The following is the opinion of the referee:
William G. Laidlaw, Referee:
The action is ejectment. Union street in Clean runs north and south and is the principal street in the city; Coleman street runs' west from Union at right angles to Union; the plaintiffs lot, by her deed, is a corner lot bounded east by Union thirty-three and one-half feet, and north by Coleman ninety feet, and west by a line parallel to Union; the defendant’s lot, by his deed, fronts on Coleman ■ and is bounded north by Coleman thirty-five feet, and its eastern boundary is a line parallel with Union at the distance of ninety feet west from the western boundary of Union. The lots of the parties, therefore, adjoin, the western boundary of the plaintiff’s lot being, in ]iart, the eastern boundary of the defendant’s lot. There is a fence separating the lots of the parties, and the plaintiff’s contention is that this fence is located on the ground eleven feet too far east, and he seeks to recover in this action this strip which plaintiff claims is a part of her lot: The defendant is in possession of the strip, claiming it as a part of his lot. There is no clash in the description of the deeds of the parties. The description in each case starts at the point where the south line of Coleman intersects the west line of Union, and the plaintiff has ninety feet on Coleman and the defendant thirty-five feet on the same street.
The difficulty has all arisen from the fact that by a recent survey of the lines of Union street for paving purposes, the western boundary of that street has been located about eleven feet farther west at. [160]*160the point in question than it had ever before been located or used by the public prior to such survey.
Since the description of the lots of both parties start in the western bounds of Union street and run west on the south bounds of ■Coleman, the effect of this new line of Union is to take this strip of land, eleven feet wide on Coleman, from the defendant’s - lot and include it in the plaintiff’s; starting in the new line o.f Union, there is not land enough for both parties; it would' lack this strip eleven feet wide, and the question is who must lose this strip, or rather which line of Union street, the old or the new, as between these parties, is the correct starting point in the description in their deeds.
The common source of title is Deau and Rhodes, who were grantees in a deed made by Ramsey" and wife, dated May 16, 1885-, which ■embraced the lands of the parties to this action with other lands in one description. Dean ahd Rhodes conveyed to Ryan by deed dated April 2, 1886, a portion of the premises they got of Ramsey. The premises so conveyed to Ryan are the premises now owned by the ■defendant who holds title to the same by mesne conveyances containing the same description as in the deed to Ryan. In the spring .of 1886, shortly after Ryan bought the lot, he built a house on it which is still standing and occupied by the defendant.
The plaintiff’s lot is a part of the premises which Dean and Rhodes bought of Ramsey and it was first conveyed as a separate lot by a ■deed dated December 18, 1886, by which Rhodes conveyed to his ■cotenant, Dean, his interest in the lot; this is the lot owned by the ■ plaintiff, who holds the title through mesne conveyances containing the same description as in the above deed from Rhodes to Dean.
In the spring of 1891, nine years after Ryan purchased and built his house, a survey of Union street was made by the city for paving purposes, and upon that survey the west line of Union street was established about eleven feet farther west than the west line of the street as it had been opened and used by the public prior to such survey. This survey is based upon the location of the street lines ■on the Glosseline map (so called), and the new line must be taken to be the correct line of the street according to that map, and as before stated, there could be no trouble between the parties as to the line if the street line, as located on the ground prior to the recent survey, is taken as the correct, line, because in that event, the plaintiff would [161]*161have all of her land, called for by her deed, lying east of the defendant’s fence, standing on the east line of his lot.
It is evident that the question between the parties is to be determined as things existed in the spring and summer of 1886 upon the conveyance of Dean and Rhodes to Ryan ; the plaintiff has no better right than Dean and Rhodes would now have if they still owned her lot. Now, there can be no doubt that Dean and Rhodes intended to sell, and Ryan intended to purchase, a lot thirty-five feet front on Coleman and lying east of Mary Ward’s east line and west of a line parallel to the western bounds of Union, at the distance of ninety feet west of said boundary, and Ryan’s lot was located on the ground accordingly, if we take the line of occupation of Union street as the starting point; Ryan built his house on the lot and the fence marking his eastern boundary, which is still standing or another in its place. The parties must have intended the old line of Union because the survey of the street was not made till nine years after the conveyance to Ryan', and, therefore, the new line could not have been in the minds of the parties, and there is no suggestion in the evidence tending to show that the line of the street as opened and used was not the true line as the parties understood it at the time Ryan’s deed was given.
Mary Ward’s lot fronted on Coleman, and the east line of her lot is a line parallel to the west bounds of Union at the distance of 125 feet west therefrom, and the plaintiff’s contention would take 11 feet off the east side of the Ward lot and include it in the defendant’s lot. When the Ryan lot was located and Ryan’s house built, Dean and Rhodes both lived in the neighborhood, and Rhodes went past Ryan’s house daily as it was being built, and both Dean and Rhodes, who then owned the plaintiff’s lot, stood by and saw Ryan build the house and erect the fence without making any suggestion that the lot was not properly located on the ground; the house evidently cost several times the price of the land; and Dean and Rhodes owning the land east of Ryan’s lot and what is now the plaintiff’s land, I do not see why they would not be estopped from saying now that they owned this strip in dispute; but as this question was not raised on the trial, I prefer to put my decision on other grounds'; justice would seem to require that when the city established the [162]*162new line, Dean and Rhodes, if they still owned the plaintiff’s lot,would have to lose the part of their lot taken by the city instead of their grantee Ryan ; it was not Ryan’s land the-city took; it was the land of Dean and Rhodes.
