The opinion of the court was delivered by
Van Syckel, J.
The bill in this ease was filed to foreclose a mortgage held by Timothy Burnet, the complainant, on lands in the village of South- Orange, dated April 10th, 1891.
The village of South Orange is made a defendant because it claims a paramount lien on the mortgaged premises for taxes assessed by it for the years intervening between 1877 and the date of the mortgage, and also for certain taxes assessed since the execution of the mortgage up to and including the year 1897. The prayer is that these taxes may be declared not to be a lien.
The only question involved is whether the lien of these taxes is paramount to the mortgage.
The taxes have not been paid since 1874, except the taxes for the years 1897, 1898 and 1899, which have been paid since the bill was filed.
This is a question of statutory construction, as the lien for taxes has its origin in, and is entirely dependent upon, legislative enactment.
There was no general law establishing the lien of taxes, and giving it priority over other encumbrances on land, until the act of March 14th, 1879, was passed. P. L. of 1879 p. 8J0.
The village of South Orange was incorporated by the act of March 25th, 1869 (P. P. of 1869 p. 6J/5), with very limited powers.
The charter was amended by the act of April 4th, 1872 (P. L. of 1872 p. 1208), and again by the act of 1875. P. L. of 1875 p. 895.
By the twenty-sixth section of the act of 1875 it was provided that the collector of said village “shall collect the taxes in the same manner and at the same time that the taxes in the townships of said county are assessed and collected.”
The correct interpretation of this provision is that the taxes [255]*255in the village shall be collected in the manner, from time to time, provided by law for the collection of taxes in townships, so that any change in the manner of collecting taxes in townships shall apply to the village. Dugan v. Jersey City, 21 Vr. 359; Hohenstatt v. Bridgeton, 33 Vr. 169.
Under the law as it existed prior to 1879 there was no provision making the lien of taxes paramount to that of prior mortgages, and the lien given was lost unless there was a sale for' the taxes within two years. This disposes of the lien for 'the taxes levied prior to 1879, as no such sale was made.
I agree with the view expressed by the ■ vice-chancellor that the-act of 1879, making taxes a paramount lien for two years, and the act of March 17th, 1882, extending the lien to three years, are applicable to villages.
Unless, therefore, subsequent legislation has further extended the lien of the taxes in controversy, the village of South Orange has lost its lien for all taxes levied 'prior to the year 1897.
The act of February 22d, 1888 (P. L. of 1SSS p. 97), and its supplement of March.25th, 1895 (P. L. of 1895 p. 671), make the taxes a prior lien until they are paid, and if these laws are constitutional, the encumbrance of the mortgage is subsequent and subject to their payment.
The title of the act of 1888 is “An act concerning taxes and assessments in villages and other municipal corporations governed by a board of trustees, and making same a first lien on real estate and authorizing sale for the payment of the same.”
The act of March 25th, 1895, is a supplement, with the same title.
The first section of the act of 1888 provides
“that such taxes and assessments as may be lawfully levied, imposed or assessed by any board of trustees of any village or other municipal corporation governed by a board of trustees *. * * shall be, become and remain a first and paramount lien upon the lands or real estate on account of which the same were so levied or assessed, until paid.”
This provision makes it clear that the act was intended to apply only to such villages as were governed by a board of trustees and such other municipal corporations as were governed by a board of trustees.
[256]*256If the title of this act was “An act concerning taxes and assessments in villages of this state/’ and was made to apply, by its enacting clauses, to all the villages of this state, it could not be doubted that, under the decisions of this court, it would be a general law, and valid and effectual to establish the superior position of South Orange in this case.'
The constitutional mandate is that “every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title.”
The title of these acts of 1888 and 1895 declare that the proposed legislation shall apply “to villages governed by a board of trustees and other municipal corporations governed by a board of trustees.”
There may lie somewhere concealed in this title a purpose to legislate only for villages, but to declare that such a purpose is expressed in this title is to assert what is clearly disproved by simply reading it.
Who knows to what villages or to what other municipal corporations the title of this act or its provisions apply by reason of the fact that they are governed by a board of trustees ?
It is true that courts will take notice of all public acts without specially pleading them, but this rule does not charge the general public, for whose benefit the constitutional provision is intended, with a knowledge of the fact (if such were the fact) that villages only are governed by a board of trustees. The insistment that the title'includes villages only is argumentative; it does not show that it is expressive of the object of the act.
The argument is this: All villages have a board of trustees, and therefore the title includes all villages. No other municipality has a board of trustees, and therefore it does not include any municipality except villages. It cannot be denied that it does apparently include other municipalities, and it is therefore manifestly misleading.
