IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA24-413
Filed 18 June 2025
North Carolina Industrial Commission, No. 20-743444
CHRISTOPHER G. CABLE, Employee, Plaintiff,
v.
CONSOLIDATED METCO, INC., Employer, ACE, USA, Carrier, (ESIS, INC., Third Party Administrator), Defendants.
Appeal by Plaintiff from opinion and award entered 5 February 2024 by the
North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 October
2024.
The Harper Law Firm, PLLC, by Joshua O. Harper and Richard B. Harper, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Roberts & Stevens, P.A., by Charles E. McGee, for Defendants-Appellees.
CARPENTER, Judge.
Christopher G. Cable (“Plaintiff”) appeals from an “Opinion and Award”
entered 5 February 2024 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission (the “Full
Commission”). On appeal, Plaintiff argues the Full Commission erred by not
awarding him wage-loss compensation from 3 April 2020 to 20 April 2022. After
careful review, we affirm.
I. Factual & Procedural Background
On 21 January 2020, Plaintiff injured his low back while working as a molding CABLE V. CONSOL. METCO, INC.
Opinion of the Court
production supervisor for Consolidated Metco, Inc. (“Defendant-Employer”) at their
facility in Bryson City, North Carolina. Plaintiff was lifting a wooden pallet when he
“felt and heard a pop in [his] back as [he] was twisting and lifting.” The following
day, Plaintiff reported his injury to his supervisor, Chris Burch, and took a vacation
day due to his back pain. At the time, Defendant-Employer was in the process of
“shutting down their Bryson City facility in favor of the Canton plant and other
facilities.”
On 23 January 2020, Plaintiff saw Nicole Foxworth, a physician assistant at
Everside Health, for an annual appointment and complained about back pain
stemming from the 21 January 2020 work injury. Foxworth diagnosed Plaintiff with
a lumbar strain and recommended Plaintiff continue taking ibuprofen, advised
Plaintiff that he could continue his regular work duties, and ordered an x-ray which
Plaintiff completed the same day at Smoky Mountain Urgent Care. The radiologist
who interpreted the x-ray film included in the “impression” section of her report that
Plaintiff had “mild degenerative disc disease.”
On 24 January 2020, Plaintiff texted Burch asking if he could take another
vacation day. Burch responded, “Sure. That’s fine. I’ll see you on Monday.” According
to Burch, when Plaintiff returned to work he did “a little bit of everything,” including
running presses, setting tools, and working as a material handler and process tech—
a job that involved lifting, bending, twisting, and stooping. According to Plaintiff,
however, when he returned to work he only performed computer tasks and did not
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engage in any heavy lifting due to his back pain.
On 28 January 2020, on behalf of Defendant-Employer, Ace USA, and ESIS,
Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”), Burch completed a Form 19 Employer’s Report of
Employee’s Injury or Occupational Disease for the Industrial Commission, which
indicated that Plaintiff’s specific injury was “sprain trunk – spinal cord.” On 11
February 2020, Plaintiff visited his family physician, Dr. David Johnston, for a
neurology referral because Plaintiff “want[ed] to go to flight school and need[ed] [an]
ok to go.” Plaintiff did not mention his work injury or back pain to Dr. Johnston
during the visit.
In March 2020, when Burch asked Plaintiff to “pull the tools out of the press
[to] send back over to Canton,” Plaintiff informed Burch that his back was bothering
him again. According to Burch, Plaintiff did not take the news that tools were being
moved to Canton very well.
On 3 April 2020, Plaintiff was laid off by Defendant-Employer. Plaintiff’s layoff
was unrelated to his 21 January 2020 work injury. On 20 April 2020, Plaintiff signed
a document entitled “Separation and General Release of all Claims,” in which he
agreed to no longer render services to Defendant-Employer and acknowledged that
he may be denied further employment with Defendant-Employer should he later re-
apply. When Plaintiff returned to collect his personal belongings after being laid off,
he told Burch he was still experiencing back pain.
