Gaynor, J.
SfecfflcaSSn: pleading This action is to recover damages for alleged malpractice. The plaintiff divides his petition into two counts. In each count, he undertakes to set out a distinct cause of action, upon which he predicates a right to damages,
The first count centers around the escape of a drainage tube into the pleural cavity of the plaintiff on the 6th day of March, 1915. It is the claim of the plaintiff that the defendant was negligent in permitting the drainage tube to escape into the said cavity. , The second count centers around an operation performed in an attempt to remove the tube. Before stating the grounds upon which plaintiff predicates his right to recover, we [1324]*1324may properly state some of the facts which led up to and made it necessary that the plaintiff be operated upon at all. It appears that, on and prior to the 6th day of January, 1915, plaintiff was a resident of Cherokee County, and while there; was taken sick with pleurisy and pneumonia,' some time in January, 1915, and was treated by a local doctor for these troubles until the 20th day of February, 1915, when he was brought to the Homeopathic Hospital at Iowa City. The local doctor testifies that, before plaintiff was taken to Iowa City, he performed a surgical operation on the plaintiff with an aspirating needle. The purpose was to relieve the pus in the pleural cavity. He testified:
“I secured one quart of pus from the pleural cavity. This operation was performed on the 19th day of February. The ailment with which plaintiff was .suffering was a serious disease. It -is difficult to treat, and more so with a history of alcohol, booze, back of it, — -it is very hard. After I found out there was pus in this cavity, and it would be a long-protracted case, I concluded to send the plaintiff to Iowa City.”
He was accordingly taken there on the date aforesaid. The plaintiff was brought to this hospital as a county patient, by one of the trustees of the township in Cherokee County in which he resided. The defendant occupied the chair of-surgery in the State University, and plaintiff was turned over to him for treatment. The defendant’s connection with this Homeopathic Medical College at Iowa City consisted of teaching, and also doing general surgery, such as was found- necessary in the hospital. We take it that he was employed by the state at a fixed salary, and received no compensation for the treatment given patients in the hospital, other than he received from the state. The nurses and medical -staff of this hospital were employed by the board of education of the state,, and were subject to discharge by -them. The defendant’s relationship to the. hospital gave him no authority to employ or discharge internes or nurses. The nurses were assigned to. take care of patients operated upon. The defendant attended the plain[1325]*1325tiff for the first time on February 22, 1915; or, at least, that is tbe first time he saw bim. He diagnosed bis case, and found bim suffering from empyema; found bim in a badly run-down conditiori, as a result of bis previous illness. On tbe 2áth, tbe doctor inserted a needle in tbe chest of plaintiff, for tbe purpose of ascertaining whether be bad pus, or just an ordinary effusion. He found pus in tbe cavity, and that it was necessary to remove it, in order to effect a cure. Thereupon, tbe doctor made an incision about two inches long into tbe cavity, between tbe seventh and eighth ribs, and inserted a tube, for tbe purpose of draining tbe pus from tbe cavity. Tbe tube, after being inserted, was fastened in tbe body of tbe patient by suture :• that is, a needle threaded with silkworm gut was passed through tbe skin and through tbe tube, and then out through tbe skin on tbe'other side, and tied. All doctors agree that this was one of tbe usual and approved methods of inserting and fastening such a tube, at tbe time tbe operation was performed. Thereafter, the doctor saw tbe patient twice a day. In tbe meantime, it was tbe practice of tbe hospital and tbe duty of tbe nurses and internes to dress tbe wound; and this was done. “On tbe 6th day of March, it was discovered by one of tbe nurses that tbe tube bad disappeared. A search was made for it in tbe bed and clothing, and in the dressing that bad been removed from the wound, and it could not be found.
On tbe 22d day of June following, it seemed that tbe wound had closed, so that there was not sufficient drainage, and plaintiff’s temperature was rising. An effort was made then to enlarge tbe opening for better drainage, and an attempt made to administer an anaesthetic; but tbe patient was unable to take tbe anaesthetic, his heart stopped, be quit breathing, and the attendant had to use artificial respiration to bring him back; and further operation was suspended, — at least the defendant so claimed.
