SWAYNE, Circuit Justice.
This was an action brought to recover damages for the infringement of a patent, the title to which had become vested, by successive assignments, in the plaintiffs. The matter in controversy was the feeding mechanism invented by A. B. Wilson, and covered by his patent, which patent, as already remarked, had passed, by a series of assignments, to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs proved the use, by the defendants, of several machines involving this mechanism. They proved further, that it was the announced purpose of one of the plaintiffs, who had assigned to the others, to reserve to himself a close monopoly as it regards the rights transferred to him by assignment, in respect to Franklin county, the locality to which the assignment related. They proved the amount of profits which had been made by the defendants by the use of the machines which they were proved to have used, involving the mechanism in question; and the plaintiffs exhibited to the jury a machine involving this mechanism as evidence of the extent to which a portion of the entire machinery used by the defendants belonged to Burdell, and was covered by his patent. No further evidence was given upon the subject
The defendants relied upon several defenses, among them an assignment by William Burdell to J. Payne Lowe, of an exclusive right to use and sell the Singer machines within Franklin county; and they proved, by Dr. Ide, that nearly all the work to which the controversy related, and out of which nearly all the profits in question were made, was done upon the Singer machines. They proved a contract between Burdell and one Orary, and insisted that that contract was still in force, and that it repelled the idea of a close monopoly, on the part of the plaintiffs, in respect to Franklin county. They proved also what they claimed to be an accord and satisfaction under that contract. And they claimed, as a further defense, that the plaintiffs not having proved the value of the feeding mechanism in the machines which had been used, as compared with the other portions of the machines in question, the plaintiffs could recover only nominal damages. The jury found a verdict for 86.200; and a motion has been made to set aside that verdict and grant a new trial.
[698]*698"We will consider the reasons which have been presented, and the arguments which we have heard in support of and against this motion, in the order in which they were discussed.
First, as to the assignment to J. Payne Lowe. It was insisted, at the trial, on the part of the plaintiffs, that that assignment related to the Singer machine as it was made under the patent of 1851; and that that patent was different, and described a different machine from that described by the reissued patent of 1854.
The proof, in the first place, was the deposition of Stoops, that, from the outset — -the emanation of the first patent — there has been no difference whatever, as regards the feeding mechanism of the Singer machine. The question was put to him:
“State how far the feeding mechanism of the No. 2 Singer sewing machine, as it has been constructed, corresponds with the feeding mechanism described in the patent to Isaac M. Singer of August 12, 1851.”
Ans. “No substantial difference of the feeding mechanism of the sewing machine, from the beginning to the present time, has been made.”
We understand that answer to cover two points. 1. That there has been no difference made as regards the invention with reference to the feeding mechanism of this machine — no change made from the outset. 2. That there has been no change made in the mode of constructing the machine as regards that mechanism; and we understand it to imply very clearly, also, that the machine has been constructed uniformly in conformity with the description contained in the patent of 1851, as well as in conformity with the description contained in the patent of 1854. Further testimony upon this subject was given by Skardon. He stated that he had been an agent for these sewing machines for a long time, and that the machines had been uniformly, in this respect, constructed in the same way.
We do not construe this instrument with the same stringency that is applied to it by the plaintiffs’ counsel. We think that the language used — “as mentioned in the patent of 1851” — was employed merely for the purpose of identifying the machine, and that it had no reference whatever to any peculiarity in the description contained in that patent. We think that, upon the whole testimony, there can be no doubt that the Singer machine as produced upon the trial, and the Singer machine as used by these defendants, was the Singer machine mentioned in the patent of 1851; and that this paper is a clear assignment of any right of Burdell to J. Payne Lowe to use that machine within the territory in respect to which the plaintiffs claim an exclusive right under the Wilson patent. It is not necessary to discuss the other view relating to this subject, which was adverted to in the course of the argument upon this point, and that is, the light I thrown upon this contract by the circumstances surrounding the parties at the time-the contract was entered into. We are satisfied, looking at the paper, without reference to the circumstances surrounding the parties when the contact was made, that the conclusion we have arrived at, as to* its construction, is the proper one — that it simply refers to the machine, without reference to any particular description; and we are satisfied that the proof given upon this: subject falls within the terms of this contract; and that it was clearly shown, by the-evidence, that the Singer machine, which was used by the defendants, was the machine covered by this arrangement executed by Burdell. That being the case, the Singer machines had nothing whatever to do with, the controversy between these parties, and' should have been wholly laid out of view. The proof given by Dr. Ide (and there was-no other proof upon the subject — it stood un-contradicted), that nearly all the work was done upon these machines, from which nearly all the profits were derived, conducts us to the conclusion that, in this respect, the-verdict of the jury was grossly erroneous— that the amount was by far too large; and,, that, in that particular, the verdict was against the evidence in the case.
