Shaw, C. J.
This is a bill in equity by the plaintiffs as assignees of the estate and effects of Simon H. Allen, an insolvent debtor, under proceedings had by virtue of the insolvent law of 1838. They describe themselves as the assignees of said Allen, and also of said Allen and William Pratt, deceased, late copartners under the firm of Allen & Pratt. We cannot perceive how this last designation of their official character can be sustained on the facts as we understand them. Allen & Pratt were partners in trade, in Shrewsbury; Pratt died February 1st 1839, and administration was granted on his estate. The insolvent proceedings against Allen, under which the plaintiffs were appointed assignees, were instituted in August 1839 six months after Pratt’s death. W? however understand the facts to be, that as the surviving partnei became insolvent, soon after the decease of the other partner, most of the debts due from him and to him were debts due to and from him as surviving [540]*540partner of the firm, so that, practically, the settlement of the affairs of Allen involved to a great degree the settlement of the affairs of the firm ; and so, in a certain sense, the assignees of Allen were the assignees of the property of the late firm.
On the death of one of the partners, the partnership is dissolved, and on such dissolution, the right to recover all debts and choses in action, in his own name, survives to the surviving partner, to enable him to collect all dues ; and-he has a right to the custody and disposal of the personal property so far as is necessary to pay off and discharge all debts due from the partners, but no general and ultimate right of property by survivorship arises, as in case of strict joint tenancy, at the common law. As the plaintiffs have succeeded to all the rights of the debtor, as well in his character of surviving partner, as in his own right, they have no need of the aid of this court to enable them to obtain the possession and control of the personal property of the late - firm, whether it consists in choses in action, or in goods and chattels.
But this bill is brought against the administrator and heir at law of William Pratt, the deceased, to obtain, by a conveyance, sale, or otherwise, the control of an undivided moiety of the real estate therein described, as part of the partnership stock and property, and which the plaintiffs, as assignees, are entitled to avail themselves of to enable them to pay the partnership debts, "which may be proved against the estate of the insolvent, who is the surviving partner.
The first question usually presented in a case in equity is, whether the court has jurisdiction. We think, in the present case, there is no doubt that the court has jurisdiction under that nrovision of the Rev. Sts. c. 81, § 8, which gives jurisdiction m equity, in “all suits between copartners, joint tenants and tenants in common, and their legal representatives.”
By the operation of the insolvent law, the assignee becomes the representative of the insolvent, and may maintain any s fit necessary to the collection of the assets, and the recovery of the property of the insolvent.
And further; if the plaintiffs can recover at all, as the rep* [541]*541resentatives of the creditors of the partners, it is becsuse, by operation of law, the moiety of thé estate, which the defendants’ intestate took, as tenant in common, was liable in equity to be disposed of, and applied to the payment and discharge of the partnership debts ; and if so, the defendants, as administrator, widow and heir at law, took the legal estate clothed with a trust for that purpose, and being a trust 11 arising or resulting by implication of law,” need not be created or declared by an instrumentan writing. Rev. Sts. c. 59, § 30.
We are then brought to the main question, which was discussed at the bar, namely, whether real estate, purchased by partners, for the partnership business, paid for out of their partnership funds, or received in satisfaction for partnership debts, under deeds in common form, conveying the estate to them by their several names, that is, by such a deed as, in case of other parties, would make them tenants in common, shall be considered as partnership stock, and if so, how and in what mode ?
Though there has been much diversity of judicial opinion upon the subject, we think the prevailing opinion now is, that real estate, so acquired, is to be considered at law as the several property of- the partners, as tenants in common ; yet that it is so held, subject to a trust, arising by implication of law, by which it is liable to be sold, and the proceeds brought into the partnership fund, as far as is necessary to pay the debts of the firm, and. to pay any balance, which may be due to the other partners, on a final settlement; and cannot be held by the separate owner, except to the extent of his interest in such final balance. And it follows as a necessary consequence, that when the firm is insolvent, the whole of the property, so held, must be brought into the partnership fund, in order to satisfy the partnership creditors, as far as it will go for that purpose.