On 15 April 2020, Plaintiff texted Everett Lynch, Defendant-Employer’s
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Human Resources Director, saying he would “be willing to go back to hourly to keep
[his] job” at either the Bryson City or Canton facility. Lynch responded: “Okay. I will
keep you posted. It’s just unclear right now.”
That same day, Plaintiff saw Dr. David R. Castor at Smoky Mountain Urgent
Care. Plaintiff complained of low back pain and was diagnosed with “Lumbago with
sciatica, right side” and “chronic pain.” Defendant-Employer requested an MRI,
which Plaintiff underwent on 26 June 2020. On 20 July 2020, Plaintiff reviewed the
results of the MRI with Dr. Castor, who reported that Plaintiff had “Lumbar
degenerative disc disease” and “Foraminal stenosis of lumbar region.” At that time,
Plaintiff was advised to “avoid heavy lifting or repetitive motion of the affected area.”
On 22 July 2020, Plaintiff completed an application for the Trade Adjustment
Assistance program (“TAA”) to obtain tuition assistance so he could enroll in the two-
year Business Administration program at Southwestern Community College. In the
application, Plaintiff checked “yes” when asked if he could return to his former
occupation and former industry. In the section “Barriers to employment (if any),”
Plaintiff simply noted that he was seeking a degree to obtain employment to support
his family.
Plaintiff’s application was endorsed by Sheila Traub, a local TAA
representative. Traub determined Plaintiff was eligible for the program because: (1)
“[s]uitable employment [was] not available;” (2) he would “benefit from appropriate
training;” (3) “a reasonable expectation for employment following training exists;” (4)
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“training is reasonably available;” (5) he was “qualified to undertake and complete
his training;” and (6) the “training [was] suitable and available at a reasonable cost.”
Plaintiff was admitted to Southwestern Community College on 24 July 2020 and
began classes on 17 August 2020.
On 19 August 2020, Smoky Mountain Sports Medicine & Physical Therapy
recommended that Plaintiff participate in six weeks of physical therapy, one to two
times per week. Plaintiff attended one physical therapy appointment, but did not
return because he was “in so much pain” after the appointment that he “didn’t go
back.”
On 25 September 2020, Plaintiff filed a Form 18 Notice of Accident to Employer
and Claim of Employee, Representative, or Dependent. On 27 October 2020,
Defendants filed a Form 63 Notice to Employee of Payment of Compensation [or
Payment of Medical Benefits Only] Without Prejudice. On 5 May 2021, Plaintiff filed
a Form 33 Request That Claim be Assigned for Hearing, and Defendants filed a Form
33R Response to Request That Claim be Assigned for Hearing on 21 June 2021. On
3 August 2021, Plaintiff filed a corrected Form 33 and Form 18.
On 14 September 2021, Plaintiff applied to work for Defendant-Employer as a
Process Engineer. According to Plaintiff’s job-search log, he applied for twenty-four
jobs between 14 September 2021 and 18 October 2021.
On 21 March 2022, Plaintiff’s workers’ compensation claim came before Deputy
Commissioner Jesse M. Tillman, III. On 19 December 2022, Deputy Commissioner
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Tillman entered an opinion and award concluding Plaintiff was “entitled to have
Defendants provide medical compensation” and “vocational rehabilitation” because
Plaintiff “sustained a compensable injury by accident (specific trauma incident) to his
low back on January 21, 2020.” Deputy Commissioner Tillman found that Plaintiff
was “totally, and after an eventually successful reasonable effort to return to work,
partially disabled.” Deputy Commissioner Tillman further found that “Plaintiff’s
total disability . . . began on April 3, 2020 and continued until the Plaintiff
successfully returned to work on June 6, 2022.”