Judge Andrews,- in Masten v. Olcott (101 N. Y. 158), says: “Grants are supposed to be made with reference to an actual view of the premises.” Chief Judge Jewett, in French v. Carhart (1 N. Y. 102), says: “ It is a cardinal rule in the construction of contracts that the intention of the parties is to be enquired into and if not forbidden by law, is to be effectuated.”
So important was this rule deemed that it was made a section of the Revised Statutes (1 R. S. 748, § 2), and see notes of the • revisers to the sections, where they say the intention, amongst other things, is to put deeds upon the same footing as personal contracts so far as interpretation is concerned, and this rule as to intention must -be regarded as the cardinal rule of .interpretation.
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The following is the opinion of the referee:
William G. Laidlaw, Referee:
The action is ejectment. Union street in Clean runs north and south and is the principal street in the city; Coleman street runs' west from Union at right angles to Union; the plaintiffs lot, by her deed, is a corner lot bounded east by Union thirty-three and one-half feet, and north by Coleman ninety feet, and west by a line parallel to Union; the defendant’s lot, by his deed, fronts on Coleman ■ and is bounded north by Coleman thirty-five feet, and its eastern boundary is a line parallel with Union at the distance of ninety feet west from the western boundary of Union. The lots of the parties, therefore, adjoin, the western boundary of the plaintiff’s lot being, in ]iart, the eastern boundary of the defendant’s lot. There is a fence separating the lots of the parties, and the plaintiff’s contention is that this fence is located on the ground eleven feet too far east, and he seeks to recover in this action this strip which plaintiff claims is a part of her lot: The defendant is in possession of the strip, claiming it as a part of his lot. There is no clash in the description of the deeds of the parties. The description in each case starts at the point where the south line of Coleman intersects the west line of Union, and the plaintiff has ninety feet on Coleman and the defendant thirty-five feet on the same street.
The difficulty has all arisen from the fact that by a recent survey of the lines of Union street for paving purposes, the western boundary of that street has been located about eleven feet farther west at. [160]*160the point in question than it had ever before been located or used by the public prior to such survey.
Since the description of the lots of both parties start in the western bounds of Union street and run west on the south bounds of ■Coleman, the effect of this new line of Union is to take this strip of land, eleven feet wide on Coleman, from the defendant’s - lot and include it in the plaintiff’s; starting in the new line o.f Union, there is not land enough for both parties; it would' lack this strip eleven feet wide, and the question is who must lose this strip, or rather which line of Union street, the old or the new, as between these parties, is the correct starting point in the description in their deeds.
The common source of title is Deau and Rhodes, who were grantees in a deed made by Ramsey" and wife, dated May 16, 1885-, which ■embraced the lands of the parties to this action with other lands in one description. Dean ahd Rhodes conveyed to Ryan by deed dated April 2, 1886, a portion of the premises they got of Ramsey. The premises so conveyed to Ryan are the premises now owned by the ■defendant who holds title to the same by mesne conveyances containing the same description as in the deed to Ryan. In the spring .of 1886, shortly after Ryan bought the lot, he built a house on it which is still standing and occupied by the defendant.
The plaintiff’s lot is a part of the premises which Dean and Rhodes bought of Ramsey and it was first conveyed as a separate lot by a ■deed dated December 18, 1886, by which Rhodes conveyed to his ■cotenant, Dean, his interest in the lot; this is the lot owned by the ■ plaintiff, who holds the title through mesne conveyances containing the same description as in the above deed from Rhodes to Dean.
In the spring of 1891, nine years after Ryan purchased and built his house, a survey of Union street was made by the city for paving purposes, and upon that survey the west line of Union street was established about eleven feet farther west than the west line of the street as it had been opened and used by the public prior to such survey. This survey is based upon the location of the street lines ■on the Glosseline map (so called), and the new line must be taken to be the correct line of the street according to that map, and as before stated, there could be no trouble between the parties as to the line if the street line, as located on the ground prior to the recent survey, is taken as the correct, line, because in that event, the plaintiff would [161]*161have all of her land, called for by her deed, lying east of the defendant’s fence, standing on the east line of his lot.
It is evident that the question between the parties is to be determined as things existed in the spring and summer of 1886 upon the conveyance of Dean and Rhodes to Ryan ; the plaintiff has no better right than Dean and Rhodes would now have if they still owned her lot. Now, there can be no doubt that Dean and Rhodes intended to sell, and Ryan intended to purchase, a lot thirty-five feet front on Coleman and lying east of Mary Ward’s east line and west of a line parallel to the western bounds of Union, at the distance of ninety feet west of said boundary, and Ryan’s lot was located on the ground accordingly, if we take the line of occupation of Union street as the starting point; Ryan built his house on the lot and the fence marking his eastern boundary, which is still standing or another in its place. The parties must have intended the old line of Union because the survey of the street was not made till nine years after the conveyance to Ryan', and, therefore, the new line could not have been in the minds of the parties, and there is no suggestion in the evidence tending to show that the line of the street as opened and used was not the true line as the parties understood it at the time Ryan’s deed was given.