And it follows as another necessary consequence, that neither the widow, nor heir at law, can claim any beneficial interest in such estate, until the claims of creditors are first fully satisfied.
For a more full statement of the grounds of this opinion, and an examination of the authorities, we refer to the case of Dyer v. Clark, March term, Suffolk, 1843, which was under consid eration at the same time with the present case.
[542]*542The general principle, providing for the settlement of all partnership debts as well as several debts, and for the application of the joint as well as the several property of debtors, under an insolvent proceeding against one only, is recognized and declared in the insolvent law of 1838, § 21, which provides that when two or more partners become insolvent, a commission may issue against all, and the partnership creditors may prove, and the seperate creditors of each partner may prove their debts, and the assignees shall keep separate accounts, and the proceeds of the joint stock shall be appropriated, in the first instance, to pay partnership debts, and the separate property of each to pay his separate creditors ; and the surplus only, if any, after satisfying the one class of claims, is to be carried to the fund applicable to the satisfaction of the other. Here, what constitutes the joint stock, is not stated ; nor, if it embraces real estate purchased with partnership funds, is it material to consider whether it is so regarded as partnership property, in law or in equity ; because, by force of the statute, all the property legal and equitable, joint and separate, vests in the assignees, for the creditors ; and when they have appropriated it according to the directions of the statute, it is wholly unimportant, whether, in theory of law, they received it as the legal estate of the debtor transferred to them by force of the assignment, or as a trust or right in equity so far to control it, as to make it applicable by a sale or otherwise, to the payment of the partnership debts of the insolvent. .
This provision of the statute also recognizes another principle important to the present case, and one which is adopted as a general rule in distributing the effects of partners; which is, that partnership funds shall first be applied to pay partnership debts, and separate funds to pay separate debts. It is regarded as a rule founded in natural justice, and calculated to do equity.
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Shaw, C. J.
This is a bill in equity by the plaintiffs as assignees of the estate and effects of Simon H. Allen, an insolvent debtor, under proceedings had by virtue of the insolvent law of 1838. They describe themselves as the assignees of said Allen, and also of said Allen and William Pratt, deceased, late copartners under the firm of Allen & Pratt. We cannot perceive how this last designation of their official character can be sustained on the facts as we understand them. Allen & Pratt were partners in trade, in Shrewsbury; Pratt died February 1st 1839, and administration was granted on his estate. The insolvent proceedings against Allen, under which the plaintiffs were appointed assignees, were instituted in August 1839 six months after Pratt’s death. W? however understand the facts to be, that as the surviving partnei became insolvent, soon after the decease of the other partner, most of the debts due from him and to him were debts due to and from him as surviving [540]*540partner of the firm, so that, practically, the settlement of the affairs of Allen involved to a great degree the settlement of the affairs of the firm ; and so, in a certain sense, the assignees of Allen were the assignees of the property of the late firm.
On the death of one of the partners, the partnership is dissolved, and on such dissolution, the right to recover all debts and choses in action, in his own name, survives to the surviving partner, to enable him to collect all dues ; and-he has a right to the custody and disposal of the personal property so far as is necessary to pay off and discharge all debts due from the partners, but no general and ultimate right of property by survivorship arises, as in case of strict joint tenancy, at the common law. As the plaintiffs have succeeded to all the rights of the debtor, as well in his character of surviving partner, as in his own right, they have no need of the aid of this court to enable them to obtain the possession and control of the personal property of the late - firm, whether it consists in choses in action, or in goods and chattels.
But this bill is brought against the administrator and heir at law of William Pratt, the deceased, to obtain, by a conveyance, sale, or otherwise, the control of an undivided moiety of the real estate therein described, as part of the partnership stock and property, and which the plaintiffs, as assignees, are entitled to avail themselves of to enable them to pay the partnership debts, "which may be proved against the estate of the insolvent, who is the surviving partner.
