IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 01-50045 Summary Calendar
RAYMOND BURLESON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE; TEXAS CORRECTIONAL INDUSTRIES; GARY L. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION; JOHN BENESTANTE, Assistant Director of Industry at TDCJ-ID, Industry Headquarters; NOLAN GLASS, Plant Manager, Stainless Steel Plant, Boyd Unit, TDCJ-ID; BILLY WEST; JOE WHITE,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas USDC No. W-97-CA-335
November 14, 2001
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Raymond Burleson appeals the Magistrate Judge's summary
judgment dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims alleging that
defendants Nolan Glass, Nilly West, and Joe White were deliberately
indifferent to his health and thereby violated his Eighth Amendment
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4. right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Specifically,
Burleson claims that the defendants deliberately failed to inform
him and the other welders at the Boyd Unit where he worked that
thoriated tungsten steel welding electrodes used at the plant
contained known carcinogens and that the defendants allowed
Burleson and other inmate welders to work without the protective
equipment specified by the Occupational and Safety Health
Administration as necessary for such work. Burleson also asserts
that he was not made aware that the materials with which he was
working were hazardous because the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) was not made available to inmate workers as required by OSHA
regulations.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard as the district court.1 To establish an Eighth
Amendment violation regarding conditions of confinement, Burleson
is required to establish, first, that the deprivation alleged was
sufficiently serious, i.e., each defendant's conduct resulted in
the denial of "the minimal civilized measure of life's
necessities," including "conditions which pose an unreasonable risk
of damage to an inmate's future health."2 This "risk must be of
1 Holtzclaw v. DSC Communications Corp., 255 F.3d 254, 257 (5th Cir. 2001). 2 Herman v. Holiday, 238 F.3d 660, 664 (5th Cir. 2001).
2 such a level that today's society would not tolerate it."3 Second,
Burleson is required to establish that the defendants acted with
deliberate indifference to Burleson's health or safety.4
Deliberate indifference requires a showing that each defendant (1)
was aware of facts from which an inference of excessive risk to the
prisoner's health or safety could be drawn and (2) that he actually
drew an inference that such potential for harm existed.5 "'Under
exceptional circumstances, a prison official's knowledge of a
substantial risk of harm may be inferred by the obviousness of the
substantial risk.'"6
After reviewing the record, we conclude, first, that the
Magistrate Judge erred in concluding that there are no genuine
issues of material fact with respect to whether Burleson was
exposed to levels of carcinogens sufficient to pose an unreasonable
risk of serious damage to his future health.7 Summary judgment
evidence provided by Burleson creates a genuine issue as to whether
the use of thoriated tungsten steel welding electrodes poses a
3 Id. 4 Id. 5 Id.; see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 838 (1994) ("But an official's failure to alleviate a significant risk that he should have perceived but did not, while no cause for commendation, cannot under our cases be condemned as the infliction of punishment."). 6 Harris v. Hegmann, 198 F.3d 153, 159 (5th Cir. 1999) (quoting Reeves v. Collins, 27 F.3d 174, 176 (5th Cir. 1994)). 7 See Herman, 238 F.3d at 664-65.
3 significant health risk which mandates the use of protective
equipment.
Second, the evidence presented on summary judgment also
establishes that there are genuine issues of material fact as to
the deliberate indifference allegedly demonstrated by each
defendant. Glass and West admitted that they were familiar with
the contents of the MSDS. Moreover, the evidence presented by
Burleson raises a genuine issue as to whether Burleson and other
inmate welders were made aware of the radioactive nature of the
materials they were using or of the risks described in the MSDS,
whether Burleson actually wore protective gear while welding,
whether all the welding rods they used were radioactive, and
whether there was adequate ventilation in the welding area during
the period in which Burleson worked there. These fact issues
preclude summary judgment.
Burleson is also required to show causation to establish each
defendant's section 1983 liability for a violation of his Eighth
Amendment rights.8 The record evidence discloses a genuine issue
of material fact on this requirement. We conclude that the
Magistrate Judge erred in granting summary judgment for the
defendants on the grounds that the record revealed no evidence of
8 Doe v. Rains County Indep. Sch. Dist., 66 F.3d 1402, 1416 (5th Cir. 1995).
4 an Eighth Amendment violation and that Burleson raised only
conclusory allegations of causation.