Defendants appealed to the Full Commission, and the matter was heard on 11
May 2023. On 5 February 2024, the Full Commission issued its Opinion and Award,
concluding, in relevant part, that Plaintiff was not entitled to any wage-loss
compensation from 3 April 2020 to 20 April 2022. On 20 February 2024, Plaintiff
filed written notice of appeal.
II. Jurisdiction
This Court has jurisdiction under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-86 (2023).
III. Issues
The issues are whether the Full Commission erred by: (1) determining that
Plaintiff was not disabled from 3 April 2020 to 20 April 2022; and (2) relying on an
unpublished opinion and “deficient” findings of fact to support conclusion of law 7.
IV. Standard of Review
Our review of an opinion and award of the Full Commission is “limited to
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reviewing whether any competent evidence supports the Commission’s findings of
fact and whether the findings of fact support the Commission’s conclusions of law.”
Deese v. Champion Int’l Corp., 352 N.C. 109, 116, 530 S.E.2d 549, 553 (2000)
(emphasis added). “Unchallenged findings of fact are presumed to be supported by
competent evidence and are binding on appeal.” Church v. Bemis Mfg. Co., 228 N.C.
App. 23, 26, 743 S.E.2d 680, 682 (2013). The Full Commission “is the sole judge of
the weight and credibility of the evidence[,]” Deese, 228 N.C. App. at 116, 530 S.E.2d
at 553, and its findings of fact “are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent
evidence even though there is evidence to support a contrary finding,” Murray v.
Associated Insurers, Inc., 341 N.C. 712, 714, 462 S.E.2d 490, 491 (1995).
In making its determinations, the Full Commission cannot “wholly disregard
or ignore the competent evidence before it.” Peagler v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 138 N.C.
App. 593, 601, 532 S.E.2d 207, 212 (2000). It is “not required, however, to find facts
as to all credible evidence,” as such a mandate “would place an unreasonable burden
on the Commission.” London v. Snak Time Catering, Inc., 136 N.C. App. 473, 476,
525 S.E.2d 203, 205 (2000). Instead, the Full Commission must make findings
regarding “those crucial and specific facts upon which the right to compensation
depends so that a reviewing court can determine on appeal whether an adequate
basis exists for the Commission’s award.” Johnson v. Southern Tire Sales & Service,
358 N.C. 701, 705, 599 S.E.2d 508, 511 (2004).
V. Analysis
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Plaintiff’s primary argument is that the Full Commission erred by failing to
award him wage-loss compensation from 2 April 2020 to 20 April 2022. Specifically,
Plaintiff challenges the Full Commission’s disability determination and its conclusion
of law 7. Although Plaintiff advances four theories in support of his contention that
the Full Commission erred by determining he was not disabled from 2 April 2020 to
20 April 2022, all of Plaintiff’s challenges pertain to one overarching issue: whether
the Full Commission erred by determining Plaintiff’s job search during this time
period was unreasonable. Accordingly, we address Plaintiff’s contentions below.
A. Disability Determination
First, Plaintiff argues the Full Commission erred by determining his job search
was unreasonable. Specifically, Plaintiff asserts that when making this
determination, the Full Commission failed to consider his pain, disregarded the jobs
he applied to while he was not under any formal work restrictions, and failed to shift
the burden to Defendants to show that suitable jobs were available to Plaintiff. We
disagree.
To receive compensation under the Workers Compensation Act, “ ‘the claimant
has the burden of proving the existence of his disability and its extent.’ ” Knight v.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 149 N.C. App. 1, 7, 562 S.E.2d 434, 439 (2002) (quoting Saums
v. Raleigh Cnty. Hosp., 346 N.C. 760, 763, 487 S.E.2d 746, 749 (1997) (citation
omitted)). “[O]nce the claimant meets this initial burden, the defendant who claims
that the plaintiff is capable of earning wages must come forward with evidence to
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show not only that suitable jobs are available, but also that the plaintiff is capable of
getting one, taking into account both physical and vocational limitations.” Kennedy
v. Duke Univ. Med. Ctr., 101 N.C. App. 24, 33, 398 S.E.2d 677, 682 (1990) (emphasis
in original).