Mary Ward’s lot fronted on Coleman, and the east line of her lot is a line parallel to the west bounds of Union at the distance of 125 feet west therefrom, and the plaintiff’s contention would take 11 feet off the east side of the Ward lot and include it in the defendant’s lot. When the Ryan lot was located and Ryan’s house built, Dean and Rhodes both lived in the neighborhood, and Rhodes went past Ryan’s house daily as it was being built, and both Dean and Rhodes, who then owned the plaintiff’s lot, stood by and saw Ryan build the house and erect the fence without making any suggestion that the lot was not properly located on the ground; the house evidently cost several times the price of the land; and Dean and Rhodes owning the land east of Ryan’s lot and what is now the plaintiff’s land, I do not see why they would not be estopped from saying now that they owned this strip in dispute; but as this question was not raised on the trial, I prefer to put my decision on other grounds'; justice would seem to require that when the city established the [162]*162new line, Dean and Rhodes, if they still owned the plaintiff’s lot,would have to lose the part of their lot taken by the city instead of their grantee Ryan ; it was not Ryan’s land the-city took; it was the land of Dean and Rhodes.
Judge Andrews,- in Masten v. Olcott (101 N. Y. 158), says: “Grants are supposed to be made with reference to an actual view of the premises.” Chief Judge Jewett, in French v. Carhart (1 N. Y. 102), says: “ It is a cardinal rule in the construction of contracts that the intention of the parties is to be enquired into and if not forbidden by law, is to be effectuated.”
So important was this rule deemed that it was made a section of the Revised Statutes (1 R. S. 748, § 2), and see notes of the • revisers to the sections, where they say the intention, amongst other things, is to put deeds upon the same footing as personal contracts so far as interpretation is concerned, and this rule as to intention must -be regarded as the cardinal rule of .interpretation.
But the plaintiff’s real contention in the case is this: It is pointed ■ out that in all the déeds from Dean and Rhodes in the defendant’s title, the defendant’s lot is described as “ part of block number-fifteen in said village, according to a map thereof made by T. J. Gosseline, Esq.” The map was put in evidence and Union street is platted on this map as 115-|- feet wide, and block No. 15 is bounded on the east by Union and the plaintiff contends that by the words above quoted the effect is to read into the description in the deed of the defendant’s lot the map lines of the block, particularly the east line of the block which by the map is the west line of Union street, and that the west line of Union street by the survey of the street made ■ in 1897 is the true map line and the true line in fact of the street, and, therefore, that the new line of the street must be taken as the line of the street intended in the description in the defendant’s deed; in other words, the plaintiff contends that the words in the deed referring to the Gosseline map oblige us to take the new line of the street in the place of the old line as the line intended by the deed.
This contention of the plaintiff, I think, cannot be sustained; ■ defendant’s lot is not a subdivision of the map; it is perfectly described in the deed without reference to the map. Coleman street is not on the map; the length of all the .lines is given in the deed; the direction of the lines and their relative position are estab[163]*163lislied by the street lines and Mary Ward’s land, and these street lines and Mary Ward’s line are open, visible boundaries on the ground. The words “ being a part of block number fifteen,” etc., add nothing to the description; the description would be perfect without these words, but the words have their full effect because the defendant’s lot is part of, block 15, so that part of the description is satisfied. The effect of adopting the plaintiff’s contention would be to read into the deed words not there qualifying the words “ west bounds of Union street,” and limiting these words to make them mean the platted line of the map instead of the line of occupation; this, I think, would be a strange construction and would defeat the intention of the parties and work injustice; it is always to be kept in mind that the west line of Union street is referred to solely to enable Ryan to know where the land lay which he was purchasing, and the parties to the deed could only mean the line of the street • as it had existed at all times prior to the new survey, and as it existed when Dean and Rhodes sold to Ryan, and the description in the deed does not call attention, even by implication, to any other line.
The reference to the map was simply to designate the block and it stops there.
But even if the map is read into the deed, it does not help the plaintiff, because if the map line of the street is different from the street line as actually opened and used, the latter, as between Dean and Rhodes and Ryan, must control. This is a well-settled rule. (Van Wyck v. Wright, 18 Wend. 157; 4 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law [2d ed.], 803, 804, 805, tit. “ Boundaries,” and notes; 2 id. [1st ed.] 502.)
To.conclude, I treat the west bounds of Union street as used and existing as a monument on the ground, and I hold that the parties contracted with reference to that monument as a matter of fact, and that if the map line differed from the line of occupation, the latter must control in view of the authorities just cited.
I see no material difference in principle between this case and the case of Barrows v. Webster (70 Hun, 597; affd., 144 N. Y. 422). This leads to a dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint upon the merits.