However, we may also affirm a summary judgment on any ground
raised by the movant below and supported by the record, even if it
is not the ground relied on by the district court.9 Glass, West,
and White all raised a qualified immunity defense, which the
district court did not address.10
Applying our qualified immunity analysis, we note first that
Burleson alleged a violation of a clearly established
constitutional right: the Eighth Amendment right to be free from
conditions of confinement which pose an unreasonable risk of damage
to a prisoner's health.11 Second, we must determine whether each
defendant's conduct was objectively reasonable in light of clearly
established law at the time that the challenged conduct occurred,
i.e., whether "'all reasonable officials in the defendant's
circumstances would have then known that the defendant's conduct
violated the' plaintiff's asserted constitutional or federal
statutory right."12 In the context of Burleson's Eighth Amendment
9 Holtzclaw, 255 F.3d at 257-58. 10 See generally Cozzo v. Tangipahoa Parish Council-President Gov't, 262 F.3d 501
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 01-50045 Summary Calendar
RAYMOND BURLESON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE; TEXAS CORRECTIONAL INDUSTRIES; GARY L. JOHNSON, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, INSTITUTIONAL DIVISION; JOHN BENESTANTE, Assistant Director of Industry at TDCJ-ID, Industry Headquarters; NOLAN GLASS, Plant Manager, Stainless Steel Plant, Boyd Unit, TDCJ-ID; BILLY WEST; JOE WHITE,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas USDC No. W-97-CA-335
November 14, 2001
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Raymond Burleson appeals the Magistrate Judge's summary
judgment dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims alleging that
defendants Nolan Glass, Nilly West, and Joe White were deliberately
indifferent to his health and thereby violated his Eighth Amendment
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4. right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment. Specifically,
Burleson claims that the defendants deliberately failed to inform
him and the other welders at the Boyd Unit where he worked that
thoriated tungsten steel welding electrodes used at the plant
contained known carcinogens and that the defendants allowed
Burleson and other inmate welders to work without the protective
equipment specified by the Occupational and Safety Health
Administration as necessary for such work. Burleson also asserts
that he was not made aware that the materials with which he was
working were hazardous because the Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) was not made available to inmate workers as required by OSHA
regulations.
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same standard as the district court.1 To establish an Eighth
Amendment violation regarding conditions of confinement, Burleson
is required to establish, first, that the deprivation alleged was
sufficiently serious, i.e., each defendant's conduct resulted in
the denial of "the minimal civilized measure of life's
necessities," including "conditions which pose an unreasonable risk
of damage to an inmate's future health."2 This "risk must be of
1 Holtzclaw v. DSC Communications Corp., 255 F.3d 254, 257 (5th Cir. 2001). 2 Herman v. Holiday, 238 F.3d 660, 664 (5th Cir. 2001).
2 such a level that today's society would not tolerate it."3 Second,
Burleson is required to establish that the defendants acted with
deliberate indifference to Burleson's health or safety.4
Deliberate indifference requires a showing that each defendant (1)
was aware of facts from which an inference of excessive risk to the
prisoner's health or safety could be drawn and (2) that he actually
drew an inference that such potential for harm existed.5 "'Under
exceptional circumstances, a prison official's knowledge of a
substantial risk of harm may be inferred by the obviousness of the
substantial risk.'"6
After reviewing the record, we conclude, first, that the
Magistrate Judge erred in concluding that there are no genuine
issues of material fact with respect to whether Burleson was
exposed to levels of carcinogens sufficient to pose an unreasonable
risk of serious damage to his future health.7 Summary judgment
evidence provided by Burleson creates a genuine issue as to whether
the use of thoriated tungsten steel welding electrodes poses a
3 Id. 4 Id. 5 Id.; see also Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 838 (1994) ("But an official's failure to alleviate a significant risk that he should have perceived but did not, while no cause for commendation, cannot under our cases be condemned as the infliction of punishment."). 6 Harris v. Hegmann, 198 F.3d 153, 159 (5th Cir. 1999) (quoting Reeves v. Collins, 27 F.3d 174, 176 (5th Cir. 1994)). 7 See Herman, 238 F.3d at 664-65.
