPLICE WITNESS INSTRUCTION
Jackson’s first point of error is that the court erred in failing to instruct the jury that
Bryan was an accomplice as a matter of law. The trial court instructed the jury to decide whether
Bryan was an accomplice, and further instructed that if the jury found Bryan to be an
accomplice, then his testimony needed to be corroborated by other evidence. See TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005) (“A conviction cannot be had upon the testimony of an
accomplice unless corroborated by other evidence tending to connect the defendant with the
offense committed.”).
An accomplice is one who participates in an offense to the extent that he can be charged
with the offense or with a lesser-included offense. Blake v. State, 971 S.W.2d 451, 454–55 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998). The trial court is required to provide an accomplice as a matter of law
instruction only if there is no reasonable question as to the witness’s status as an accomplice.
Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d 425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
The indictment charged Jackson with murder under three different theories: (1) knowing
or intentional murder, (2) intending to cause serious bodily injury and committing an act clearly
dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual, and (3) causing the death of an
individual by committing an act clearly dangerous to human life while in the course of
committing or attempting to commit a felony other than manslaughter. See TEX. PENAL CODE
ANN § 19.02 (West 2011). Bryan testified he received a pistol from Jackson and accompanied
Jackson to the apartments. He testified he watched as Jackson shot into the apartment and
admitted he then went to the same apartment and attempted to shoot into the apartment, but his
gun jammed. A person is responsible as a party to an offense if, acting with the intent to
promote or assist the commission of an offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts
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to aid another to commit the offense. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02(a)(2) (West 2011).
Bryan’s admission that he attempted to shoot into the apartment is some evidence that he could
be charged with the murder under any of the three theories. His intent to assist in the
commission of the offense can also be inferred from acting in concert with Jackson. See Burdine
v. State, 719 S.W.2d 309, 315 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (holding reviewing court may look to
actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common design to commit the
offense). There is no reasonable question that Bryan was an accomplice and the trial court
therefore erred by failing to instruct the jury that Bryan was an accomplice as a matter of law.
The degree of harm that must be present for jury charge error to require reversal depends
upon whether the error was preserved in the trial court by a timely and specific objection. Arline
v. State, 721 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Because Jackson did not object to the
trial court’s accomplice witness charge, we may reverse only if Jackson suffered egregious harm
as a result of the error. See id.
The purpose of an accomplice witness instruction is to ensure corroborating evidence
exists before a jury convicts a defendant on the basis of the testimony of an accomplice.
Corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows the commission of the offense. TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005). “The corroborative evidence, however, need not be
sufficient in itself to establish guilt, nor must it directly link the accused to the commission of the
offense.” Brown v. State, 270 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S.Ct.
2075 (2009). Rather, the independent “evidence must simply link the accused in some way to
the commission of the crime and show that rational jurors could conclude that this evidence
sufficiently tended to connect [the accused] to the offense.” Simmons v. State, 282 S.W.3d 504,
508 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex. Crim. App.
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2008)). If the record contains non-accomplice corroborating evidence, then the purpose of the
instruction was fulfilled, and the trial court’s failure to properly instruct the jury is harmless
under the egregious harm standard. Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 632 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002).
Here, there is no direct evidence other than Bryan’s testimony that Jackson committed the
crime. However, Cynthia testified that the morning after the shooting Jackson told her he had
shot “the girl” in the Valencia Apartments by firing through the window. Her testimony tends to
connect Jackson with the crime and is sufficient corroborating evidence. The jury was therefore
entitled to fully consider Bryan’s testimony and the trial court’s error in failing to instruct the
jury he was an accomplice as a matter of law did not cause Jackson egregious harm.
JURY CHARGE ERROR
Jackson next complains the trial court erred by including an instruction on the law of
parties in the jury charge. The trial court is authorized to provide an instruction on parties when
raised by the evidence. Goff v. State, 931 S.W.2d 537, 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). When the
trial evidence shows the active participation of two or more persons in the offense, the trial court
should first exclude from consideration the acts and conduct of the non-defendant actor. If the
evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction as to the defendant, no parties charge is required.
Id. However, if evidence raises an issue that the defendant’s conduct is not sufficient, and is
dependent in part on the conduct of another, a parties charge is appropriate. Id.
Jackson argues that under the State’s theory of the case, based on Bryan’s testimony, the
evidence was sufficient to sustain a conviction of Jackson as the sole actor, making a parties
charge improper. However, throughout the case Jackson attempted to convince the jury that
Bryan was the person who shot into the window and killed the victim. Jackson presented the
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testimony of an eyewitness who claimed to see a person the jury might infer was Jackson walk
away from the apartment before the shooting, and saw a person the jury might infer was Bryan
standing near the apartment with a gun. Although the evidence supporting the State’s theory was
much stronger, this evidence is sufficient to raise an issue as to whether Jackson was the
principal actor. See Goff, 931 S.W.2d at 545 (holding that although the “defendant as principal
actor” was the theory best supported by the evidence, trial court did not err in submitting parties
instruction because defendant attempted to develop theory that other actor committed crime and
sufficient evidence was presented to allow jury to infer defendant acted as party to crime
committed by second actor). And under the theory that Bryan shot into the apartment, there is
sufficient evidence to authorize the trial court to submit a party charge. Jackson’s daughter
testified that upon returning to the apartment from the convenience store, Jackson went into the
bedroom and changed into black clothing. When Jackson and Bryan left, they each had a pistol.