The escape of the' tube from its moorings into tbe pleural cavity, and tbe consequences that followed its presence there, serve as a basis for the cause of action alleged by [1326]*1326the plaintiff in the first count of his petition. In stating his cause of action in this count, he says:
“The defendant, in placing or inserting said drainage tube, undertook to secure the same; so as to prevent it from slipping or sliding into the cavity, by making a stitch with a needle, which the plaintiff believes to have been a silk thread through said tube and the flesh or skin of the plaintiff; that the defendant, not regarding his duty to the plaintiff, so carelessly, negligently, and unslcillfully placed the tube in plaintiff’s person, and so negligently failed to properly and safely secure it against slipping, falling, or working into the pleural cavity,' that the tube did escape or work loose from the insecure fastenings, and did slip or work into the person of plaintiff and into the pleural cavity, and remained there until the same was removed, on the 1st day of January, 1916.”
The negligence upon which plaintiff predicates his right to recover in this count is stated in these words:
“1st. That the defendant failed and neglected to use reasonable and proper means of securing said drainage tube to the person of plaintiff, or otherwise, so as to prevent same from slipping or working into the cavity in which it was inserted for drainage purposes.
“2d. That he failed to secure or fasten the tube, to prevent it from slipping or working into the cavity.
“3d. That, knowing the tendency of the tube to slip or work into the cavity, he failed and neglected to take any means whatsoever to prevent the same from working or slipping into the cavity.
“4th. That he failed to use any of the means known to the profession generally to prevent the tube from slipping or working into the cavity.”
He alleges that, by reason of this negligence, the tube slipped or worked into the cavity, producing injurious conseqiiences,- both in- health and loss of time, etc., and expenses incurred. On the allegations of this count, he clams $15,000.
The second count of the petition is predicated on the [1327]*1327alleged negligence of tlie defendant in attempting to remove the tube from plaintiff’s person on the 1st day of January, 1916; and it is alleged that, on that day,' defend- ‘ ant, for the purpose of recovering or removing the tube, performed a surgical operation upon the plaintiff. The negligence charged in this operation is:
(1) That the defendant negligently and carelessly failed to locate, by means of an X-ray, or otherwise, the exact and precise location of the tube in the person of the plaintiff before attempting the operation.
(2) That the defendant, knowing or having means of . knowing the location of said drainage tube in the person of the plaintiff, proceeded to operate upon the plaintiff, without locating or having located the said tube in the person of the plaintiff.
(3) That the defendant was negligent in making a-cut or incision in the plaintiff’s back, and through the nerves', muscles, and flesh of his back, when he knew, or should have known, by the exercise of reasonable care, the extent and size of the cavity into which the aforesaid drainage tube had escaped, and was then located; and was negligent in not ascertaining and knowing that the cavity did not extend around plaintiff’s right side and into his back; that defendant was negligent in mailing a cut or incision into plaintiff’s back, and in severing the nerves, muscles, and cords leading to his right arm, which are involved in the motion of his right arm, when he knew, or should have known, that the drainage tube which he was seeking to recover was located at or about and under the right hippie, and that the cavity did not extend into the right side or back of the plaintiff, beyond a point drawn directly downward from the shoulder blade of the plaintiff on the right side; that, in the operation, the defendant did not locate the drainage tube.
For the consequences that flowed from this alleged negligence, the plaintiff claims $30,000 damages.
It will be noticed that the plaintiff claims to recover for two distinct acts of negligence, one occurring in February, [1328]*13281915, and the other on January 1, 1916. Each act complained of as negligence serves in the pleading as a basis •for a separate cause of action, and the right to recover on either cause of action rests upon the proof offered to establish it. The court submitted each count as separate and distinct causes of action, on which damages could be predicated, if the facts alleged therein had support in the evidence.