The first question usually presented in a case in equity is, whether the court has jurisdiction. We think, in the present case, there is no doubt that the court has jurisdiction under that nrovision of the Rev. Sts. c. 81, § 8, which gives jurisdiction m equity, in “all suits between copartners, joint tenants and tenants in common, and their legal representatives.”
By the operation of the insolvent law, the assignee becomes the representative of the insolvent, and may maintain any s fit necessary to the collection of the assets, and the recovery of the property of the insolvent.
And further; if the plaintiffs can recover at all, as the rep* [541]*541resentatives of the creditors of the partners, it is becsuse, by operation of law, the moiety of thé estate, which the defendants’ intestate took, as tenant in common, was liable in equity to be disposed of, and applied to the payment and discharge of the partnership debts ; and if so, the defendants, as administrator, widow and heir at law, took the legal estate clothed with a trust for that purpose, and being a trust 11 arising or resulting by implication of law,” need not be created or declared by an instrumentan writing. Rev. Sts. c. 59, § 30.
We are then brought to the main question, which was discussed at the bar, namely, whether real estate, purchased by partners, for the partnership business, paid for out of their partnership funds, or received in satisfaction for partnership debts, under deeds in common form, conveying the estate to them by their several names, that is, by such a deed as, in case of other parties, would make them tenants in common, shall be considered as partnership stock, and if so, how and in what mode ?
Though there has been much diversity of judicial opinion upon the subject, we think the prevailing opinion now is, that real estate, so acquired, is to be considered at law as the several property of- the partners, as tenants in common ; yet that it is so held, subject to a trust, arising by implication of law, by which it is liable to be sold, and the proceeds brought into the partnership fund, as far as is necessary to pay the debts of the firm, and. to pay any balance, which may be due to the other partners, on a final settlement; and cannot be held by the separate owner, except to the extent of his interest in such final balance. And it follows as a necessary consequence, that when the firm is insolvent, the whole of the property, so held, must be brought into the partnership fund, in order to satisfy the partnership creditors, as far as it will go for that purpose.
And it follows as another necessary consequence, that neither the widow, nor heir at law, can claim any beneficial interest in such estate, until the claims of creditors are first fully satisfied.
For a more full statement of the grounds of this opinion, and an examination of the authorities, we refer to the case of Dyer v. Clark, March term, Suffolk, 1843, which was under consid eration at the same time with the present case.
[542]*542The general principle, providing for the settlement of all partnership debts as well as several debts, and for the application of the joint as well as the several property of debtors, under an insolvent proceeding against one only, is recognized and declared in the insolvent law of 1838, § 21, which provides that when two or more partners become insolvent, a commission may issue against all, and the partnership creditors may prove, and the seperate creditors of each partner may prove their debts, and the assignees shall keep separate accounts, and the proceeds of the joint stock shall be appropriated, in the first instance, to pay partnership debts, and the separate property of each to pay his separate creditors ; and the surplus only, if any, after satisfying the one class of claims, is to be carried to the fund applicable to the satisfaction of the other. Here, what constitutes the joint stock, is not stated ; nor, if it embraces real estate purchased with partnership funds, is it material to consider whether it is so regarded as partnership property, in law or in equity ; because, by force of the statute, all the property legal and equitable, joint and separate, vests in the assignees, for the creditors ; and when they have appropriated it according to the directions of the statute, it is wholly unimportant, whether, in theory of law, they received it as the legal estate of the debtor transferred to them by force of the assignment, or as a trust or right in equity so far to control it, as to make it applicable by a sale or otherwise, to the payment of the partnership debts of the insolvent. .
This provision of the statute also recognizes another principle important to the present case, and one which is adopted as a general rule in distributing the effects of partners; which is, that partnership funds shall first be applied to pay partnership debts, and separate funds to pay separate debts. It is regarded as a rule founded in natural justice, and calculated to do equity. It is probably founded on the consideration, that each party has a preferable claim in equity to participate in the fund raised or increased by the credit he has given to the debtor.
