1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 ----oo0oo---- 11 12 CALIFORNIA CAPITAL INSURANCE No. 2:22-cv-02305 WBS KJN COMPANY as subrogee of its 13 insureds Richard Carli and Marguerite Carli, 14 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER RE: Plaintiff, DEFENDANT AFLAGOMMA AMERICA, 15 INC.’S MOTION TO DISMISS v. 16 CNH INDUSTRIAL AMERICA LLC; 17 ALFAGOMMA AMERICA INC.; and DOES 1 through 25, inclusive, 18 Defendants. 19
20 21 ----oo0oo---- 22 Plaintiff California Capital Insurance Company, as 23 subrogee of its insureds Richard Carli and Marguerite Carli 24 (“insureds”), brought this action against defendants CNH 25 Industrial America LLC (“CNH Industrial”) and Alfagomma America 26 Inc. (“Alfagomma”) in California Superior Court alleging claims 27 for negligence and products liability. (Docket No. 1.) 28 Defendants removed the action to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1332. (Id.) Before the court is defendant Alfagomma’s motion 2 to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) and 3 12(b)(6). (Docket No. 13.) The court will first address the 4 motion under Rule 12(b)(2) and the issue of personal 5 jurisdiction. 6 Due process requires that for a nonresident defendant 7 to be subject to the court’s jurisdiction, the defendant must 8 “have certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that 9 the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions 10 of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. 11 Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (citation omitted). The 12 strength of contacts required depends on which of the two 13 categories of personal jurisdiction a litigant invokes: general 14 jurisdiction or specific jurisdiction. Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 15 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 16 U.S. 117, 126 (2014)). 17 General jurisdiction exists where a corporation “is 18 fairly regarded as at home.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, 19 S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). A corporation is 20 considered “at home” in its place of incorporation and its 21 principal place of business. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 137. A 22 corporation is also considered “at home” where its “affiliations 23 with the State are so continuous and systematic as to render [it] 24 essentially at home in the forum State.’” Id. at 139 (internal 25 quotations and citation omitted). However, general jurisdiction 26 does not arise “in every State in which a corporation engages in 27 a substantial, continuous, and systematic course of business.” 28 Id. at 138. Cf. Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 1 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021) (explaining that because general 2 jurisdiction “extends to any and all claims brought against a 3 defendant . . . . [o]nly a select set of affiliations with a 4 forum will expose a defendant to such sweeping jurisdiction”) 5 (citation and internal quotations omitted). 6 Specific jurisdiction, by contrast, exists when a case 7 “arise[s] out of or relate[s] to the defendant’s contacts with 8 the forum.” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 127 (citation and quotations 9 omitted). To be subject to specific jurisdiction, “[t]he 10 defendant . . . must take ‘some act by which [it] purposefully 11 avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities with the 12 forum State.’” Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 124 (quoting Hanson 13 v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)). 14 The Ninth Circuit uses a three-prong test to determine 15 whether specific jurisdiction exists: (1) “[t]he non-resident 16 defendant must purposefully direct his activities” towards the 17 forum state; (2) the claim must arise out of or relate to the 18 defendant’s forum-related activities; and (3) “the exercise of 19 jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice 20 . . .” Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 21 802 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation and internal quotations omitted). 22 Here, plaintiff fails to allege facts sufficient to 23 establish either general or specific jurisdiction. Alfagomma is 24 incorporated in Iowa and has its principal place of business in 25 Iowa. (See Notice of Removal at 2 (Docket No. 1).) In the 26 Complaint, plaintiff alleges that Alfagomma (1) sells and or 27 distributes its products in every county in California and (2) 28 “was in the business of constructing, designing, manufacturing, 1 assembling, distributing, and/or selling hydraulic components, 2 including . . . the hydraulic system installed in the 3 [tractor].”1 (Compl. ¶¶ 5, 7.) Such allegations, without more, 4 are insufficient to establish either general or specific personal 5 jurisdiction in California. See Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. 6 Superior Court of Cal., 480 U.S. 102, 112 (1987) (“The placement 7 of a product into the stream of commerce, without more, is not an 8 act of the defendant purposefully directed toward the forum 9 State” for purposes of specific jurisdiction); Daimler, 571 U.S. 10 at 139 (a corporation’s affiliations with the forum State must be 11 “so continuous and systematic as to render [it] essentially at 12 home” for purposes of general jurisdiction). 