The rule that all men are presumed to know the law, however broadly applied, does not make the title of these acts an express declaration that it is an act concerning villages only.
That expression must be found in the title of the act to validate it, and it is not there.
The strictness with which this provision of the organic law [257]*257is enforced is shown by the eases which hold that the title of an act is a limitation upon the sphere within which its enacting clauses can be given effect. Evernham v. Hulit, 16 Vr. 53; Hendrickson v. Fries, 16 Vr. 563; Dobbins v. Northampton, 21 Vr. 496; Allen v. Bernard’s Township, 28 Vr. 303; Cooper v. Springer, 48 Atl. Rep. 605.
It logically follows that an act, which by its title purports to apply to all classes of municipalities, will not be valid if its provisions are restricted to one of the classes. Beverly v. Waln, 28 Vr. 144.
The reason is that the title would be misleading instead of clear and expressive.
In my judgment it was to guard against such legislation as that under review that the interdict in the fundamental law was adopted. If this title is approved, an ingenious way has been devised to conceal the purpose of legislative acts.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Van Syckel, J.
The bill in this ease was filed to foreclose a mortgage held by Timothy Burnet, the complainant, on lands in the village of South- Orange, dated April 10th, 1891.
The village of South Orange is made a defendant because it claims a paramount lien on the mortgaged premises for taxes assessed by it for the years intervening between 1877 and the date of the mortgage, and also for certain taxes assessed since the execution of the mortgage up to and including the year 1897. The prayer is that these taxes may be declared not to be a lien.
The only question involved is whether the lien of these taxes is paramount to the mortgage.
The taxes have not been paid since 1874, except the taxes for the years 1897, 1898 and 1899, which have been paid since the bill was filed.
This is a question of statutory construction, as the lien for taxes has its origin in, and is entirely dependent upon, legislative enactment.
There was no general law establishing the lien of taxes, and giving it priority over other encumbrances on land, until the act of March 14th, 1879, was passed. P. L. of 1879 p. 8J0.
The village of South Orange was incorporated by the act of March 25th, 1869 (P. P. of 1869 p. 6J/5), with very limited powers.
The charter was amended by the act of April 4th, 1872 (P. L. of 1872 p. 1208), and again by the act of 1875. P. L. of 1875 p. 895.
By the twenty-sixth section of the act of 1875 it was provided that the collector of said village “shall collect the taxes in the same manner and at the same time that the taxes in the townships of said county are assessed and collected.”
The correct interpretation of this provision is that the taxes [255]*255in the village shall be collected in the manner, from time to time, provided by law for the collection of taxes in townships, so that any change in the manner of collecting taxes in townships shall apply to the village. Dugan v. Jersey City, 21 Vr. 359; Hohenstatt v. Bridgeton, 33 Vr. 169.
Under the law as it existed prior to 1879 there was no provision making the lien of taxes paramount to that of prior mortgages, and the lien given was lost unless there was a sale for' the taxes within two years. This disposes of the lien for 'the taxes levied prior to 1879, as no such sale was made.
I agree with the view expressed by the ■ vice-chancellor that the-act of 1879, making taxes a paramount lien for two years, and the act of March 17th, 1882, extending the lien to three years, are applicable to villages.
Unless, therefore, subsequent legislation has further extended the lien of the taxes in controversy, the village of South Orange has lost its lien for all taxes levied 'prior to the year 1897.
The act of February 22d, 1888 (P. L. of 1SSS p. 97), and its supplement of March.25th, 1895 (P. L. of 1895 p. 671), make the taxes a prior lien until they are paid, and if these laws are constitutional, the encumbrance of the mortgage is subsequent and subject to their payment.
The title of the act of 1888 is “An act concerning taxes and assessments in villages and other municipal corporations governed by a board of trustees, and making same a first lien on real estate and authorizing sale for the payment of the same.”
The act of March 25th, 1895, is a supplement, with the same title.
The first section of the act of 1888 provides
“that such taxes and assessments as may be lawfully levied, imposed or assessed by any board of trustees of any village or other municipal corporation governed by a board of trustees *. * * shall be, become and remain a first and paramount lien upon the lands or real estate on account of which the same were so levied or assessed, until paid.”
This provision makes it clear that the act was intended to apply only to such villages as were governed by a board of trustees and such other municipal corporations as were governed by a board of trustees.
[256]*256If the title of this act was “An act concerning taxes and assessments in villages of this state/’ and was made to apply, by its enacting clauses, to all the villages of this state, it could not be doubted that, under the decisions of this court, it would be a general law, and valid and effectual to establish the superior position of South Orange in this case.'