Upon the facts set forth in this bill, and admitted by the de murrer, and also as contained in the agreed statement of facts, we are of opinion that the real estate in question must be con [543]*543sidered as partnership property. The partnership was agreed on before the purchase of the land, and the land was purchased for the purpose of building a store in which to carry on the partnership business ; the cost of the land was but a small part of the cost of the estate ; the cost of erecting the building, which was the principal charge, was paid out of the partnership funds. Under these circumstances, it must be deemed part of the joint stock of the partnership, and subject to be applied in equity to partnership purposes.
But, as the above cited provision of the statute does not, m terms, apply to the present case, inasmuch as here there were not two persons in partnership when the application was made, and the warrant issued, a question arose whether the case was within the principle and equity of the statute. The object of this bill is, to require the widow and heirs to do what the partner, if living, would have been bound to do, namely, to apply the moiety of the partnership real estate, held by him, to the payment of the partnership debts. By the decease of one of the partners the partnership was dissolved, and the undivided half of the real estate vested in his heirs at law. But we cannot perceive that this makes any difference in principle. If we are right in the former part of this opinion, then the heirs took the moiety of the deceased partner, subject to a trust for the surviving partner and the creditors ; and it could not be discharged of that trust, till the partnership debts were paid. It is not the dissolution of the partnership, by the decease of one of the partners or otherwise, which discharges the trust ; but the settlement of the partnership account, the discharge of all the partnership debts, and payment of the balance, if any, due to the other partner. Although, therefore, by the decease of one of the partners, and a consid erable lapse of time, before these insolvent proceedings were commenced, the relation between these parties was in some respects changed, yet that change does not affect the right of these plaintiffs to claim the property in question, as estate held in trust by the defendants, for the use of the plaintiffs, as representatives of the creditors of the partners.
A further questior occurred, whether this proceeding is ns* [544]*544cessary, in order to make the real estate applicable to the payment of the debts of the partnership, and whether the creditors have not another remedy at law. This question arises under our statute, varying, in this respect, the rule of the common law. By the common law, the creditor of a partnership had no remedy by action against the estate of the deceased partner. But the Rev. Sts. c. 66, § 27, following St. 1799, c. 57, provide, that where two or more are jointly indebted, and one dies, his estate shall be liable therefor, as if the contract had been joint and several. Connecting this with the familiar provision, here, that the real estate of a deceased debtor may be sold under license, for the payment of debts, it may be contended that this same estate might be applied to the same debts, through the administrator.
But we think there are several answers to this objection. In the first place, the legal estate, thus sold under a license, would be subject to dower, and perhaps other incumbrances, to which, r.s partnership property, it ought not to be subject. The heirs ¡.:t law would take the rents and profits, from the decease of the ancestor to the sale by the administrator. Gibson v. Farley, 16 Mass. 280. But perhaps a more satisfactory answer is, that this would take the management and administration of the property out of the hands of the representatives of the partners, to whom it properly belongs, and the several creditors of the deceased partner would come in pari passu, with the partnership creditors, and thus violate the provisions and defeat the policy of the insolvent law.
This statute provision suggests another inquiry, whether these same creditors, after having proved their claims against the estate of the insolvent, and taken their distributive shares of the whole of the partnership funds, might not, pursuant to the foregoing statute, prove their debts against the estate of the deceased partner, and thus claim a share of the separate property of thr deceased, pari passu with the separate creditors, to their injury How these different statute provisions can be reconciled, and what would be the effect of such proof and claim under tl e statute, when the separate estate of the deceased partner should [545]*545prove insufficient to pay the debts of the separate creditors, are questions, perhaps of some difficulty; but as we think they do not affect the present case, we allude to them, merely to say, that we do not consider them involved in the present decision. See Barclay v. Phelps, (ante, 397.)
On the whole case, the court are of opinion that the plaintiffs, as assignees, are entitled to a decree, by which the estate may be transferred to them, in order that it may be disposed of, and the proceeds applied to the payment of the partnership debts