13 In the Opposition, plaintiff for the first time alleges 14 a relationship between the original seller of the tractor, the 15 supplier of the hydraulic system, and Alfagomma. (Opp’n at 6 16 (Docket No. 14).) Plaintiff contends that “[a]ny . . . Alfagomma 17 entities should expect a product they sell to a global company 18 would be sold and made available to sellers around the world, 19 such as in California, in this case.” (Id.) Ignoring the fact 20 that these allegations are nowhere in the Complaint, plaintiff’s 21 contention that a “global company” would know its products would 22 1 Alfagomma argues that the court lacks jurisdiction 23 because Alfagomma has never engaged in business operations, advertised, or otherwise solicited business in California; is not 24 registered to do business in California; does not pay California taxes; did not construct, design, manufacture, assemble, 25 distribute, or sell the tractor or hydraulic system at issue; and did not place hydraulic system at issue into commerce. (See Mot. 26 at 3-4, 8-9 (Docket No. 13).) Further, Alfagomma argues that 27 “the [c]omplaint does not allege that Alfagomma sold this product -- the hydraulic system at issue -- directly or purposefully into 28 California.” (Id. at 9) (emphasis in original). 1 be sold in California is insufficient to establish specific 2 jurisdiction. See Schwarzenegger v, 374 F.3d at 802 (plaintiff 3 must show that defendant “purposefully directed its activities 4 toward California”). See also Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (“[A] 5 defendant’s awareness that the stream of commerce may or will 6 sweep the product into the forum State does not convert the mere 7 act of placing the product into the stream into an act 8 purposefully directed toward the forum State.”). 9 Finally, plaintiff alleges that the relationship 10 between the original seller of the tractor, the supplier of the 11 hydraulic system, and Alfagomma is sufficient to establish 12 jurisdiction. 2 (Opp’n at 6-7.) The fact that the original 13 seller of the tractor may be subject to the court’s jurisdiction 14 is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over 15 Alfagomma. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co v. Superior Court of 16 Cal., 582 U.S.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 ----oo0oo---- 11 12 CALIFORNIA CAPITAL INSURANCE No. 2:22-cv-02305 WBS KJN COMPANY as subrogee of its 13 insureds Richard Carli and Marguerite Carli, 14 MEMORANDUM AND ORDER RE: Plaintiff, DEFENDANT AFLAGOMMA AMERICA, 15 INC.’S MOTION TO DISMISS v. 16 CNH INDUSTRIAL AMERICA LLC; 17 ALFAGOMMA AMERICA INC.; and DOES 1 through 25, inclusive, 18 Defendants. 19
20 21 ----oo0oo---- 22 Plaintiff California Capital Insurance Company, as 23 subrogee of its insureds Richard Carli and Marguerite Carli 24 (“insureds”), brought this action against defendants CNH 25 Industrial America LLC (“CNH Industrial”) and Alfagomma America 26 Inc. (“Alfagomma”) in California Superior Court alleging claims 27 for negligence and products liability. (Docket No. 1.) 28 Defendants removed the action to this court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1 § 1332. (Id.) Before the court is defendant Alfagomma’s motion 2 to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) and 3 12(b)(6). (Docket No. 13.) The court will first address the 4 motion under Rule 12(b)(2) and the issue of personal 5 jurisdiction. 6 Due process requires that for a nonresident defendant 7 to be subject to the court’s jurisdiction, the defendant must 8 “have certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that 9 the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions 10 of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe Co. v. 11 Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (citation omitted). The 12 strength of contacts required depends on which of the two 13 categories of personal jurisdiction a litigant invokes: general 14 jurisdiction or specific jurisdiction. Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 15 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 16 U.S. 117, 126 (2014)). 17 General jurisdiction exists where a corporation “is 18 fairly regarded as at home.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, 19 S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011). A corporation is 20 considered “at home” in its place of incorporation and its 21 principal place of business. Daimler, 571 U.S. at 137. A 22 corporation is also considered “at home” where its “affiliations 23 with the State are so continuous and systematic as to render [it] 24 essentially at home in the forum State.’” Id. at 139 (internal 25 quotations and citation omitted). However, general jurisdiction 26 does not arise “in every State in which a corporation engages in 27 a substantial, continuous, and systematic course of business.” 28 Id. at 138. Cf. Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 1 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021) (explaining that because general 2 jurisdiction “extends to any and all claims brought against a 3 defendant . . . . [o]nly a select set of affiliations with a 4 forum will expose a defendant to such sweeping jurisdiction”) 5 (citation and internal quotations omitted). 6 Specific jurisdiction, by contrast, exists when a case 7 “arise[s] out of or relate[s] to the defendant’s contacts with 8 the forum.” Daimler, 571 U.S. at 127 (citation and quotations 9 omitted). To be subject to specific jurisdiction, “[t]he 10 defendant . . . must take ‘some act by which [it] purposefully 11 avails itself of the privilege of conducting activities with the 12 forum State.’” Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 124 (quoting Hanson 13 v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958)). 