Analyzing the first count, for the purpose of ascertaining what the basic facts are, as therein alleged, upon which plaintiff seeks to recover, Ave find it charged, as a basis for recovery, simply that the defendant negligently, carelessly, and unskillfully inserted the tube, in such a way and with such fastenings that, as a result of the negligence of the defendant in fastening the same, it escaped into the pleural cavify of the plaintiff, and caused him serious injury. It is not claimed that the insertion of the tube Avas not necessary, or that it Avas not a proper method to be employed in treating the trouble from Avhich plaintiff Avas then suffering. The claim is that the treatment, though necessary and proper to be done, Avas done in an unskillful Avay; not that the incision was not proper and necessary; not that it Avas not made at the proper place; not that the tube was an improper tube to insert; not that it Avas not inserted at the proper place; but simply that the defendant failed to exercise reasonable care to secure it. It is said that the defendant carelessly, negligently, and unskillfully failed to properly and safely secure it against slipping or falling into the cavity, and that the fact that it did slip loose and escape into the body of the plaintiff Avas due to the negligent manner in which the defendant had secured it. Damages to the person of the plaintiff, it is claimed, followed from its slipping in. The question for the court and the jury was whether or not - the defendant was negligent in not securing it to the person of plaintiff so as to avoid its slipping in. This is the basic fact in the first count, which, if proved, might justify recovery. It must be shoAvn, therefore, that the defendant was, in fact, negligent in the man[1329]*1329ner in which he secured this tube, after he had inserted it, and that his failure to fasten it was the proximate cause of its slipping in, and of the injuries consequent thereupon. It requires no argument to demonstrate that, unless the substantive negligence upon which this cause of action in the first count rests, is proven, the defendant is not answerable for the consequences that follow the slipping of the tube into the pleural cavity. In this count, plaintiff seeks to make the defendant liable for all consequences that follow that act. Among these, he alleges that it became necessary subsequently to perform an operation to remove the tube, and that this operation was not only painful, but very injurious to the plaintiff, and caused him sickness and damage. The subsequent operation could only be considered in determining the damages which the plaintiff is entitled to recover on account of the substantive negligence charged; and it must affirmatively appear that the defendant was guilty of that negligence, before he can be charged with the consequences that follow the act charged to be negligent. It will be borne in mind, in considering this first count, that the operation was necessary and proper, in an effort to bring about a cure of the troubles under which the plaintiff was laboring. It will be borne in mind that no complaint is made of the fact that this defendant performed this operation to remove the pus from the pleural cavity. There is no complaint as to the character of the operation, or the manner in which the operation was performed. There is no complaint made of the method employed by the defendant to bring about the results sought to be attained by the operation. The incision was made, so far as this record shows, just where it should have been made; the tube employed was just such a tube as should have been used; it was inserted in a wound made at the proper place, and for the proper purposes; and the thread used .to fasten it was such thread as is proper to be used in an operation of that kind. The plaintiff charges it to be a silk thread, which might easily have been absorbed; but the proof shows that a thread was used that would not [1330]*1330easily absorb, rot, or give way. The evidence sIioavs that the thread Avas fastened by the use of a needle, to the body of the plaintiff, and that this was the usual A\ray and a proper Avay. The only evidence Ave have that tends in any Avay to negative this is that it did not remain where it Avas fastened, but did escape into the body of the plaintiff. This escape, however, did not occur until some ten days after the operation. In the meantime, the wound made by the incision Avas dressed by nurses, over whom the defendant had no control, who were furnished by the hospital to care for patients placed there and operated upon; and these Avounds were dressed at intervals by these nurses. It appears that, some time after the operation, the stitches made in sewing the wound were removed; but the evidence shows, and the plaintiff testifies, that the stitches were taken out of the incision seven or eight days after the operation. The stitches that held the tube were not taken out. However that may be, there is no direct evidence that the stitches or thread placed there to hold the tube in place, ever came loose; that they were ever discovered to be loose .by anyone, before the tube itself was found to have escaped. Hoav it escaped is not shown. To lay a foundation for liability under the issue tendered, it must affirmatively appear, and there must be evidence in the record, that AArould justify the jury in saying that the escape was due to the negligent manner in which it Avas fastened to the body at the time of the operation. If it be thought that it Avas the duty of the defendant, after the operation, to watch and see that the stitches did not become loose, or loosen,- it should have been so alleged; but it is not so charged upon him as a duty, and no negligence is predicated on this thought in the petition. The charge of negligence is bottomed only on the manner or sufficiency of the fastenings. The doctor srav the patient about twice a day, after the operation. In the meantime, plaiptiff was in the hands of the nurses placed there to care for him by the hospital authorities. It does not appear that the dressing of the Avound Avas had in the presence of the doctor, or that these nurses Avere not skilled in doing the [1331]*1331work which they were required to do in the dressing of the wound. The patient sustained a somewhat different relationship to this doctor, so far as nurses were, concerned, than he would sustain if he were a private patient under the charge of the doctor and of nurses selected and placed in charge by the doctor.
