Reed, ,T.
The evidence introduced on the trial in the district court establishes the following facts: For some time prior to the seventh of August, 1884, the defendant Creager had been engaged in business as a general merchant in the town of Logan. On the night of that day his store building and stock of goods were destroyed by fire. He was indebted [239]*239at that time to Smith & Crittenden, J. M. Phillips, Peregoy & Moore, Stewart Bros, and Metcalf Bros., wholesale dealers at Council Bluffs, in different sums, amounting in the aggregate to $2,309.79. He was also indebted to James Tates, who had been in his employ as a salesman, .in the sum of $278.31. He also owed plaintiffs the debt for which judgment was rendered in the main action, and was indebted in various amounts to other wholesale dealers.
On the day after the fire, the garnishee, who is a member of the firm of Smith & Crittenden, went to Logan, having with him a statement of account of his own firm, also the accounts of the other Council Bluffs houses, which had been assigned to him. The indebtedness of Creager to Smith & Crittenden was much greater than that to any of the other wholesale houses, and he had previously agreed that he would secure the indebtedness to them at any time when they might deem themselves insecure; and when Crittenden went to Logan he demanded security, not only for the debt due his own firm, but for those which had been assigned to him by the other Council Bluffs houses. Creager accordingly executed an instrument which in form is a bill of sale, by which he transferred and signed to Crittenden all books of accounts pertaining to his business at Logan, and certain policies of insurance which covered the stock of goods which was destroyed by the fire. Creager desired that the debt to Tates should be secured, and it was agreed between him and Crittenden that it should be paid out of the proceeds of the property. Tates also agreed to this arrangement, but he made no assignment of his claim to Crittenden. It was also agreed that if any balance remained, after paying the cost of collecting the accounts and policies, and satisfying the claims held by Crittenden and the amount due Tates, the same should be paid over by Crittenden to Creager, but this agreement was not expressed in the written instrument. The property covered by the instrument was all of the property subject to execution which Creager then owned. Crittenden paid nothing to [240]*240the other firms for the assignment of their claims against Creager, and by his agreement with them, he is bound to pay them only in case he succeeds in collecting the amounts.
I. The most important question arising upon the facts proven is, whether the transaction in question amounts in law to a general assignment by Creager for the benefit of creditors, or whether it was merely a mortgage of the property covered by the instrument to secure the several debts which were the subject of the transaction. If the former is its character, there can be no question but that it is invalid under section 2115 of the Code, which provides that “no general assignment of property by an insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, for the benefit of creditors, shall be valid unless it be made for the benefit of all his creditors in proportion to the amount of their respective claims.” But if it was merely a mortgage of the property to secure the debts, the garnishee acquired thereunder a right to the property, which can be defeated only by proof that the transaction was tainted with fraud.
This court has frequently heretofore had occasion to determine the legal effect of transactions in which insolvent debtors have made conveyances of all of their property for the benefit of a portion of their creditors, and it is settled by the cases that the question whether such conveyance should be regarded as an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or a mortgage for the security of particular debts, is to be determined by the intention of the parties, as it may be ascertained from the circumstances of the transaction. If the conveyance is to a trustee, and the debtor intends to divest himself, not only of the title to the property, but of all control over it; if it is intended as an absolute conveyance of all his property, and is made for the purpose of securing a distribution of its proceeds among his creditors, or a portion of them, — in legal effect it is an assignment for the benefit of creditors, no matter what name or designation the parties may have given it. On the other hand, if [241]*241the intention of the debtor is merely to secure his debt to one or more of his creditors, and the' conveyance is not intended as an absolute disposition of his property, but he reserves to himself a right therein, the conveyance will be treated as a mortgage, even though the debtor is insolvent at the time, and it covers all of his property, and but a portion of his debts are secured by it. Fromme v. Jones, 13 Iowa, 480; Lampson v. Arnold, 19 Id., 479; Farwell v. Howard, 26 Id., 381; Kohn v. Clement, 58 Id., 589.
The district court found that the instrument by which the book-accounts and insurance policies were assigned by Creager to the garnishee was intended as a mortgage to secure the several debts of Creager to the Council Bluffs houses and to Yates, and the judgment awards the garnishee the rights of a mortgagee in the property. We think this finding is abundantly sustained by the evidence.