There is another matter relating to this-subject, to which it is proper to refer, in. connection with the state of the proof. As before remarked, the plaintiffs, in making out their case, exhibited a machine containing the mechanism in regard to which the-plaintiffs have an exclusive right, and containing also many other elements of great importance, if not equaling or surpassing in importance the particular mechanism which was claimed by him. Now, no testimony was given to show what proportion that mechanism bore to the other portions-of the machine, and the jury were left to-grope in the dark to reach such conclusions, as they, in the absence of the light of any other evidence upon the subject, might be able to attain. We suppose that, in that state of the case, the plaintiffs were entitled, at most, to-nominal damages only. It was incumbent upon them to have given specific evidence to-the jury, or at least that upon which the jury would have been warranted in forming a conclusion as to the extent and value of their-claim. The supreme court, in the case of New York City v. Ransom, 23 How. [64 U. S.] 488, decided that:
“Where a plaintiff is allowed to recover only ‘actual damages,’ he is bound to furnish evidence by which the jury may assess-them.
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SWAYNE, Circuit Justice.
This was an action brought to recover damages for the infringement of a patent, the title to which had become vested, by successive assignments, in the plaintiffs. The matter in controversy was the feeding mechanism invented by A. B. Wilson, and covered by his patent, which patent, as already remarked, had passed, by a series of assignments, to the plaintiffs. The plaintiffs proved the use, by the defendants, of several machines involving this mechanism. They proved further, that it was the announced purpose of one of the plaintiffs, who had assigned to the others, to reserve to himself a close monopoly as it regards the rights transferred to him by assignment, in respect to Franklin county, the locality to which the assignment related. They proved the amount of profits which had been made by the defendants by the use of the machines which they were proved to have used, involving the mechanism in question; and the plaintiffs exhibited to the jury a machine involving this mechanism as evidence of the extent to which a portion of the entire machinery used by the defendants belonged to Burdell, and was covered by his patent. No further evidence was given upon the subject
The defendants relied upon several defenses, among them an assignment by William Burdell to J. Payne Lowe, of an exclusive right to use and sell the Singer machines within Franklin county; and they proved, by Dr. Ide, that nearly all the work to which the controversy related, and out of which nearly all the profits in question were made, was done upon the Singer machines. They proved a contract between Burdell and one Orary, and insisted that that contract was still in force, and that it repelled the idea of a close monopoly, on the part of the plaintiffs, in respect to Franklin county. They proved also what they claimed to be an accord and satisfaction under that contract. And they claimed, as a further defense, that the plaintiffs not having proved the value of the feeding mechanism in the machines which had been used, as compared with the other portions of the machines in question, the plaintiffs could recover only nominal damages. The jury found a verdict for 86.200; and a motion has been made to set aside that verdict and grant a new trial.
[698]*698"We will consider the reasons which have been presented, and the arguments which we have heard in support of and against this motion, in the order in which they were discussed.
First, as to the assignment to J. Payne Lowe. It was insisted, at the trial, on the part of the plaintiffs, that that assignment related to the Singer machine as it was made under the patent of 1851; and that that patent was different, and described a different machine from that described by the reissued patent of 1854.
The proof, in the first place, was the deposition of Stoops, that, from the outset — -the emanation of the first patent — there has been no difference whatever, as regards the feeding mechanism of the Singer machine. The question was put to him:
“State how far the feeding mechanism of the No. 2 Singer sewing machine, as it has been constructed, corresponds with the feeding mechanism described in the patent to Isaac M. Singer of August 12, 1851.”
Ans. “No substantial difference of the feeding mechanism of the sewing machine, from the beginning to the present time, has been made.”