2. Evidence : duty of nurse. However that may be, the defendant undertook to show that it was the duty of the nurses to see that the tube was in, and that the stitches were in place, at the time they dressed the wound, and this question was asked : •
‘‘You stated to counsel on the other side, on cross-examination, that it was a part of your duty to see that the tube was in, and that the stitches were in place there, at the time you dressed the wound? A. Yes. Q. That is a part of the duty of the nurses at the hospital, and was at the time, is that true? ' (Objection sustained.)”
It appears that more than one nurse had charge of this plaintiff after the operation, and more than one nurse in the hospital dressed his wound, and it appears that other nurses were on duty before this nurse went on duty. This is a pertinent inquiry. One who is familiar witli the duties of a nurse in a hospital is competent to say what those duties are. This Avitness was shown to be qualified to testify, and there Avas error in the court in not permitting her to answer this question. It is not sufficient to say that she Avas asked to state her opinion as to the duty of others in respect to the matter inquired about. It Avas a substantive fact, which could he known by experience and observation, and testified to by one who, having experience and observation, was capable of giving the jury information as to the fact. It was important because of the fact that it Avas put before the jury to say, if the matter ultimately came to the jury, Avhose duty it Avas to look after these tubes, and to see that the stitches Avere in place there Avheii the wound was dressed, and that they were not interfered Avitli in the dressing.
[1332]*13323. Physicians and Surgeons : responsibility for negligence of nurse. The theory of the plaintiff rests on the assumption that the tube became loose and slipped into the body through the negligence of the defendant in the manner of the fasteniug. If it was the duty of these nurses, over whom defendant had no control, in his absence to see at all times that the tube was in, and that the stitches were in place when the wound was dressed, a failure to exercise that duty, or a dressing of the wound when stitches were loose from any cause whatsoever, might be substantive negligence on the part of the nurse. The court, in its ninth instruction, said to the jury on this point:
“The evidence in this case discloses the fact that the wounds in plaintiff’s right side which were catised by the operations in question were sometimes dressed by nurses and internes of the Homeopathic College of Medicine of the State Univérsity of IoAva. You are instructed that, unless you find that the defendant Avas negligent in permitting said nurses and internes to dress said wounds, taking into account all of the evidence, facts, and circumstances in the case, he is not responsible for their acts, except in so far as his duty exacted proper treatment of the plaintiff by them.”
The inference Avhich the jury could Avell draAV from this instruction is that they were justified in finding actionable negligence on the part of the defendant in permitting the nurses to dress the Avound, and that he is responsible for their acts in dressing the Avound, if he permitted them to dress it. The jury might Avell find that the defendant properly fastened the tube, and Avas guilty of no negligence in the manner in which he fastened it, but that the internes or nurses, Avhose duty it aauis to dress the AAmunds. Avere negligent and careless in the dressing, and because of this, the tube became loosened from its moorings and slipped into the body.