Bryan testified Jackson furnished him a 9 mm pistol. Jackson’s daughter testified the men later
returned to the apartment together and Jackson was sweaty. If Bryan shot into the apartment as
Jackson contends, Jackson’s furnishing of the gun is some evidence that he acted as a party,
especially given the testimony that Jackson was angered by the shooting at the convenience store
and was going to “do something about it.” See Cain v. State, 976 S.W.2d 228, 234 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 1998, no pet.) (holding liability for offense under law of parties may be established
by showing concert of action). The trial court did not commit charge error by including an
instruction on the law of parties.
Further, if there was any error in submitting a charge on the law of parties, the error was
harmless because the evidence is sufficient for the jury to have found Jackson guilty as a
principal. Bryan testified Jackson fired into the apartment, and Bryan’s testimony was
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corroborated by other evidence that tends to link Jackson to the crime. “Where the evidence
clearly supports a defendant’s guilt as a principal actor, any error of the trial court in charging on
the law of parties is harmless.” Ladd v. State, 3 S.W.3d 547, 564-65 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)
(quoting Black v. State, 723 S.W.2d 674, 675 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986)).
FAILURE TO APPLY PARTIES INSTRUCTION
Jackson also argues the trial court erred by failing to properly apply the law of parties in
the application paragraph of the charge. Jackson contends the charge was insufficient because
the court failed to instruct the jury as to the “type of assistance” the State claims Jackson
provided to the principal actor during the commission of the offense.
At the initial charge conference, the trial court stated he would include a charge on
parties. Jackson’s lawyer simply said, “I don’t think we need it.” The final charge included a
general description of the law of parties in the abstract part, instructing the jury as to when “a
person is criminally responsible as a party to an offense.” In the application paragraphs, the
court instructed the jury it could find Jackson guilty if the State proved beyond a reasonable
doubt that Jackson committed murder under any of the three different theories, “acting alone or
acting as a party with Brian Parham.” When the trial court presented the final charge and asked
if there were any objections to the charge, Jackson’s trial counsel stated he had none. Jackson
never objected that the application paragraphs of the charge failed to apply the law of parties to
the facts of this case, nor did he ask the trial court to narrow the scope of the application
paragraphs.
After this appeal was argued and submitted, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals issued
its opinion in Vasquez v. State, clarifying that “a general reference to the law of parties in the
application paragraph is sufficient and is not error when the defendant does not object and
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request a narrowing of the specific statutory modes of conduct that constitute party liability . . .”
Vasquez v. State, PD-0321-11, 2012 WL 4511366, at *5 (Tex. Crim. App. Oct. 3, 2012)
(emphasis added). Here, the language in the application paragraph charging the jury it could find
Jackson guilty if he either “act[ed] alone or together as a party with Bryan Parham” (emphasis
added) was a clear reference to the abstract definition of party responsibility. See Marvis v.
State, 36 S.W.3d 878, 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (finding no reversible error because charge
contained abstract definition of party, application paragraph charged jury could find defendant
guilty if defendant acted “alone or together with” another person to commit offense, and the
language used was clear reference to the abstract definition of party). Because Jackson did not
object or request the court to narrow the application paragraphs to refer only to the specific
party-liability acts that were supported by the evidence, there is no error in the charge. See
Vasquez, 2012 WL 4511366, at 4-5. We overrule Jackson’s third point of error.
SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Lastly, Jackson argues the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. The jury
was charged under three different theories of murder —intentional or knowing murder, intent to
cause serious bodily injury, and felony murder — and returned a general verdict. When the jury
returns a general verdict based on an indictment charging different theories of committing an
offense, the verdict stands if the evidence is sufficient under any one of the theories. Sanchez v.
State, No. PD-0961-07, 2012 WL 1694606, at *6 (Tex. Crim. App. May 16, 2012).
Jackson argues the conviction cannot stand on either of the first two theories because
there was no evidence that he knew the victim was in the apartment or that he intended to harm
the victim. We disagree. Sylvester testified that music was playing and lights were on in the
apartment just before the shooting, and Bryan testified he could hear the music and saw shadows
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through the window of the apartment. Based on this evidence, a rational juror could have found
Jackson was aware the apartment was occupied. Jackson argues that although the evidence
might demonstrate he intended to harm the people involved in the shooting at the convenience
store, it is insufficient to show he intended to harm the victim because the jury charge did not
include an instruction on transferred intent. 2
We measure the sufficiency of the evidence against the hypothetically correct jury
charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In Manrique v. State, 994
S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), the defendant was convicted of attempted murder
when he and a co-defendant fired multiple shots into a house occupied by several members of a
family. Manrique contended he thought he was shooting into a rival gang member’s home. The
trial court did not apply the law of transferred intent to the facts of the case in the application
paragraph of the charge. The Court of Criminal Appeals held that the hypothetically correct jury
charge would have applied the law of transferred intent, and held that measured against that
charge, the evidence was legally sufficient. Manrique, 994 S.W.2d at 642. Here, a rational jury
could have concluded that Jackson intended to harm the shooters from the convenience store,
and either intentionally or knowingly intended to kill them, or intending to cause the shooters
serious bodily injury, engaged in an act clearly dangerous to human life that resulted in the death
of an individual. Measured against a charge that included an instruction on transferred intent, the
evidence is sufficient to support the verdict on the State’s first two theories. Accordingly we
need not consider Jackson’s remaining arguments on this point.
2 The term “transferred intent” refers to an instruction under section 6.04 of the Texas Penal Code, which states that a person is criminally liable for causing a result if the only difference between what actually occurred and what the actor desired is that a different person was injured. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.04 (West 2011).
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CONCLUSION
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
Steven C. Hilbig, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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