We understand that answer to cover two points. 1. That there has been no difference made as regards the invention with reference to the feeding mechanism of this machine — no change made from the outset. 2. That there has been no change made in the mode of constructing the machine as regards that mechanism; and we understand it to imply very clearly, also, that the machine has been constructed uniformly in conformity with the description contained in the patent of 1851, as well as in conformity with the description contained in the patent of 1854. Further testimony upon this subject was given by Skardon. He stated that he had been an agent for these sewing machines for a long time, and that the machines had been uniformly, in this respect, constructed in the same way.
We do not construe this instrument with the same stringency that is applied to it by the plaintiffs’ counsel. We think that the language used — “as mentioned in the patent of 1851” — was employed merely for the purpose of identifying the machine, and that it had no reference whatever to any peculiarity in the description contained in that patent. We think that, upon the whole testimony, there can be no doubt that the Singer machine as produced upon the trial, and the Singer machine as used by these defendants, was the Singer machine mentioned in the patent of 1851; and that this paper is a clear assignment of any right of Burdell to J. Payne Lowe to use that machine within the territory in respect to which the plaintiffs claim an exclusive right under the Wilson patent. It is not necessary to discuss the other view relating to this subject, which was adverted to in the course of the argument upon this point, and that is, the light I thrown upon this contract by the circumstances surrounding the parties at the time-the contract was entered into. We are satisfied, looking at the paper, without reference to the circumstances surrounding the parties when the contact was made, that the conclusion we have arrived at, as to* its construction, is the proper one — that it simply refers to the machine, without reference to any particular description; and we are satisfied that the proof given upon this: subject falls within the terms of this contract; and that it was clearly shown, by the-evidence, that the Singer machine, which was used by the defendants, was the machine covered by this arrangement executed by Burdell. That being the case, the Singer machines had nothing whatever to do with, the controversy between these parties, and' should have been wholly laid out of view. The proof given by Dr. Ide (and there was-no other proof upon the subject — it stood un-contradicted), that nearly all the work was done upon these machines, from which nearly all the profits were derived, conducts us to the conclusion that, in this respect, the-verdict of the jury was grossly erroneous— that the amount was by far too large; and,, that, in that particular, the verdict was against the evidence in the case.
There is another matter relating to this-subject, to which it is proper to refer, in. connection with the state of the proof. As before remarked, the plaintiffs, in making out their case, exhibited a machine containing the mechanism in regard to which the-plaintiffs have an exclusive right, and containing also many other elements of great importance, if not equaling or surpassing in importance the particular mechanism which was claimed by him. Now, no testimony was given to show what proportion that mechanism bore to the other portions-of the machine, and the jury were left to-grope in the dark to reach such conclusions, as they, in the absence of the light of any other evidence upon the subject, might be able to attain. We suppose that, in that state of the case, the plaintiffs were entitled, at most, to-nominal damages only. It was incumbent upon them to have given specific evidence to-the jury, or at least that upon which the jury would have been warranted in forming a conclusion as to the extent and value of their-claim. The supreme court, in the case of New York City v. Ransom, 23 How. [64 U. S.] 488, decided that:
“Where a plaintiff is allowed to recover only ‘actual damages,’ he is bound to furnish evidence by which the jury may assess-them. If he rest his case, after merely proving an infringement of his patent, he may be entitled to nominal damages, but no more. He can not call on a jury to guess out his case without evidence. Actual damages must be calculated, not imagined, and an arithmetical calculation can not be made without certain data on which to make it.”
And the court say further: “It was said, [699]*699in the case to which we have referred (Seymour v. McCormick, 16 How. [57 U. S.] 485), ‘actual damages should be actually proved, and can not be assumed as a legal inference from facts’ which afford no data by which they can he calculated. In order to find out the plaintiff's loss or damage, the jury were allowed to infer that the defendants have saved all the money indicated by the comparative powers of the engines with and without the improvement; and, after having made this inference, they may presume that the defendants would have paid this amount to the plaintiff for the use of his improvement.”
It strikes us that this case is not unlike that put in Seymour v. McCormick [supra], of Stimpson’s patent turn-out for railroads. Suppose, in a case of that kind, the plaintiff should exhibit in evidence a section of the road embracing his turn-out, and should prove also the entire amount of profits made by the railroad, and should leave the case to the jury, that they might infer, and calculate, and judge, from their ideas of the value of the turn-out, the share of ■ profits which the plaintiff would be entitled to recover.
