Butler v. Holt-Williamson Manufacturing Co.

109 S.E. 559, 182 N.C. 547, 1921 N.C. LEXIS 269

• Court: Supreme Court of North Carolina
• Decided: November 30, 1921
• Status: Published

Opinion

Adams, J.

First at the close of the plaintiff’s evidence, and afterward at the conclusion of all the evidence, the defendant made a motion to dismiss the action as in case of nonsuit. Exception was duly entered to the court’s denial of each motion. By the express terms of the statute the defendant has the benefit only of the latter exception. C. S., 567; Riley v. Stone, 169 N. C., 423. Therefore, all the evidence introduced at the trial must be accepted as true and construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Rush v. McPherson, 176 N. C., 562.

The evidence introduced by the plaintiff tended to show that the mayor of the city of Fayetteville had administered the official oath to Mazingo, who was to serve the defendant, not the city, in the dual capacity of night watchman and special policeman; that on the evening of 3 August, 1920, the plaintiff, while on the defendant’s premises, was arrested by Mazingo without a warrant, restrained of his liberty in the mill office, carried thence in a car by Mazingo and a city policeman to police headquarters, and there confined in a cell for the space of one hour; that he was then released from custody, having given bond to appear for trial on the day following; and that upon the hearing he was discharged by the court for want of sufficient evidence. The record does not show definitely that the mayor of the city administered the official oath to Mazingo at the request of the defendant, but it does tend to show that Mazingo had served the defendant as night watchman for a period of four years. There was other evidence tending to corroborate the testimony of the plaintiff concerning the circumstances under which the arrest was made. 'While we express no opinion as to its weight, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to justify his Honor in declining the defendant’s motion.

It is not necessary to discuss all the other exceptions entered of record for the reason that one instruction which his Honor gave the jury entitles the defendant to a new trial. In the argument here the defendant emphasized the contention that if Mazingo in fact made the arrest he did so without the defendant’s knowledge or authority, and that there was no evidence of ratification. Whether Mazingo, at the time of the arrest, was acting in the capacity of special policeman for the city, or in the capacity of night watchman for the defendant was a question directly relevant to the defendant’s contention. If he made the arrest while purporting to act as night watchman, whether he was acting within the scope of bis authority, likewise, became a vital question. The defendant insisted that Mazingo bad no authority to perform any duty or to do any act on its behalf outside the wire fence which inclosed the mill, the dye-house, and the warehouses; and that as the arrest was effected outside this inclosure, the defendant was not liable in damages to the plaintiff.

His Honor delivered his charge to the jury just before the midday recess, and, upon reconvening the court, recalled the jury and gave the following additional instructions, which are.numbered merely for the purpose of convenient reference:

1. “I am not sure that I made the statement to you that I intended to make in connection with the rest of my charge, and that was this: that if the arrest was wrongfully made by Mazingo and made about the company's business and within the scope of his employment, and if you are satisfied by the greater weight of the evidence, then you will answer the first issue ‘Yes.’

2. “I intended in that same connection to tell you that if Mazingo made the arrest as night watchman, and while in the performance of his duty to the company, and within the scope of his employment, that would be a wrongful arrest, but before you can answer that issue ‘Yes,’ you would have to determine whether he was doing it about the company’s business and within the scope of his employment. You will take this in connection with the rest of the charge I gave you.

3. “In other words, I called you back because I could not remember whether I told you that it would be a wrongful arrest for Mazingo to arrest the plaintiff if he was then acting as night watchman; that would make it wrongful, because as night watchman, according to ■ his own contention, or the contention of the defendant, he had no right to make an arrest outside of the mill inclosure. You will take that in connection with the rest of my charge.”

To the paragraphs numbered two and three the defendant excepted.