“The term ‘disability’ means incapacity because of injury to earn the wages
which the employee was receiving at the time of injury in the same or any other
employment.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(9) (2023). “Although the pain caused by an
injury is not compensable . . . , the degree of pain experienced must be considered by
the Commission in determining the extent of the employee’s incapacity to work and
earn wages.” Matthews v. Petroleum Tank Service, Inc., 108 N.C. App. 259, 264, 423
S.E.2d 532, 535 (1992).
“A determination of disability is a conclusion of law that must be supported by
specific findings which show: (1) plaintiff was incapable after his injury of earning
the same wages he had earned before his injury in the same employment; (2) plaintiff
was incapable after his injury of earning the same wages he had earned before his
injury at any other employment; and (3) the incapacity to earn was caused by
plaintiff’s injury.” Griffin v. Absolute Fire Control, Inc., 269 N.C. App. 193, 199, 837
S.E.2d 420, 425 (2020). A claimant can offer proof to support the first two findings in
several ways, including by producing:
(1) medical evidence that the employee is physically or mentally, as a consequence of the work-related injury, incapable of work in any employment; or
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(2) evidence that the employee is capable of some work, but after reasonable effort on the part of the employee has been unsuccessful in efforts to obtain employment; or
(3) evidence that the employee is capable of some work but that it would be futile because of preexisting conditions, i.e. age, inexperience, lack of education, to seek other employment; or
(4) evidence that the employee has obtained other employment at a wage less than that earned prior to the injury.
Id. at 199–200, 837 S.E.2d at 425.
Although the Commission is required to “explain its basis” for its
determination that a claimant’s job search was unreasonable, see Patillo v. Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co., 251 N.C. App. 228, 240, 749 S.E.2d 906, 914 (2016), “no general
rule exists for determining the reasonableness of an injured employee’s job search,”
Gonzalez v. Tidy Maids, Inc., 239 N.C. App. 469, 480, 768 S.E.2d 886, 894 (2015).
Instead, the Commission is “free to decide whether an employee made a reasonable
effort to obtain employment[,]” provided, of course, that such determination is
supported by competent evidence. Id. at 480, 768 S.E.2d at 894 (purgandum); see
also Patillo, 251 N.C. App. at 240, 794 S.E.2d at 914 (explaining conclusory findings
that the “[p]laintiff’s search for employment was unreasonable” are insufficient).
Here, the Full Commission concluded Plaintiff was not disabled from 2 April
2020 until 20 April 2022 because Plaintiff’s job search during this time period was
unreasonable. Specifically, the Full Commission found, based on the preponderance
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of evidence on the record, that:
41. Plaintiff’s job search log documents that he applied for twenty-four jobs between 14 September 2021 and 18 October 2021. The Full Commission finds . . . that Plaintiff’s failure to apply for any job until September of 2021, having been laid off in April 2020 and not assigned any written work restrictions, was not reasonable. The Full Commission further finds that Plaintiff’s post-layoff text communications with Defendant-Employer during 2020, while an effort to obtain reemployment, is not sufficient to constitute a reasonable job search. ...
85. . . . Plaintiff’s 3 April layoff from Defendant-Employer was unrelated to his 21 January 2020 injury.
86. . . . [S]tarting at the beginning of Southwestern Community College’s fall semester of 2020, Plaintiff voluntarily removed himself from the labor market to pursue an associate degree in business.
87. . . . [P]rior to voluntarily removing himself from the labor market to pursue an associate degree . . . Plaintiff had not conducted a reasonable job search.
