MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this FILED Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as Sep 05 2017, 6:16 am precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, CLERK Indiana Supreme Court collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Mark K. Leeman Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Leeman Law Office and Cass County Attorney General of Indiana Public Defender Katherine Cooper Logansport, Indiana Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Byron Snelbaker, September 5, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 09A05-1704-CR-756
v. Appeal from the Cass Superior Court The Hon. Richard Maughmer, Judge State of Indiana, Trial Court Cause No. 09D02-1610-F5-59 Appellee-Plaintiff.
Bradford, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] Appellant-Defendant Byron Snelbaker pled guilty to two counts of Level 5
felony battery and one count of Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement and
admitted to being a habitual offender. The trial court imposed two consecutive
six-year sentences for Snelbaker’s battery convictions—enhanced six years by
virtue of Snelbaker’s habitual offender status—for an aggregate sentence of
eighteen years of incarceration. Snelbaker contends that the trial court erred in
imposing consecutive sentences for his two battery convictions and that those
convictions violate constitutional and common-law prohibitions against double
jeopardy. Because we disagree, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] On October 24, 2016, Snelbaker was driving his girlfriend’s gray Honda in
Logansport without a license. When Logansport Police Officer Mark Van
Horn attempted to stop Snelbaker, he fled, running through a number of stop
signs and red lights and eventually exceeding 120 miles per hour. The police
pursuit of Snelbaker eventually proceeded into Carroll County before returning
to Cass County. When a stop stick blew out Snelbaker’s right front tire, he
continued to flee from the police.
[3] At one point, a police vehicle driven by Logansport Police Officer Shonn
Parmeter pulled in front of Snelbaker, who attempted to force the police vehicle
from the road by intentionally steering his vehicle into the officer’s. Officer
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 2 of 8 Parmeter sustained injuries when Snelbaker’s vehicle struck his. Eventually,
near an airport, police officers executed a maneuver that forced Snelbaker from
the road into a field. In the field, Snelbaker again intentionally struck Officer
Parmeter’s occupied police vehicle with his.
[4] On October 25, 2016, the State charged Snelbaker with Level 5 felony battery
with a deadly weapon, Level 5 felony battery resulting in bodily injury to a
public safety officer, and Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement. On
February 15, 2017, the State added a habitual offender allegation. On February
24, 2017, without a written plea agreement, Snelbaker pled guilty to all charges
and admitted his habitual offender status. On April 3, 2017, the trial court
sentenced Snelbaker to six years of incarceration for each battery conviction, to
be served consecutively, and two and one-half years for resisting law
enforcement, to be served concurrently with the battery sentences. The trial
court enhanced Snelbaker’s twelve-year sentence by six years by virtue of his
habitual offender status, for an aggregate sentence of eighteen years.
Discussion and Decision I. Consecutive Sentences [5] Snelbaker contends that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing
consecutive sentences for his two Level 5 battery convictions, one by means of a
deadly weapon and one on a public safety officer resulting in injury.
The determination of a defendant’s sentence is within the trial court’s discretion, and will be reversed only upon a showing of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 3 of 8 abuse of discretion. Pritscher v. State, 675 N.E.2d 727, 729 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). The legislature prescribes penalties for crimes and the trial court’s discretion does not extend beyond the statutory limits. Id. Therefore, in reviewing a sentence, we will consider whether it was statutorily authorized. Id. Further, we are duty bound to correct sentences that violate the trial court’s statutory authority to impose consecutive sentences under Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2. Ballard v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
[6] Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2 provides, in part, as follows:
[E]xcept for crimes of violence, … the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct may not exceed the following: …. (2) If the most serious crime for which the defendant is sentenced is a Level 5 felony, the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment may not exceed seven (7) years. [7] Snelbaker correctly notes that neither of his battery convictions are crimes of
violence as defined in Indiana Code subsection 35-50-1-2(a). Snelbaker,
however, must also establish that his two battery convictions arose out of a
single episode of criminal conduct. Snelbaker has failed to establish that this is
the case.
[8] An “episode of criminal conduct” refers to “offenses or a connected series of
offenses that are closely related in time, place, and circumstance.” Ind. Code §
§ 35-50-1-2(b). Whether multiple offenses constitute a single episode of
criminal conduct is a fact-sensitive inquiry to be determined by the trial court.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 4 of 8 Schlichter v. State, 779 N.E.2d 1155, 1157 (Ind. 2002). In making this
determination, we look to the simultaneous and contemporaneous nature of the
crimes, which would constitute a single episode of criminal conduct. Reed v.
State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1200 (Ind. 2006). Separate offenses are not part of a
single episode of criminal conduct when a full account of each crime can be
given without referring to the other offenses. Reeves v. State., 953 N.E.2d 665,
671 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied.
