Busby v. Invoca, Inc.

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: March 14, 2025
• Docket: 3:24-cv-05542
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 RUHSON BUSBY, et al., Case No. 24-cv-05542-JD

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER RE MOTION TO DISMISS v. 9

10 INVOCA, INC., Defendant. 11

12 13 Invoca, Inc.’s motion to dismiss, Dkt. No. 23, is denied. For plaintiffs’ first claim, the 14 FAC plausibly alleges that Invoca is a “third party wiretapper” that has violated the California 15 Invasion of Privacy Act (CIPA), Cal. Penal Code § 631(a). See Dkt. No. 21 (FAC) ¶¶ 60-74. 16 Invoca says that it is merely an “extension of DISH and DirecTV,” Dkt. No. 23 at 4, but the FAC 17 alleges otherwise, which decides the question at this pleading motions stage. Among other 18 allegations, the FAC says that Invoca is a separate legal entity from DISH and DirecTV, and that 19 DISH and DirecTV are Invoca’s customers. The FAC also alleges that Invoca recorded 20 conversations between plaintiffs and DISH and DirecTV in which Invoca was not a party. See, 21 e.g., FAC ¶¶ 4-5. In addition, the FAC alleges that Invoca expressly claims the right to 22 independently use data from the calls it recorded to “market” and “enhance” its own services. Id. 23 ¶¶ 46-47. 24 Consequently, this is not a situation where DISH or DirecTV recorded their own 25 conversations as in Rogers v. Ulrich, 52 Cal. App. 3d 894 (1975). Rather, plaintiffs have 26 plausibly alleged that Invoca, a third party, eavesdropped and secretly monitored the conversations 27 plaintiffs had with DISH and DirecTV. This type of conduct is prohibited by Section 631(a). See 1 Invoca’s request to dismiss plaintiffs’ second claim under § 632(a) of CIPA is also denied. 2 Invoca says that plaintiffs failed “to plead both absence of consent and that they had an 3 expectation of privacy in their calls.” Dkt. No. 23 at 10. This is not a fair description of the 4 complaint. The FAC acknowledges that DISH consumers were told that their calls will be 5 “monitored and recorded for quality assurance or training purposes,” and DirecTV consumers 6 were told that their calls will be “recorded for quality assurance.” FAC ¶ 7. These disclosures did 7 not request or obtain plaintiffs’ consent for Invoca to record the calls in the manner alleged. In 8 addition, California Penal Code § 632(c) states that “‘confidential communication’ means any 9 communication carried on in circumstances as may reasonably indicate that any party to the 10 communication desires it to be confined to the parties thereto.” Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged 11 that here, and that expectation does not encompass Invoca. 12 The request to dismiss the CIPA § 637.5 claim is equally unavailing. As Section 637.5(h) 13 states, a person “receiving subscriber information from a satellite or cable television corporation 14 shall be subject to the provisions of” § 637.5. Plaintiffs have plausibly alleged that Invoca is 15 subject to § 637.5(h) and that it engaged in conduct that violated § 637.5(a)(1). 16 Invoca says that plaintiff Casner, as a Pennsylvania citizen, may not assert “a Pennsylvania 17 WESCA claim and a California CIPA claim as a purported member of a nationwide class based on 18 the same alleged conduct,” because a “[p]laintiff cannot assert violation[s] of two state laws based 19 on the same conduct.” Dkt. No. 23 at 11-12. Invoca cites no controlling law for this proposition, 20 and the proposition is doubtful as a suggestion to bar the accepted practice of pleading claims in 21 alternative ways. In any event, questions of class definition and claims are properly addressed in 22 class certification proceedings, and not in a motion to dismiss. 23 For plaintiff Casner’s claim under Pennsylvania’s Wiretapping and Electronic 24 Surveillance Control Act, 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 5701 et seq., Invoca says that the claim “fails for 25 the same reasons that the CIPA § 632(a) claim fails.” Dkt. No. 23 at 13. For the same reasons 26 that the CIPA § 632(a) claim may go forward, then, the WESCA claim too can go forward. 27 1 The request to strike the nationwide CIPA class claims under Rule 12(f) is denied. This is 2 || not a proper request under Rule 12(f). Questions of class certification will be decided pursuant to 3 Rule 23, as circumstances warrant. 4 Invoca’s request to dismiss “Casner’s CIPA claim and the nationwide CIPA claims for 5 failure to plead the necessary nexus to California,” Dkt. No. 23 at 15, is denied. Plaintiffs have 6 || alleged that Invoca has its “principal place of business in San Francisco, California,” FAC § 18, 7 and that Invoca recorded, transcribed, and analyzed the calls at issue. There is a plausible 8 inference that the challenged conduct took place in California. If Invoca wishes to challenge that 9 assertion as a matter of fact, that will need to be done under a different provision of the Federal 10 || Rules of Civil Procedure on a more developed factual record. 11 IT IS SO ORDERED. 12 Dated: March 14, 2025

14 JAME NATO I5 Unitedfftates District Judge 16

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