[1333]*1333-4. negligence: inapplicable instructions. [1332]*1332The petition charges no negligence against this defendant in permitting the nurses and internes to dress the [1333]*1333wound. It is not charged that he was negligent in permitting the nurses and internes to dress the wound. He is not charged with any negli- ° 4/0 gence of these nurses in dressing the wound. It is left to the jury to assume that defendant’s duty might exact of him proper treatment by these nurses, and that any improper treatment by them would create a liability on the part of the defendant, if it resulted in injury to the plaintiff, such as is charged. No basis is laid in the pleadings for this instruction, and no basis is laid in the pleading that would justify the jury in charging the defendant with negligence in permitting the nurses and internes to dress the wound, or for their negligence in the manner of dressing. We think the court erred in giving this instruction. It is hornbook law that the negligence charged is the only negligence which a jury can consider, in determining the liability of the party, charged; and, even though other acts of negligence are proven, they do not lay a basis for recovery, unless charged as a basis for recovery. To hold .the defendant liable upon this first count, we must enter the field of speculation with no proof of any substantial fact involving him in negligence. We are satisfied that the court erred in the manner of submitting this first count to the jury.
Some evidence was introduced on the trial tending to show that, in June and July following the discovery of the fact that the tube was missing, and was in the body of the plaintiff, the defendant undertook to operate upon the plaintiff, for the purpose of removing the tube, and that these operations were unsuccessful, and were undoubtedly attended by considerable pain. No negligence is predicated on any act of the defendant’s in connection with these operations. The defendant asked the court to instruct the jury that there is no claim on the part of the plaintiff of any negligence on the part of the defendant in either the June or the July operation; and this the court refused to give. We think this, too, was error. The jury should have been confined to the charge made. There was no charge of negli[1334]*1334gence touching the conduct of the defendant at the June and Juiy operations. The jury should have been affirmatively told that they could not predicate any liability upon any act done by the defendant at that time, and in that effort to remove the tube.
We are satisfied that plaintiff has not made a case under this first count.
This brings us to a consideration of the second count, and the errors relied upon for reversal in the matter of the submission of this count to the jury. We might say here that the evidence took a wider range than is justified by the issues presented.
The substance of the second count has been hereinbefore set out. The court, in its instructions to the jury, took from the jury the claim that the defendant was negligent in failing to locate the tube in the pleural cavity before beginning the operation charged to have been undertaken by him on the 1st day of January. It refused to take away the second ground of negligence alleged. When the court took away the first ground of negligence, it impliedly assumed that there was no negligence on the part of defendant in failing to locate the tube before beginning the operation. It impliedly said to the jury that the defendant did know the location of the tube before commencing the operation. The fact is that an X-ray was taken in December preceding the operation, and this X-ray picture showed the tube and its location. This is not disputed; yet the court submitted to the jury the second ground of negligence: that is, that the defendant proceeded to operate upon the plaintiff without locating or having located the tube in the person of the plaintiff. Why the court should have taken away this first ground of negligence and have submitted the second ground of negligence is not made plain in this record. The first ground of negligence was withdrawn clearly on the ground that the defendant did know the precise location of the tube in the person of the plaintiff before attempting the operation. Why, then, leave it to the jury' to say that he did not know, or to find that lie did not know? Yet this [1335]*1335is the situation here. It was left to the jury as a ground of negligence that the defendant failed to locate the tube before beginning the operation. This was error, and prejudicial error. It left it to the jury to say that this charge of negligence served as a basis for the finding of negligence, when the court, following- the evidence, had already told the jury that it would not serve as a basis for that purpose.
s' physktaxs geons: improper opera-«on from testimony. It is claimed that the manner of the operation was not shown to be negligent. Plaintiff called no expert witnesses to testify to whether the manner of operation of this last operation was approved by the medical profession or not. It is the contention of the defendant that, in the absence of expert ’ x witnesses, the jury was turned loose to speculate upon a scientific question, without the knowledge essential to a proper solution of it. It is true that, in many cases, a proper determination of the controversy requires that laymen be informed, by those expert in the matter, as to what is correct or incorrect practice. It is true that,' in matters of science, and in other matters of which laymen cap have no knowledge, opinions of experts are essential to a correct conclusion by the jury on the disputed matters. Some cases hold that the testimony of experts is conclusive upon the jury. See Moratzky v. Wirth, 74 Minn. 146 (76 N. W. 1032). But cases do arise where physical facts and the natural laws that govern physical life are so well known that a jury, from the facts before it, is able to determine, and correctly, whether the treatment was proper or not. As bearing upon this question, see the laté case of Moehlenbrock v. Parke, Davis & Co., (Minn.) 176 N. W. 169. We think the instant case comes within the exception to the rule requiring expert testimony.