14 The Ninth Circuit uses a three-prong test to determine 15 whether specific jurisdiction exists: (1) “[t]he non-resident 16 defendant must purposefully direct his activities” towards the 17 forum state; (2) the claim must arise out of or relate to the 18 defendant’s forum-related activities; and (3) “the exercise of 19 jurisdiction must comport with fair play and substantial justice 20 . . .” Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 21 802 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation and internal quotations omitted). 22 Here, plaintiff fails to allege facts sufficient to 23 establish either general or specific jurisdiction. Alfagomma is 24 incorporated in Iowa and has its principal place of business in 25 Iowa. (See Notice of Removal at 2 (Docket No. 1).) In the 26 Complaint, plaintiff alleges that Alfagomma (1) sells and or 27 distributes its products in every county in California and (2) 28 “was in the business of constructing, designing, manufacturing, 1 assembling, distributing, and/or selling hydraulic components, 2 including . . . the hydraulic system installed in the 3 [tractor].”1 (Compl. ¶¶ 5, 7.) Such allegations, without more, 4 are insufficient to establish either general or specific personal 5 jurisdiction in California. See Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. 6 Superior Court of Cal., 480 U.S. 102, 112 (1987) (“The placement 7 of a product into the stream of commerce, without more, is not an 8 act of the defendant purposefully directed toward the forum 9 State” for purposes of specific jurisdiction); Daimler, 571 U.S. 10 at 139 (a corporation’s affiliations with the forum State must be 11 “so continuous and systematic as to render [it] essentially at 12 home” for purposes of general jurisdiction). 13 In the Opposition, plaintiff for the first time alleges 14 a relationship between the original seller of the tractor, the 15 supplier of the hydraulic system, and Alfagomma. (Opp’n at 6 16 (Docket No. 14).) Plaintiff contends that “[a]ny . . . Alfagomma 17 entities should expect a product they sell to a global company 18 would be sold and made available to sellers around the world, 19 such as in California, in this case.” (Id.) Ignoring the fact 20 that these allegations are nowhere in the Complaint, plaintiff’s 21 contention that a “global company” would know its products would 22 1 Alfagomma argues that the court lacks jurisdiction 23 because Alfagomma has never engaged in business operations, advertised, or otherwise solicited business in California; is not 24 registered to do business in California; does not pay California taxes; did not construct, design, manufacture, assemble, 25 distribute, or sell the tractor or hydraulic system at issue; and did not place hydraulic system at issue into commerce. (See Mot. 26 at 3-4, 8-9 (Docket No. 13).) Further, Alfagomma argues that 27 “the [c]omplaint does not allege that Alfagomma sold this product -- the hydraulic system at issue -- directly or purposefully into 28 California.” (Id. at 9) (emphasis in original). 1 be sold in California is insufficient to establish specific 2 jurisdiction. See Schwarzenegger v, 374 F.3d at 802 (plaintiff 3 must show that defendant “purposefully directed its activities 4 toward California”). See also Asahi, 480 U.S. at 112 (“[A] 5 defendant’s awareness that the stream of commerce may or will 6 sweep the product into the forum State does not convert the mere 7 act of placing the product into the stream into an act 8 purposefully directed toward the forum State.”). 9 Finally, plaintiff alleges that the relationship 10 between the original seller of the tractor, the supplier of the 11 hydraulic system, and Alfagomma is sufficient to establish 12 jurisdiction. 2 (Opp’n at 6-7.) The fact that the original 13 seller of the tractor may be subject to the court’s jurisdiction 14 is insufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over 15 Alfagomma. See Bristol-Myers Squibb Co v. Superior Court of 16 Cal., 582 U.S. 255, 268 (2017) (“The bare fact that BMS 17 contracted with a California distributor is not enough to 18 establish personal jurisdiction in the State.”). 19 Plaintiff has failed to allege that Alfagomma is 20 subject to either general or specific jurisdiction in California. 21 Accordingly, this court lacks personal jurisdiction over 22 Alfagomma, and must therefore grant the motion to dismiss. 23 2 At oral argument, counsel for plaintiff asked the court 24 for leave to conduct jurisdictional discovery in the form of ten interrogatories directed to discover the relationship between 25 Alfagomma and the original seller before ruling on the moton. However, the information plaintiff purports to seek has already 26 been provided in some detail in the Usuelli Declaration attached 27 as Exhibit 1 to Alfagomma’s motion. (See Mot., Ex. 1 (“Usuelli Decl.”) (Docket No. 13-1).) The court therefore sees no purpose 28 in permitting these interrogatories. eee ee RII IRE IE IDE III II OE IER OE IIE ON EO
1 Because the court grants the motion under Rule 12(b) (2), it need 2 not address whether the complaint should be dismissed as against 3 | Alfagomma under Rule 12(b) (6) for failure to state claims for 4 | negligence and products liability. (See Mot. at 10-13.). 5 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that defendant Alfagomma’s 6 | motion to dismiss (Docket No. 13) be, and the same hereby is 7 | GRANTED. Plaintiff has twenty days from the date of this Order 8 to file an amended complaint, if it can do so consistent with 9 | this Order. 10 | Dated: April 4, 2023 he ble 4. Ad. 11 WILLIAM B. SHUBB UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28