3 significant health risk which mandates the use of protective
equipment.
Second, the evidence presented on summary judgment also
establishes that there are genuine issues of material fact as to
the deliberate indifference allegedly demonstrated by each
defendant. Glass and West admitted that they were familiar with
the contents of the MSDS. Moreover, the evidence presented by
Burleson raises a genuine issue as to whether Burleson and other
inmate welders were made aware of the radioactive nature of the
materials they were using or of the risks described in the MSDS,
whether Burleson actually wore protective gear while welding,
whether all the welding rods they used were radioactive, and
whether there was adequate ventilation in the welding area during
the period in which Burleson worked there. These fact issues
preclude summary judgment.
Burleson is also required to show causation to establish each
defendant's section 1983 liability for a violation of his Eighth
Amendment rights.8 The record evidence discloses a genuine issue
of material fact on this requirement. We conclude that the
Magistrate Judge erred in granting summary judgment for the
defendants on the grounds that the record revealed no evidence of
8 Doe v. Rains County Indep. Sch. Dist., 66 F.3d 1402, 1416 (5th Cir. 1995).
4 an Eighth Amendment violation and that Burleson raised only
conclusory allegations of causation.
However, we may also affirm a summary judgment on any ground
raised by the movant below and supported by the record, even if it
is not the ground relied on by the district court.9 Glass, West,
and White all raised a qualified immunity defense, which the
district court did not address.10
Applying our qualified immunity analysis, we note first that
Burleson alleged a violation of a clearly established
constitutional right: the Eighth Amendment right to be free from
conditions of confinement which pose an unreasonable risk of damage
to a prisoner's health.11 Second, we must determine whether each
defendant's conduct was objectively reasonable in light of clearly
established law at the time that the challenged conduct occurred,
i.e., whether "'all reasonable officials in the defendant's
circumstances would have then known that the defendant's conduct
violated the' plaintiff's asserted constitutional or federal
statutory right."12 In the context of Burleson's Eighth Amendment
9 Holtzclaw, 255 F.3d at 257-58. 10 See generally Cozzo v. Tangipahoa Parish Council-President Gov't, 262 F.3d 501, 511 (5th Cir. 2001). 11 See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834; Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31-37 (1993); Herman, 238 F.3d at 664; Jacobs v. W. Feliciana Sheriff's Dep't, 228 F.3d 388, 393 (5th Cir. 2000). 12 Cozzo, 262 F.3d at 511 (quoting Thompson v. Upshur County, 245 F.3d 447, 457 (5th Cir. 2001)).
5 claim, we hold the defendants to the standard of subjective
deliberate indifference in determining whether their conduct was
objectively reasonable.13 Resolving all genuine factual
controversies and drawing all inferences in favor of Burleson, we
conclude that there is sufficient evidence in this record for a
reasonable jury to conclude that each defendant acted with
deliberate indifference to significant risks to Burleson's health
such that their conduct was not objectively reasonable in light of
clearly established law at the time that Burleson worked as a
welder in the Boyd Unit. As discussed above, assuming that
Burleson was not made aware of the radioactive nature of the
materials he was using or of the risks described in the MSDS, that
Burleson was not required to and did not wear protective gear, that
all welding rods used by Burleson were radioactive, and that there
was inadequate ventilation in the welding area during the period in
which Burleson worked there, a reasonable jury could find that the
defendants' conduct in subjecting Burleson to these conditions was
deliberately indifferent to the risk to Burleson of future injury
from exposure to carcinogens and was not objectively reasonable.
Accordingly, summary judgment is not appropriate on the subject of
qualified immunity.
13 See Domino v. Tex. Dep’t. of Crim. Justice, 239 F.3d 752, 755 (5th Cir. 2001).
6 For the foregoing reasons, the summary judgment granted in
favor of defendants Glass, West, and White is REVERSED, and the
case is REMANDED for proceedings consistent with this opinion.