We think this case falls within the same category. It was incumbent upon the plaintiffs to prove the amount of damages to which they were entitled, and the defendants were entitled to hear that testimony, with opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who testified upon the subject. The exhibition of the machine itself is not such evidence as entitled the plaintiffs to anything more than nominal damages. It is well settled by the case of Seymour v. McCormick, that where an inventor has invented only an improvement, and there is a violation of his right under his patent to use that .improvement in connection with the invention of others, or in connection with a machine previously known and used, in either case his damages must be limited to the value of his improvement in connection with the other elements of the machine. That is a subject in regard to which it may be difficult to give definite proof; but the difficulty does not change the legal principle which applies. Such proof .must be given. In this ease the proof was not given. We hold these two objections to be fatal to the verdict.
There is another part of this case, to which at the request of my learned brother who sat upon the trial, I direct my attention for a few moments, although it is not necessary to the determination of this motion. It was, however, important in this ease, and may be so in a future trial; and for these reasons, I will submit the present views of the court upon the subject. I refer to the Crary contract.
The question is, whether that contract was revocable at the option of Burdell? The facts are, as I -understand them, that Crary proceeded, in good faith, to execute this contract. He opened an office in Columbus, employed clerks, bought machines, made one or more monthly reports, and made one or more monthly payments. Now, it may be conceded that there was such a failure of consideration on the part of Crary, by what subsequently occurred, as would induce a court of equity to rescind the contract; but no such allegation has been made. The question is, whether Burdell had the power, at his option, to rescind the contract? I think he has not.
I am inclined to put the case, as regards this point, upon another ground. This contract undoubtedly did create an agency on the part of Crary. Generally, an agency is revocable; but it is equally well settled that an agency coupled with an -interest is not revocable; and here, it seems to me, there was such an interest vested in Crary as clearly took away from Burdell his right to rescind it by merely giving a notice.
Then, the contract being in force, the question arises as to how far Crary had power to make compromises and to enter into arrangements, to make an accord and satisfaction, as regards the violations of the rights of Bur-dell, in respect to the particular locality to which the contract relates. The contract provides that if suits should be brought for such violation of the rights of Burdell, the proceeds of the suits should be equally divided between the parties; and it provides further, that no such suit should be instituted without the consent of Burdell. Now, we feel very clear that, taking the whole contract together, the implication is clear that, although Crary has not the authority to institute a suit without the consent of Burdell, he might terminate one; and we think it equally clear that he might make a settlement which would be binding without' the institution of any suit. That is our inference. Here, a settlement was made with the defendants; accord and satisfaction were made. The proof of the execution of that paper by Crary, and the proof of Crary’s agency, make it all that was accorded by the face of it, and it was not necessary in that case, more than in any other case of that kind, for the defendants to prove, in addition to the execution, the fact that what was in that paper was true, i. e., that there was an actual settlement. On the contrary, the matter was very properly, in my judgment, put to the jury by my learned brother, upon the ground that notwithstanding this receipt, if the surrounding circumstances were such as satisfied the jury that that paper was founded in fraud — was not a bona fide transaction —was gotten up between the defendants and Crary, in evasion of the rights of these plaintiffs, to defeat this action — they were at liberty to disregard it.
But, as we now understand the subject, even assuming the nullity of that pretended accord and satisfaction, and the invalidity of [700]*700that paper executed by Crary, still, if this contract were open, there could by no possibility be any close monopoly on the part of Burdell and his assignees; for, here was a valid right, and an obligation resting upon Crary to sell these machines, and the right, upon the part of Burdell, to participate in the profits arising from these sales. If this contract were in force, there could be no close monopoly, such as is claimed, on the part of Burdell, and which was necessary to give him a right to damages upon the principle of profits.