88. . . . [G]iven Plaintiff’s lack of formal work restrictions and work history, that it would not have been futile for Plaintiff to seek employment subsequent to being laid off by Defendant-Employer prior to enrolling at Southwestern Community College. The Full Commission finds that, to the extent the 20 July 2020 Smoky Mountain Urgent Care medical note imposed physical restrictions, those restrictions were not sufficient to render a job search futile or render Plaintiff’s subsequent search reasonable.
89. . . . Plaintiff was assigned no formal work restrictions consequent of the 21 January 2020 specific traumatic incident until March 2022, approximately two months prior to his graduation from Southwestern Community College.
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The Full Commission’s findings were supported by competent evidence and
supported its determination that Plaintiff’s job search was unreasonable. According
to Plaintiff’s job-search log, Plaintiff did not apply to any jobs prior to enrolling in
community college in August 2020 and submitted his first job application to his
former employer, Defendant-Employer, on 14 September 2021. Although Plaintiff
applied to twenty-four jobs between 14 September 2021 and 18 October 2021, Plaintiff
did not apply for any jobs from 18 October 2021 until 20 April 2022, at which time
Plaintiff was nearing the end of his community college program. Moreover, Plaintiff
testified that he “could do” a process engineer job following his 21 January 2020 work
injury and was not prevented from working “all jobs.”
Therefore, the Full Commission was free to find that Plaintiff’s job search was
unreasonable based on Plaintiff’s job-search history, his decision to enroll in
community college full-time rather than remain in the workforce, and his testimony
indicating he was able to work during this time frame. Because competent evidence
supports the Full Commission’s determination that Plaintiff did not conduct a
reasonable job search, and the findings sufficiently explain how Plaintiff failed to
conduct a reasonable job search, we conclude the Full Commission did not err by
concluding Plaintiff was not disabled from 2 April 2020 to 20 April 2022. See Patillo,
251 N.C. App. at 240, 794 S.E.2d at 914. Accordingly, the Full Commission did not
err by concluding Plaintiff was not entitled to wage-loss compensation for this time
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period.
Our conclusion regarding the Full Commission’s disability determination
forecloses Plaintiff’s remaining arguments pertinent to this issue. Plaintiff cannot
demonstrate the Full Commission failed to consider or weigh the evidence regarding
his pain when determining Plaintiff’s disability. Indeed, although it was not required
to make specific findings regarding Plaintiff’s pain, the Full Commission made
several findings of fact considering Plaintiff’s pain. For example, the Full
Commission found that Dr. Albright determined Plaintiff’s back pain was causally-
related to his work injury and that the work restrictions Dr. Albright imposed
“reflect[ed] his opinions regarding Plaintiff’s physical restrictions as of 9 March 2022,
consequent of [Plaintiff’s] back pain.” In other words, the Full Commission did not
disregard Plaintiff’s pain when determining that his job search was unreasonable and
did not err by failing to make more specific findings regarding Plaintiff’s pain. See
Garrett v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 260 N.C. App. 155, 174, 817 S.E.2d 842, 856
(2018); Matthews, 108 N.C. App. at 265, 423 S.E.2d at 535. Finally, because Plaintiff
did not make an initial showing of disability for the relevant time period, the Full
Commission did not err by failing to shift the burden to Defendants to show suitable
jobs were available to Plaintiff. See Kennedy, 101 N.C. at 33, 398 S.E.2d at 682.
Accordingly, the Full Commission did not err in its disability determination.
B. Conclusion of Law 7
Next, Plaintiff challenges conclusion of law 7. Specifically, Plaintiff argues the
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Full Commission’s findings in support of this conclusion are “deficient” because they
do not explain how Plaintiff failed to conduct a reasonable job search. Plaintiff
further asserts that the Full Commission improperly relied on Ward v. Floors Perfect,
151 N.C. App 752, 567 S.E.2d 465 (2002) (unpublished) because the facts of Ward are
“extremely different from this case.”