All the evidence of the defendant directly relevant to the question tended to show that Mazingo was employed to do certain work inside the wire fence, and not elsewhere; that he was not engaged to perform any duty for the defendant beyond the defined area; that he had never exercised or pretended to exercise any authority on behalf of the defendant outside this inclosure; that he received his instructions from the defendant, and knew the limit of his authority.

In Labatt’s Master and Servant, sec. 2480, it is said: “The terms upon which a special policeman is appointed are usually such as to limit the exercise of his powers to a certain area. For wrongful arrest made by him at a place which was clearly outside that area, in respect of an offense previously committed, the party at whose ■ request he was appointed cannot be held liable, even though the act was of such a description that, if tbe element of locality were abstracted, the aggrieved party would have been entitled to recover.” And in Wood’s Law of Master and Servant: “The question usually presented is whether, as a matter of fact or of law, the injury was received under such circumstances that under the employment the master can be said to have authorized the act, for if he did not, either in fact or in law, he cannot be made chargeable for its consequences, because, not having been done under authority from him, express or implied, it can in no sense be said to be his act.” Sec. 279.

The question is discussed by Walker, J., in Daniel v. R. R., 136 N. C., 517, in which are cited a number of the leading decisions. Upon a review of these authorities his conclusion is this: “It may then be gathered from the books as a general rule, which is clearly applicable to the facts of this case, that if the servant, instead of doing that which he is employed to do does something else which he is not employed to do at all, the master cannot be said to do it by his servant, and, therefore, is not responsible for what he does. It is not sufficient that the act showed that he did it with the intent to benefit or to serve the master. It must be something done in attempting to do what the master has employed the servant to do. Mitchell v. Crasweller, 76 E. C. L., 246; Limpus v. L. G. O. Co., 32 L. J. (Exch.), 34. Nor does the question of liability depend on the quality of the act, but rather upon the question whether it has been performed in the line of duty and within the scope of the authority conferred by the master. The facts of this case do not bring it within the principle.”

Mazingo testified that he was employed to serve as night watchman in the inclosure; to stay within it; to “look out for the boilers”; and to see that no one interfered with any of the inclosed property. His testimony was corroborated by that of the defendant’s superintendent.

The arrest was made on a remote part of the defendant’s property outside the inclosure. If, then, the jury should find the facts to be as contended by the defendant, it is obvious that Mazingo was not acting within the scope of his authority when he made the arrest.

In paragraph three of the instructions referred to his Honor expressly told the jury that the arrest was wrongful if made by Mazingo as night watchman, and at the same time permitted the jury, in response to the instruction in paragraph two, to pass upon the question whether Mazingo as night watchman was acting within the scope of his authority, without applying the instruction to the defendant’s version of the evidence.

"Without having tendered a written request, the defendant was entitled to the further instruction that if the jury should find from the evidence that Mazingo was employed to do certain work inside the inclosure, and not elsewhere, as contended by the defendant, and, laying aside this work, be went outside tbe inelosuxe and made tbe arrest a considerable distance away, particularly at tbe instance of Eoyall or Brock, tbey should answer tbe issue in tbe negative, because in that event be would not be acting witbin tbe scope of bis authority.

In Real Estate Co. v. Moser, 175 N. C., 259, it is said: “Tbe instruction given is correct as far as it goes, but tbe judge failed to state tbe defendant’s contention and to instruct tbe jury that tbe defendant bad a right to withdraw bis proposition under certain conditions, and what those conditions were. Even without a specific instruction it was incumbent upon tbe judge to do this, for when tbe judge assumes to charge and .correctly charges the law upon one phase of tbe evidence, tbe charge is incomplete unless it embraces tbe law as applicable to tbe respective contentions of each party, and such failure is reversible error.” Jarrett v. High Point Co., 144 N. C., 299; Lea v. Utilities Co., 176 N. C., 514.

His Honor’s omission to instruct tbe jury more definitely upon tbe law and tbe evidence relative to tbe scope of Mazingo’s authority was evidently prejudicial, and entitles tbe defendant to a

New trial.