The demand made by the garnishee was for security for the debts. This demand wTas made in pursuance of the previous agreement of Creager that he would secure the debt to Smith & Crittenden whenever they should conclude that security was essential to their protection. Creager recognized and admitted the justice of the demand, and he executed the instrument in obedience to it. lie had no other property, except the policies and accounts, which he could pledge as security for the debt, and by the instrument in question he assigned them; and this was done in execution of his agreement to secure the debt. The instrument, although an absolute assignment in form, was not intended as an absolute transfer of the property, but he reserved to himself an interest in it. It was agreed that the balance of the proceeds, after the costs of collection were paid and the debts were satisfied, should be paid over to him; and he had the undoubted right at any time, upon payment of the secured debts, to repossess himself of the property. Much stress is placed by counsel for appellant on the fact that the garnishee had no real interest in any of the debts, except that due to Smith & Crittenden. [242]*242It is claimed that he was a mere trustee, and that the conveyance of the property to a trustee with intent that he should apply the proceeds in satisfaction of the debts gives to the instrument the character of an assignment for the benefit of the creditors. The case of Burrows v. Lehndorff, 8 Iowa, 96, is relied on as sustaining this position. It is said in that case that the fact that the insolvent debtor appoints a trustee to whom he conveys his property for the benefit of creditors in most instances conclusively fixes the character of the transaction as a general assignment.
In a certain sense it is true that Crittenden was a trustee, lie had been appointed by the creditors as their agent to collect or secure their claims against Creager. To enable him to accomplish this, they had assigned their claims to him. He had the legal title to them, but had no beneficial interest in any of them except that of Smith & Crittenden.
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Reed, ,T.
The evidence introduced on the trial in the district court establishes the following facts: For some time prior to the seventh of August, 1884, the defendant Creager had been engaged in business as a general merchant in the town of Logan. On the night of that day his store building and stock of goods were destroyed by fire. He was indebted [239]*239at that time to Smith & Crittenden, J. M. Phillips, Peregoy & Moore, Stewart Bros, and Metcalf Bros., wholesale dealers at Council Bluffs, in different sums, amounting in the aggregate to $2,309.79. He was also indebted to James Tates, who had been in his employ as a salesman, .in the sum of $278.31. He also owed plaintiffs the debt for which judgment was rendered in the main action, and was indebted in various amounts to other wholesale dealers.
On the day after the fire, the garnishee, who is a member of the firm of Smith & Crittenden, went to Logan, having with him a statement of account of his own firm, also the accounts of the other Council Bluffs houses, which had been assigned to him. The indebtedness of Creager to Smith & Crittenden was much greater than that to any of the other wholesale houses, and he had previously agreed that he would secure the indebtedness to them at any time when they might deem themselves insecure; and when Crittenden went to Logan he demanded security, not only for the debt due his own firm, but for those which had been assigned to him by the other Council Bluffs houses. Creager accordingly executed an instrument which in form is a bill of sale, by which he transferred and signed to Crittenden all books of accounts pertaining to his business at Logan, and certain policies of insurance which covered the stock of goods which was destroyed by the fire. Creager desired that the debt to Tates should be secured, and it was agreed between him and Crittenden that it should be paid out of the proceeds of the property. Tates also agreed to this arrangement, but he made no assignment of his claim to Crittenden. It was also agreed that if any balance remained, after paying the cost of collecting the accounts and policies, and satisfying the claims held by Crittenden and the amount due Tates, the same should be paid over by Crittenden to Creager, but this agreement was not expressed in the written instrument. The property covered by the instrument was all of the property subject to execution which Creager then owned. Crittenden paid nothing to [240]*240the other firms for the assignment of their claims against Creager, and by his agreement with them, he is bound to pay them only in case he succeeds in collecting the amounts.
I. The most important question arising upon the facts proven is, whether the transaction in question amounts in law to a general assignment by Creager for the benefit of creditors, or whether it was merely a mortgage of the property covered by the instrument to secure the several debts which were the subject of the transaction. If the former is its character, there can be no question but that it is invalid under section 2115 of the Code, which provides that “no general assignment of property by an insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, for the benefit of creditors, shall be valid unless it be made for the benefit of all his creditors in proportion to the amount of their respective claims.” But if it was merely a mortgage of the property to secure the debts, the garnishee acquired thereunder a right to the property, which can be defeated only by proof that the transaction was tainted with fraud.