Having determined Plaintiff’s findings of fact 41, 85, 86, 87, 88, and 89 are
supported by competent evidence and sufficiently explain how Plaintiff failed to
conduct a reasonable job search, we next examine Plaintiff’s remaining argument:
that the Full Commission’s reliance on Ward was improper.
“An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not
constitute controlling legal authority[,]” and citation to an unpublished opinion is
“disfavored . . . .” N.C. R. App. P. 30(e)(3). Nevertheless, an exception exists and
citation to an unpublished opinion is generally permissible “where the persuasive
value of a case is manifestly superior to any published opinion.” State ex rel. Moore
County Bd. of Educ. v. Pelletier, 168 N.C. App. 218, 222, 606 S.E.2d 907, 909 (2005).
This principle applies at both the appellate and trial court level. See Zurosky v.
Shaffer, 236 N.C. App. 219, 233–34, 763 S.E.2d 755, 764 (2014) (explaining that the
trial court may rely on persuasive authority in the same way as an appellate court “if
the case is properly submitted and discussed and there is no published case on point”).
Consistent with Zurosky, we conclude the Industrial Commission may rely on
persuasive authority in the same manner as a trial or appellate court. See id. at 233–
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34, 763 S.E.2d at 764.
Here, the Full Commission concluded that from 3 April 2020 until 20 April
2022, “Plaintiff was capable of work [and] did not put forth reasonable effort to obtain
employment [when] . . . it would not have been futile for him to seek employment.”
In conclusion of law 7, the Full Commission cited to Ward stating: “In Ward v. Floors
Perfect, the Court of Appeals of North Carolina held that an injured worker who had
not conducted a reasonable job search prior to attending community college full-time
voluntarily removed himself from the job market and was not entitled to temporary
total disability compensation.” Analogizing to Ward, the Full Commission stated,
“[s]imilarly, in the case at bar, Plaintiff enrolled in a full-time community college
curriculum in the fall semester of 2020, not having conducted a reasonable job search
before beginning classes.”
Plaintiff asserts that, unlike the claimant in Ward, he did not voluntarily stop
working at a company he owned, but was instead laid off by Defendant-Employer and
was under more limiting work restrictions. Plaintiff also highlights the fact that he
presented testimony from a vocational professional indicating Plaintiff needed re-
training. He further notes that from 14 September 2021 until 15 May 2022, he
unsuccessfully sought employment. These factual distinctions, however, do not
undermine the “persuasive value” of Ward. See Moore Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 168 N.C.
App. at 222, 606 S.E.2d at 909. Indeed, Ward specifically analyzes how a claimant’s
decision to voluntarily exit the workforce in pursuit of an education impacts the
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reasonableness of his job search. Further, Plaintiff has not directed our attention to
a published opinion with stronger persuasive value than Ward.
In Ward, this Court held the Commission’s determination that the claimant
“voluntarily removed himself from the job market and chose to enter community
college” was supported by the evidence. Ward, at *14. This Court noted that “none
of [claimant’s] doctors opined that [he] could not work, and [he] presented no medical
evidence that he was unable to work.” Ward, at *14.
Similarly here, Plaintiff did not re-enter the job market, but instead chose to
attend community college at a time when he was not unable, due to his injury, to
work. Although Plaintiff was advised by Dr. Castor in July 2020 to “avoid heavy
lifting,” he was not under any formal work restrictions for the relevant time period.
Because Ward is factually similar and there appears to be no other case equally as
persuasive, we conclude it was not improper for the Full Commission to rely on Ward
in conclusion of law 7. See Moore County Bd. of Educ., 168 N.C. App. at 222, 606
S.E.2d at 909.
VI. Conclusion
The Full Commission’s conclusion that Plaintiff was not entitled to wage-loss
compensation from 2 April 2020 until 20 April 2022 is supported by the findings
which are supported by competent evidence. Accordingly, we affirm the Opinion and
Award.
AFFIRMED.
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Chief Judge DILLON and Judge COLLINS concur.
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