[9] One of Snelbaker’s battery convictions required proof that he committed a
battery on the road during the chase that injured a public safety officer, while
the other required proof that he committed a battery in the field using a deadly
weapon. Although the limited record does not indicate how far apart in time
these two crimes occurred, each stands alone, and a full account of each can be
given without referring to the other. In other words, the crimes occurred in
different places and under different circumstances, and even if we assume they
the second battery occurred not long after the first, they certainly were not
simultaneous. Snelbaker has failed to establish that the trial court abused its
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MEMORANDUM DECISION Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this FILED Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded as Sep 05 2017, 6:16 am precedent or cited before any court except for the purpose of establishing the defense of res judicata, CLERK Indiana Supreme Court collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Mark K. Leeman Curtis T. Hill, Jr. Leeman Law Office and Cass County Attorney General of Indiana Public Defender Katherine Cooper Logansport, Indiana Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Byron Snelbaker, September 5, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No. 09A05-1704-CR-756
v. Appeal from the Cass Superior Court The Hon. Richard Maughmer, Judge State of Indiana, Trial Court Cause No. 09D02-1610-F5-59 Appellee-Plaintiff.
Bradford, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 1 of 8 Case Summary [1] Appellant-Defendant Byron Snelbaker pled guilty to two counts of Level 5
felony battery and one count of Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement and
admitted to being a habitual offender. The trial court imposed two consecutive
six-year sentences for Snelbaker’s battery convictions—enhanced six years by
virtue of Snelbaker’s habitual offender status—for an aggregate sentence of
eighteen years of incarceration. Snelbaker contends that the trial court erred in
imposing consecutive sentences for his two battery convictions and that those
convictions violate constitutional and common-law prohibitions against double
jeopardy. Because we disagree, we affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [2] On October 24, 2016, Snelbaker was driving his girlfriend’s gray Honda in
Logansport without a license. When Logansport Police Officer Mark Van
Horn attempted to stop Snelbaker, he fled, running through a number of stop
signs and red lights and eventually exceeding 120 miles per hour. The police
pursuit of Snelbaker eventually proceeded into Carroll County before returning
to Cass County. When a stop stick blew out Snelbaker’s right front tire, he
continued to flee from the police.
[3] At one point, a police vehicle driven by Logansport Police Officer Shonn
Parmeter pulled in front of Snelbaker, who attempted to force the police vehicle
from the road by intentionally steering his vehicle into the officer’s. Officer
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 2 of 8 Parmeter sustained injuries when Snelbaker’s vehicle struck his. Eventually,
near an airport, police officers executed a maneuver that forced Snelbaker from
the road into a field. In the field, Snelbaker again intentionally struck Officer
Parmeter’s occupied police vehicle with his.
[4] On October 25, 2016, the State charged Snelbaker with Level 5 felony battery
with a deadly weapon, Level 5 felony battery resulting in bodily injury to a
public safety officer, and Level 6 felony resisting law enforcement. On
February 15, 2017, the State added a habitual offender allegation. On February
24, 2017, without a written plea agreement, Snelbaker pled guilty to all charges
and admitted his habitual offender status. On April 3, 2017, the trial court
sentenced Snelbaker to six years of incarceration for each battery conviction, to
be served consecutively, and two and one-half years for resisting law
enforcement, to be served concurrently with the battery sentences. The trial
court enhanced Snelbaker’s twelve-year sentence by six years by virtue of his
habitual offender status, for an aggregate sentence of eighteen years.
Discussion and Decision I. Consecutive Sentences [5] Snelbaker contends that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing
consecutive sentences for his two Level 5 battery convictions, one by means of a
deadly weapon and one on a public safety officer resulting in injury.
The determination of a defendant’s sentence is within the trial court’s discretion, and will be reversed only upon a showing of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 3 of 8 abuse of discretion. Pritscher v. State, 675 N.E.2d 727, 729 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). The legislature prescribes penalties for crimes and the trial court’s discretion does not extend beyond the statutory limits. Id. Therefore, in reviewing a sentence, we will consider whether it was statutorily authorized. Id. Further, we are duty bound to correct sentences that violate the trial court’s statutory authority to impose consecutive sentences under Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2. Ballard v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).
[6] Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2 provides, in part, as follows:
[E]xcept for crimes of violence, … the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct may not exceed the following: …. (2) If the most serious crime for which the defendant is sentenced is a Level 5 felony, the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment may not exceed seven (7) years. [7] Snelbaker correctly notes that neither of his battery convictions are crimes of
violence as defined in Indiana Code subsection 35-50-1-2(a). Snelbaker,
however, must also establish that his two battery convictions arose out of a
single episode of criminal conduct. Snelbaker has failed to establish that this is
the case.
