Caldwell v. State

920 So. 2d 727, 2006 WL 304561
CourtDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida
DecidedFebruary 10, 2006
Docket5D04-3509
StatusPublished
Cited by13 cases

This text of 920 So. 2d 727 (Caldwell v. State) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court of Appeal of Florida primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Caldwell v. State, 920 So. 2d 727, 2006 WL 304561 (Fla. Ct. App. 2006).

Opinion

920 So.2d 727 (2006)

Larry J. CALDWELL, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Florida, Appellee.

No. 5D04-3509.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

February 10, 2006.

*728 James S. Purdy, Public Defender, and Susan A. Fagan, Assistant Public Defender, Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Charles J. Crist, Jr., Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Robin Compton, Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, for Appellee.

SAWAYA, J.

We are once again confronted with mistakes in jury instructions that the aggrieved *729 party claims constitute fundamental error. Having been convicted of carrying a concealed weapon by a convicted felon in violation of section 790.23, Florida Statutes (2002), and carrying a concealed weapon during the commission of a felony in violation of section 790.07, Florida Statutes (2002), Larry Caldwell complains that it was fundamental error to give instructions to the jury that did not require it to determine whether the knife Caldwell had in his possession was a "concealed weapon," as defined in section 790.001(3)(a), Florida Statutes (2002). Specifically, he argues that because of the way the instructions were written and presented to the jury, he was in essence convicted of carrying a paring knife which is not prohibited by either statute.[1]

Caldwell, a convicted felon, entered a store, took a paring knife off the shelf and out of the package, and used it to open other merchandise in the store with the intent to take the items without paying for them. Caldwell's machinations were observed by a loss prevention officer, and Caldwell was arrested for, and convicted of, the two crimes aforementioned.[2] At the appropriate time, the trial court read the jury instructions for both charges to the jury. The instructions provided in pertinent part:

To prove the crime of possession of a weapon by a felon, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Number one, Larry James Caldwell has been convicted of a prior felony; and number two, after the conviction Larry James Caldwell carried a knife that was concealed on or about his person. The term concealed weapon means any dirk, metallic knuckle, slung-shot, billie, tear gas gun, chemical weapon or device, or other deadly weapon carried on or about the person in such a manner as to conceal the weapon from the ordinary sight of another.
To prove the crime of a person engaged in a criminal offense having a weapon, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Number one, Larry James Caldwell carried a weapon which was concealed from the ordinary sight of another person; and number two, Larry James Caldwell did so while committing or attempting to commit the felony of petit theft....

In order to convict Caldwell for either offense, the State must prove that he carried a "concealed weapon," which is defined in section 790.001(3)(a), Florida Statutes (2002), as "[a]ny dirk, metallic knuckles, slungshot, billie, tear gas gun, chemical weapon or device, or other deadly weapon carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the weapon from the ordinary sight of another person." See McNeally v. State, 884 So.2d 494, 495 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004); Nystrom v. State, 777 So.2d 1013, 1014-15 (Fla. 2d DCA 2000). To properly instruct the jury on both offenses, the instructions must include one of the specific items listed in *730 the definition of "concealed weapon." McNeally; Nystrom. "However, when the weapon alleged is a common household item, and not one of the defined weapons pursuant to section 790.001(13), then a jury should be permitted to consider whether the `weapon alleged' is an `other deadly weapon.'" Nystrom, 777 So.2d at 1015; see also McNeally; State v. Walthour, 876 So.2d 594, 597 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004) ("To be convicted under the statute, the defendant must have carried and concealed one of the items listed in the statute, or a weapon considered to be a `deadly weapon.'").

Of the weapons listed in section 790.001(3)(a), the paring knife conceivably could have been found by the jury to be either a "dirk" or an "other deadly weapon." Hence, rather than state that "Larry James Caldwell carried a knife" in the first instruction and "a weapon" in the latter, both instructions should have specifically stated that he carried either a "dirk" or a "deadly weapon." See Moore v. State, 903 So.2d 341 (Fla. 1st DCA 2005); McNeally; Nystrom. This mistake allowed the jury to convict Caldwell of carrying a concealed knife, which is not a prohibited offense under either statute Caldwell was accused of violating. Moreover, if the knife was a "deadly weapon" as the State forcefully argues, the instructions in the instant case should have included a definition of the term "other deadly weapon," which is an instrument "likely to produce death or great bodily injury." Goswick v. State, 143 So.2d 817, 820 (Fla.1962), receded from on other grounds, State v. Smith, 240 So.2d 807 (Fla.1970); see also Moore; Walthour; Nystrom.

The State suggests that the paring knife is, in fact, either a "dirk" or "other deadly weapon" and, therefore, no error occurred. We will not succumb to the State's invitation to determine this issue as a matter of law. Whether the paring knife is a "dirk" or "other deadly weapon" is a factual issue for the jury to decide, not us.[3]

Concerned that errors did occur, just as Caldwell asserted, the State prudently conceived a fallback argument: since Caldwell did not object to the erroneous instructions, he is precluded from raising the instructional errors on appeal. Although Caldwell acknowledges that the errors are unpreserved, he argues that they rise to the level of fundamental error that requires reversal of both convictions.

The State's argument is based upon the contemporaneous objection rule, now codified in section 924.051, Florida Statutes (2005), which requires the complaining party to timely object to the alleged error in order to preserve it for appellate review. This rule is founded on policy objectives that seek to eliminate legal trickery and procedural gamesmanship by crafty litigants who intentionally cause error or allow error to creep into the trial proceedings so they can complain about it on appeal. Equally important, the rule provides the trial court with a timely opportunity to correct the error and avoid mistrial or reversal on appeal.

The only exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is error that is considered fundamental. F.B. v. State, 852 So.2d 226 (Fla.2003). Fundamental error is defined as "`error [which] reach[es] down into the validity of the trial itself to the extent that a verdict of guilty could not have been obtained without the assistance of the alleged error.'" Battle v. *731 State, 911 So.2d 85, 89 (Fla.2005) (quoting Brown v. State, 124 So.2d 481, 484 (Fla. 1960)), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S.Ct. 1069, 163 L.Ed.2d 890 (2006). When error rises to this level, the courts will excuse compliance with the rule and allow review of the unpreserved error.

The fundamental error analysis relating to jury instructions begins with the general principle that it is the responsibility of the trial judge to ensure that in a criminal case, the jury is fully and correctly instructed as to the applicable law. Battle; Moore; Foster v. State, 603 So.2d 1312 (Fla. 1st DCA 1992), review denied, 613 So.2d 4 (Fla.1993).

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Bluebook (online)
920 So. 2d 727, 2006 WL 304561, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/caldwell-v-state-fladistctapp-2006.