[NOTE. The measure of damages for infringement of a patent should be a fair and adequate compensation for the injury sustained by the infringement. Parker v. Hulme, Case No. 10,740; Buck v. Hermanee, Id. 2,082; McCormick v. Seymour, Id. 8,726; Taylor v. Carpenter, Id. 13,785; Hall v. Wiles, Id. 5,954; Pitts v. Hall, Id. 11,192; Cowing v. Rumsey, Id. 3,296; Earle v. Sawyer, Id. 4,247; Stephens v. Felt, Id. 13,368; Foote v. Silsby, Id. 4,916. The burden of proof is upon plaintiff. National Car Brake Shoe Co. v. Terre Haute Car & Manuf’g Co., 19 Fed. 514; Carter v. Baker, Case No. 2,472; Buerk v. Imhaeuser, Id. 2,107: Gould’s Manuf’g Co. v. Cowing, Id. 5,642; Philp v. Nock, 17 Wall. (84 U. S.) 460; Wooster v. Muser, 20 Fed. 162; Garretson v. Clark, Case No. 5,249; Fitch v. Bragg, 16 Fed. 243; Rogers v. Beecher, 3 Fed. 639; New York City v. Ransom, 23 How. (64 U. S.) 487; Spaulding v. Tucker, Case No. 13,220; Calkins v. Bertrand, 8 Fed. 755. In an action at law, actual damages, only, are recoverable. Carr v. Rice, Case No. 2,440; McCormick v. Seymour, supra; Schwarzel v. Holenshade, Case No. 12,506; Hayden v. Suffolk Manuf’g Co., Id. 6,261; Tatham v. Le Roy, Id. 13,760; Carter v. Baker, supra; Birdsell v. Coolidge, 93 U. S. 64. And see Rice v. Heald, Case No. 11,752; Whitney v. Emmett, Id. 17,5S5. Such damages are the damages in fact (Whittemore v. Cutter, Id. 17,601; Goodyear v. Bishop, Id. 5,559); the difference in value between the improved patented article and the old one (Brodie v. Ophir S. M. Co., Id. 1,919); the profits made by defendant (Conover v. Rapp. Id. 3,124). Nominal damages will be allowed on proof of the infringement. Whittemore v. Cutter, Cases Nos. 17,600 and 17,601; Carter v. Baker, Case No. 2,472; Campbell v. Barclay, Id. 2.353; Gould’s Manuf’g Co. v. Cowing, Id. 5,643; Ingersoll v. Musgrove, Id. 7,040; New York City v. Ransom, 23 How. (64 U. S.) 487; Blake v. Robertson, 94 U. S. 728; Black v. Thorne, 111 U. S. 122, 4 Sup. Ct. 326. See, also, Whitney v. Emmett, supra; Schillinger v. Gunther, Case No. 12,457; Knight v. Gavit, Id. 7,884: Garretson v. Clark, Id. 5,248; Matthews v. Spangenberg, 14 Fed. 350. But see Graham v. Geneva Lake Crawford Manuf’g Co., 11 Fed. 138. Nominal damages should be awarded where the infring-ers have no knowledge of the patentee’s right (Bryce v. Dorr, Case No. 2,070), or are induced to infringe by the fraudulent conduct of the pat-entee (Washburn v. Gould, Id. 17,214); also where the patentee charged royalty oppressively (Matthews v. Spangenberg, 14 Fed. 350). And see, generally. Black v. Thorne, 111 U. S. 122, 4 Sup. Ct. 326; Calkins v. Bertrand, supra; Schillinger v. Gunther, supra; Steam Stone Cutter Co. v. Windsor Manuf’g Co., Case No. 13,335. Remote or conjectural damages cannot be recovered. Carter v. Baker, supra; Buerk v. Imhaeuser, supra. Punitive damages may be allowed when the infringement is of an aggravated character. Parker v. Corbin, Case No. 10,73l; Buerk v. Imhaeuser, supra; Hogg v. Emerson, 11 How. (52 U. S.) 587; American Nicholson Pav. Co. v. Elizabeth, Case No. 309; Emerson v. Simm, Id. 4,443; Peek v. Frame, Id. 10,903. The infliction of punitive damages is for the court, — Seymour v. McCormick, 16 How. (57 U. S.) 480, — and not within the province of the jury, — Whittemore v. Cutter, supra; Pitts v. Hall, supra; Stimpson v. The Railroads, Case No. 13,456; Parker v. Corbin, supra. Contra, Hall v. Wiles, Case No. 5,954. The jury should find the actual damages, and it is for the court, in its discretion, to increase them. Hogg v. Emerson, supra; Seavy v. Seymour, Case No. 12,596; Judson v. Bradford, Id. 7,564; Stephens v. Felt, Id. 13,368; Guyon v. Serrell, Id. 5,881; Hall v. Wiles, supra. This discretion should only be exercised where plaintiffs are driven to litigation by wanton and persistent infringement. Brodie v. Ophir S. M Co., Case No. 1,919; Peek v. Frame, supra. A court of equity will not increase the damages. Livingston v. Jones, Case No. 8,414. And see, as to increased damages under act of 1798, Kneass v. Schuylkill Bank, Case No. 7,876; Act 1836 (5 Stat. 117); Campbell v. James, 5 Fed. 806; Guyon v. Serrell, supra; Stimpson v. The Railroads, supra; Act 1846; Allen v. Blunt. Case No. 217: Act of July 8, 1870; Carew v. Boston Elastic Fabric Co., Case No. 2,397; also. Schwarzel v. Holenshade, Id. 12,506. Counsel fees may be included in the damages. Boston Manuf’g Co. v. Fiske, Id. 1,681; Allen v. Blunt, supra; Parker v. Corbin, supra. Contra, Whittemore v. Cutter, supra; Stimpson v. The Railroads, supra; Philp v. Nock, 17 Wall. (84 U. S.) 460; Bancroft v. Acton, Case No. 833; Teese v. Huntingdon. 