Assuming, now, that the defendant had the X-ray before him, knew exactly where this tube ivas located in the body of the plaintiff, and, in an effort to remove it, cut the body of the plaintiff at such point as would clearly suggest to the mind of the ordinary layman that the wound inflicted [1336]*1336Avas grossly in excess of what Avas reasonably necessary to reach the point Avhere the tube was located, the jury might well find the defendant guilty of negligence. We aat.11 not enter into a discussion of this branch of the case at this time, since the case must be retried, but simply say that we think this is a case AAdiere liability may rest and be shown Avithout the testimony of expert Avitnesses.
The plaintiff has assigned 26 errors. Many of these are well taken, but will not occur upon the trial again, undoubtedly. Many are captious and Aiithout merit.
6. Evidence : competency : subsequent condition as proving prior ’ condition. Why either party introduced evidence touching the operations in June and July, Ave are not able to discover in this record, except only as tending to show the amount of damage which the plaintiff sustained by reason of the original wrong charged against the defendant in the first count. It. certainly furnished no basis for liability. The evidence touching these operations in June and July shoAvs that they were unsuccessful. Defendant claimed that this Avas so because of the physical condition of the plaintiff at that time; that he- was unable to take an anaesthetic. The-operations were not denied. The suffering incident to the operations Aims not denied. Tliat the effort was made to remove the tube by these operations was not denied. That these operations Avere reasonably made necessary by the presence of the tube in the body Avas not denied. If the tube in .the body Avas there through the negligence of the defendant, that evidence Avould be competent; but if the tube Avas not there through the negligence of the defendant, it Avas wholly immaterial, and certainly was irrelevant, for Avant of an issue on that point. Yet, the plaintiff, for the purpose of negativing, we take it, the claim of the defendant that the plaintiff was not able to take an amestheti c, introduced evidence that, in July, a year later, the tube Avas removed by one Dr. Littig, and that, at that time, the plaintiff was able to and did submit to an anaesthetic, without suffering any ill effects therefrom.
It is a general rule that a condition shoAvn to exist is [1337]*1337presume^ to continue until negatived, but this rule applies only to permanent and continuing conditions. The fact that the wind blows from the east today is not evidence that it was blowing from the east on the same day of the week previous. Conditions had changed in the meantime, and the evidence did not tend to negative the claim of the defendant that, a year preceding the operation by Littig, the plaintiff was not in a condition to take an anaesthetic, or to submit to a proper operation to have the tube removed. We say this in view of a new trial.
The law that governs the rights of the parties in this suit is too well settled to require a review at this time. For the errors pointed out, the case is — Reversed.
Weaver, C. J., Ladd and Stevens, JJ., concur.
Supplemental Opinion.
Per Curiam.
7- specification: pleading Plaintiff and defendant have each filed a petition for rehearing. Upon a careful reconsideration of the record, we reach the conclusion that the issues tendered in the first count of plaintiff’s petition should have been submitted to the jury. In our f°rmer opinion, we reached the conclusion that the allegations of Count 1 of plaintiff’s petition went no further than to charge negligence in the method of securing the attachment of the rubber tube to the body of plaintiff, at the time the first operation was performed. Evidence was introduced from which the jury might have found that, notwithstanding the fact that the tube may have been properly secured in the first instance, the defendant later knew that it had broken loose, and that he failed to again secure it. The allegations of this count of plaintiff’s petition are not as clear and explicit as they might well have been made, but we think them sufficient to charge the defendant with negligence in failing and neglecting to again securely attach the tube to plaintiff’s body, after he discovered that it was loose. The con[1338]*1338struction heretofore put upon the pleading is somewhat narrow and technical. In so far, therefore, as we held in our former opinion that the plaintiff was not entitled to have the issues joined upon the first count of his petition submitted to the jury, the opinion is modified and disapproved, and plaintiff’s petition is sustained upon this point, and this issue will be for submission to the jury; otherwise, the petition for rehearing is overruled. Defendant’s petition for rehearing is overruled.