The constitutional mandate is that “every law shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title.”
The title of these acts of 1888 and 1895 declare that the proposed legislation shall apply “to villages governed by a board of trustees and other municipal corporations governed by a board of trustees.”
There may lie somewhere concealed in this title a purpose to legislate only for villages, but to declare that such a purpose is expressed in this title is to assert what is clearly disproved by simply reading it.
Who knows to what villages or to what other municipal corporations the title of this act or its provisions apply by reason of the fact that they are governed by a board of trustees ?
It is true that courts will take notice of all public acts without specially pleading them, but this rule does not charge the general public, for whose benefit the constitutional provision is intended, with a knowledge of the fact (if such were the fact) that villages only are governed by a board of trustees. The insistment that the title'includes villages only is argumentative; it does not show that it is expressive of the object of the act.
The argument is this: All villages have a board of trustees, and therefore the title includes all villages. No other municipality has a board of trustees, and therefore it does not include any municipality except villages. It cannot be denied that it does apparently include other municipalities, and it is therefore manifestly misleading.
The rule that all men are presumed to know the law, however broadly applied, does not make the title of these acts an express declaration that it is an act concerning villages only.
That expression must be found in the title of the act to validate it, and it is not there.
The strictness with which this provision of the organic law [257]*257is enforced is shown by the eases which hold that the title of an act is a limitation upon the sphere within which its enacting clauses can be given effect. Evernham v. Hulit, 16 Vr. 53; Hendrickson v. Fries, 16 Vr. 563; Dobbins v. Northampton, 21 Vr. 496; Allen v. Bernard’s Township, 28 Vr. 303; Cooper v. Springer, 48 Atl. Rep. 605.
It logically follows that an act, which by its title purports to apply to all classes of municipalities, will not be valid if its provisions are restricted to one of the classes. Beverly v. Waln, 28 Vr. 144.
The reason is that the title would be misleading instead of clear and expressive.
In my judgment it was to guard against such legislation as that under review that the interdict in the fundamental law was adopted. If this title is approved, an ingenious way has been devised to conceal the purpose of legislative acts.
Again the legislature, in the title of these acts, proclaimed that it intended to pass an act concerning villages governed by trustees, and other municipalities governed by trustees; not concerning all, but concerning some villages and some other municipalities.
It expressly negatives the idea that the act was to apply to villages only. The basis of classification adopted and declared by the legislature was the fact that these political corporations were governed by a board of trustees.
Language cannot express such intention more clearly.
In Ross v. Winsor, 19 Vr. 95, an act providing “for additional powers and certain changes in the government of certain localities governed by commissioners,” was held to be special and unconstitutional.
The like judgment was rendered in Dobbins v. Long Branch Commissioners, 30 Vr. 146. The mere mode of government furnishes no substantial basis of classification for legislation.
So in the case sub judice the classification adopted is illusory and unsubstantial. There is no reason why municipalities not governed by a board of trustees, whether villages, towns, boroughs or cities, should not have a like extension of the lien for taxes and assessments.
[258]*258The town of Union, in the county of Hudson, is governed by six councilmen. P. L. of 1864 p. 661.
The town of Clinton, in the county of Hunterdon, is governed by a mayor and common council. P. L. of 1866 p. 778.
The act concerning the town of Newton makes the town committee the ruling body. P. L. of 1864 p. 200.
The town of Keyport is governed by a “board of commissioners.” P. L. of 1870 p. 10@2.
The town of Red Bank is governed by a “board of commissioners.” P. L. of 1870 p. 1070.
The legislature having declared its will to be that the acts of 1888 and 1895 should apply as well to other municipalities governed by a board of trustees as to villages so governed, it cannot reasonably be conceived that the towns of Neyport and Red Bank were intended to be excluded from the benefits of this legislation by the narrow criticism that a “board of commissioners” is not a “board of trustees,” within the meaning of those acts.
“A board of commissioners” is just as much “a board of trustees” as if it had been so denominated in the incorporating acts, and in my judgment the towns of Keyport and Red Bank are within the operation of the acts of 1888 and 1895.
The effect of this is to render these acts special and local, because other towns and other municipalities not governed by a board of commissioners or a board of trustees are not made subject to them. The basis of classification being illusory, the act is special and not general.
These acts are therefore invalid for the reasons :
(1) That the title is misleading and not express.
(2) The basis of classification adopted by the legislature is illusory and unsubstantial.
I agree, therefore, with the opinion of Vice-Chancellor Pitney that taxes in South Orange are a paramount lien for three years only from the time they are payable.
The decree of the chancellor should be affirmed.