[8] An “episode of criminal conduct” refers to “offenses or a connected series of
offenses that are closely related in time, place, and circumstance.” Ind. Code §
§ 35-50-1-2(b). Whether multiple offenses constitute a single episode of
criminal conduct is a fact-sensitive inquiry to be determined by the trial court.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 4 of 8 Schlichter v. State, 779 N.E.2d 1155, 1157 (Ind. 2002). In making this
determination, we look to the simultaneous and contemporaneous nature of the
crimes, which would constitute a single episode of criminal conduct. Reed v.
State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1200 (Ind. 2006). Separate offenses are not part of a
single episode of criminal conduct when a full account of each crime can be
given without referring to the other offenses. Reeves v. State., 953 N.E.2d 665,
671 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied.
[9] One of Snelbaker’s battery convictions required proof that he committed a
battery on the road during the chase that injured a public safety officer, while
the other required proof that he committed a battery in the field using a deadly
weapon. Although the limited record does not indicate how far apart in time
these two crimes occurred, each stands alone, and a full account of each can be
given without referring to the other. In other words, the crimes occurred in
different places and under different circumstances, and even if we assume they
the second battery occurred not long after the first, they certainly were not
simultaneous. Snelbaker has failed to establish that the trial court abused its
discretion in imposing consecutive sentences for his two battery convictions.1
1 At least at the time of his guilty plea, Snelbaker must have shared our view in that he pled guilty to these two separate incidents and crimes.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 5 of 8 II. Double Jeopardy 2
[10] Snelbaker also argues that his two Level 5 felony battery convictions violate
prohibitions against double jeopardy. In Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32
(Ind. 1999), the Indiana Supreme Court held “that two or more offenses are the
‘same offense’ in violation of Article I, Section 14 of the Indiana Constitution,
if, with respect to … the actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements
of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another
challenged offense.” Id. at 49-50.
To show that two challenged offenses constitute the “same offense” in a claim of double jeopardy, a defendant must demonstrate a reasonable possibility that the evidentiary facts used by the fact-finder to establish the essential elements of one offense may also have been used to establish the essential elements of a second challenged offense. Id. at 53. “In determining the facts used by the fact-finder to establish the
elements of each offense, it is appropriate to consider the charging information,
jury instructions, and arguments of counsel.” Lee v. State, 892 N.E.2d 1231,
1234 (Ind. 2008) (citing Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d at 832 (Ind. 2002);
Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 54 n.48).
[11] Here, even on the limited record generated at Snelbaker’s guilty plea hearing, it
is clear that his two battery convictions do not violate the “actual evidence”
2 The State contends that Snelbaker waived any claim that his convictions violate prohibitions against double jeopardy by pleading guilty. Rather than address the State’s waiver argument, we choose to address Snelbaker’s claim directly and express no opinion on the merits of the State’s argument.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 6 of 8 test. As charged, one of Snelbaker’s battery convictions required proof that he
committed a battery that injured a public safety officer, while the other required
proof that he committed a battery using a deadly weapon. The factual basis
included separate facts supporting each of these convictions. Supporting the
first charge, Snelbaker affirmed that he intentionally ran his car into Officer
Parmeter’s in an attempt to force him from the road and that the impacts
caused the officer pain and swelling. As for the second charge, Snelbaker
affirmed that later, in a field, he intentionally “slammed” his vehicle into
Officer Parmeter’s occupied police vehicle. Tr. Vol. II p. 12. At the very least,
the two convictions involve different impacts at different times and places (on
the road and later in the field), and the first is supported by evidence of bodily
injury that is irrelevant to the second. Snelbaker’s two battery convictions were
not supported by the same actual evidence.
[12] Snelbaker also argues that his two battery convictions violate an Indiana
common-law prohibition against double jeopardy, namely “‘[c]onviction and
punishment for a crime which consists of the very same act as another crime for
which the defendant has been convicted and punished.’” Guyton v. State, 771
N.E.2d 1141, 1143 (Ind. 2002) (quoting Richardson, 717 N.E.2d at 56 (Sullivan,
J., concurring)). As mentioned, Snelbaker’s two battery convictions were based
on two acts—Snelbaker running his car into Officer Parmeter’s as he tried to
force him from the road and then then running his car into Officer Parmeter’s
again in the field after Snelbaker had been cornered. Snelbaker’s argument is
based on his contention that the charging informations for the two batteries are
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 7 of 8 similar. Be that as it may, the factual basis at Snelbaker’s guilty plea hearing
makes it clear that two distinct acts supported the two battery convictions.
Snelbaker’s two battery convictions do not constitute being punished twice for
the same act.
[13] We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
May, J., and Barnes, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 09A05-1704-CR-756 | September 5, 2017 Page 8 of 8