This court has frequently heretofore had occasion to determine the legal effect of transactions in which insolvent debtors have made conveyances of all of their property for the benefit of a portion of their creditors, and it is settled by the cases that the question whether such conveyance should be regarded as an assignment for the benefit of creditors, or a mortgage for the security of particular debts, is to be determined by the intention of the parties, as it may be ascertained from the circumstances of the transaction. If the conveyance is to a trustee, and the debtor intends to divest himself, not only of the title to the property, but of all control over it; if it is intended as an absolute conveyance of all his property, and is made for the purpose of securing a distribution of its proceeds among his creditors, or a portion of them, — in legal effect it is an assignment for the benefit of creditors, no matter what name or designation the parties may have given it. On the other hand, if [241]*241the intention of the debtor is merely to secure his debt to one or more of his creditors, and the' conveyance is not intended as an absolute disposition of his property, but he reserves to himself a right therein, the conveyance will be treated as a mortgage, even though the debtor is insolvent at the time, and it covers all of his property, and but a portion of his debts are secured by it. Fromme v. Jones, 13 Iowa, 480; Lampson v. Arnold, 19 Id., 479; Farwell v. Howard, 26 Id., 381; Kohn v. Clement, 58 Id., 589.
The district court found that the instrument by which the book-accounts and insurance policies were assigned by Creager to the garnishee was intended as a mortgage to secure the several debts of Creager to the Council Bluffs houses and to Yates, and the judgment awards the garnishee the rights of a mortgagee in the property. We think this finding is abundantly sustained by the evidence.
The demand made by the garnishee was for security for the debts. This demand wTas made in pursuance of the previous agreement of Creager that he would secure the debt to Smith & Crittenden whenever they should conclude that security was essential to their protection. Creager recognized and admitted the justice of the demand, and he executed the instrument in obedience to it. lie had no other property, except the policies and accounts, which he could pledge as security for the debt, and by the instrument in question he assigned them; and this was done in execution of his agreement to secure the debt. The instrument, although an absolute assignment in form, was not intended as an absolute transfer of the property, but he reserved to himself an interest in it. It was agreed that the balance of the proceeds, after the costs of collection were paid and the debts were satisfied, should be paid over to him; and he had the undoubted right at any time, upon payment of the secured debts, to repossess himself of the property. Much stress is placed by counsel for appellant on the fact that the garnishee had no real interest in any of the debts, except that due to Smith & Crittenden. [242]*242It is claimed that he was a mere trustee, and that the conveyance of the property to a trustee with intent that he should apply the proceeds in satisfaction of the debts gives to the instrument the character of an assignment for the benefit of the creditors. The case of Burrows v. Lehndorff, 8 Iowa, 96, is relied on as sustaining this position. It is said in that case that the fact that the insolvent debtor appoints a trustee to whom he conveys his property for the benefit of creditors in most instances conclusively fixes the character of the transaction as a general assignment.
In a certain sense it is true that Crittenden was a trustee, lie had been appointed by the creditors as their agent to collect or secure their claims against Creager. To enable him to accomplish this, they had assigned their claims to him. He had the legal title to them, but had no beneficial interest in any of them except that of Smith & Crittenden. He held the claims in trust, and was bound to account for any money which he might collect on them to the real owners thereof. But he was not a trustee of Creager’s appointing. He stood in the relation of a creditor to him. As he held the legal title to the claims, he could have maintained an action for their enforcement in his own name; (Knadler v. Sharp, 36 Iowa, 232;) and we know of no reason why he might not take a mortgage in his own name for their security. The instrument in question imposed upen him no duties or obligations which he would not have assumed by accepting it if lie had been the absolute owner of the claims.
II. It is insisted by appellant, however, that the transaction was fraudulent; that the assignment was given by Creager, and accepted by the garnishee, for the purpose of hindering and delaying the other creditors of Creager. But this claim is clearly not established by the .evidence. The circumstances of the transaction are all consistent with the utmost good faith on the part of the parties to it.
We see no reason for disturbing the judgment; and it is accordingly Affirmed.