23 How. (64 U. S.) 2. And see Pierson v. Eagle Screw Co., Case No. 11.156; Parker v. Hulme, supra; Blanchard Gun Stock v. Warner, Case No. 1,521. Expenses of the suit are proper elements of damage. Alden v. Dewey, Id. 153; Pierson v. Eagle Screw Co., supra; Holbrook v. Small, Case No. 6,596. “Profits” may be recovered in addition to “damages,” the two terms, as used in the act, not being convertible. Buerk v. Imhaeuser, supra: Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co. v. Van Antwerp, Case No. 5,600; Williams v. Rome, W. & O. R. Co., 2 Fed. 702.]
[700]*700The court say, in the leading case of Seymour v. McCormick [supra], while they recognize the rule that where there is no license fee, the plaintiff is entitled to compensation upon the principle of profits, it is only where, from the peculiar circumstances of the case, no other rule can be found, that the defendant’s profits become the criterion of the plaintiff’s loss. Now, was this a case of that kind? In the first place, here was this right of Crary, and this obligation resting on him to sell these machines, and he had an interest, and a very cogent one, to sell all he could, and there was a right reserved to Bur-dell on his part, to participate in the profits to the extent of those sales; and we have held he could not revoke that contract. The proof was that Crary did sell, and had accounted to Burdell for the profits arising from the sales up to a certain time; and here the question arises, upon whom rested the burden of proof? When the plaintiffs show as they did prima facie, that they intended to keep a close monopoly, and there was no proof to the contrary, then, undoubtedly, according to all the authorities upon the subject, they were entitled to recover damages according to the principle of profits; but when the defendants came in with their proof and showed there was no close monopoly, what followed? It followed, as a necessary consequence, that a different rule of compensation for damages — that of the license fee — must be applied. Upon whom rested the burden of proof as to that license fee under that state of the case? It seems to me that the proof to which I have adverted having been given, the burden of proof then shifted under the principle that “where the plaintiff is entitled to recover only actual damages, he is bound to furnish the proof by which the jury can assess them. If he rest his case after merely proving an infringement of his patent, he may be entitled to nominal damages, but no more. He can not call on a jury to guess out his case without evidence. Actual damages must be calculated, not imagined, and an arithmetical calculation can not be made without certain data on which to make it.”
It seems to me that where, from the evidence, the damages are to be calculated upon the basis of profits, it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove those profits as the basis and data of that calculation; and where, from the state of the evidence, the other principle applies — compensation for a license fee — the same principle of evidence applies, and the same result ensues — the burden of proof rests upon him. If we are right in the conclusion to which we have come as regards the continued existence of this contract between Crary and Burdell, then the consequence follows, whether we regard the amount of profit or the license fee as the basis and standard of their recovery of damages, the burden of proof rested upon the plaintiffs, and it was for them to give proof so specific in its character that the jury could make the proper calculation of damages, and, in the absence of such proof, they could only be entitled to nominal damages. If, in the future trial of this case, this point should become material, we should be happy to hear counsel further upon it. We can come to no other conclusion upon the views we have taken of this case — speaking of the points which I have just discussed — than that the verdict in this case is against the evidence, and that it is against the law of the case, and that these grounds for a new trial are well taken. The verdict must be set aside, and a new trial ordered.