The Chancellor.
The facts of the case, as to which there is little or no dispute, are these: Mary Livingston Adams, through the [370]*370agency of her husband, on the 27th of September, 1864, agreed to sell and convey to the complainant a farm, situate in Union county, known as the Crane farm, for $30,000; of which $500 was to be paid at the time of the contract, $4500 on or before the 1st day of January, 1865, $10,000 on or before the 1st of April, 1865, when a deed was to be given to the complainant, and she was to give a mortgage for $5000, and assume a mortgage for $10,000 then upon the farm. It. is disputed whether this contract was in writing ; but as it is admitted in the answer, and was in part performed, and its existence recognized in a subsequent written contract relating to it, that question is of no importance. The complainant paid on the contract at the making $100, September 27th, 1864; $500, October 8th, 1864; $300, October 16th, 1864; $600, February 20th, 1865; $3000, March 11th, 1865; and $2000, May 11th, -1865, amounting in all to $6500.
The complainant, not being able to make the payments as stipulated, on the 13th of May, 1865, a new agreement in writing was entered into between her and the executors of Mrs. Adams, by which they agreed that the complainant might take possession of and cultivate the farm, except the house, out-buildings, and pasture; and the complainant agreed, on or before August 1st, 1865, to pay the balance then due upon the purchase, with interest from October 1st, 1864, on all balances due, and also, to pay Adams a fair and reasonable sum for all expenses incurred by reason of her failure to make payments as stipulated; and she further agreed that if she should fail to make the payments as aforesaid by the 1st day of August, 1865, she would quit and surrender all claims of every name and nature to the farm, and everything upon it, and forfeit all payments made prior thereto.
On the 1st of August, 1865, the complainant was not prepared to make the payment, and then agreed with the defendant Adams, by a writing endorsed on this extension agreement, and signed by both, that the time should be fur-[371]*371tier extended to the 15th of that month. This agreement was made upon an arrangement that she should first pay the expenses provided for by the agreement, the amount of which was by them adjusted at $2000, and was paid. The complainant failed to pay on the 15th of August, and on the 16th, by the orders of Adams, and of a policeman placed there by him for the purpose of enforcing them, the complainant quit the possession of the property, and took away the horses and implements of husbandry used there, except one horse which her husband permitted to remain there for some days, so as to avoid the appearance of abandoning the property, and which afterwards was sent home by Adams. Adams took and kept the hay gathered and crops planted by the complainant. In some conversations after this with the complainant’s husband, Smith W. Bullock, Adams told him that he considered the contract at an end, but that he would rather the complainant should have the farm than any other person; and on one occasion, in the autumn of 1865, promised S. W. Bullock to call at his office in New York to make some arrangement. But he did not go, because, as he alleges, he had made some bargain with another person about the sale of the farm, which was not reduced to writing, but which his co-executor, Mr. Day, thought had progressed too far to be abandoned with propriety. The complainant never tendered the money, or offered or tendered herself ready to perform the contract on her part, and never demanded a deed at any time before the bill was filed, or gave any notice to the defendants that she intended to insist on the performance of the contract. Mrs. Lee or her husband had no notice of any kind, of the contract, or of any claim of the complainant, until after the contract to sell to her, or until after she had paid a large part of the purchase money.
Courts of equity do not in general consider the time of performance as the essence of a contract for the sale of lands; but hold that it may become of the essence, by being expressly made so by the contract itself. Fry on Spec. Perf., §§ 710 and 712; 1 Story’s Eq. Jur., § 776; Sugd. on Vendors, [372]*372ch. VIII, § 1, p. 305; Mackreth v. Marlar, 1 Cox. 259; Hudson v. Bartram, 3 Madd. 440; Baynham v. Guy’s Hospital, 3 Ves., Jr., 295; Baton v. Slade, 7 Ves. 270; Lloyd v. Rippingale, 1 Y. & Coll. Ex. 410; Hipwell v. Knight, Ibid. 401; Honeyman v. Marryatt, 21 Beav. 14; Benedict v. Lynch, 1 Johns. C. R. 370; Wells v. Smith, 7 Paige 22; 4 Edw. C. R. 697. Or, by notice from the other party insisting upon performance at a time fixed. Fry, § 722. Or, by the subject matter of the contract and its surrounding circumstances. Fry, § 713-715; McKay v. Carrington, 1 McLean 50; Holt v. Rogers, 8 Pet. 420; Levy v. Lindo, 3 Mer. 81; Coslake v. Till, 1 Russ. 376; Wright v. Howard, 1 Sim. & Stu. 190; Young’s Adm’r v. Rathbone, 1 C. E. Green 224.
This equitable doctrine often causes great injustice and positive wrong, and ought not to be extended further than established. But parties aware of this doctrine can always provide that time shall be of the essence of the contract, by stipulating that if not performed within the time it shall not bind the party.
In this case, by the express terms of the contract of May 13th, 1865, in the strongest language that can be used fox the purpose, time is made of the essence-of this contract. It is wise and j ust that parties to contracts should have the power to make time of the essence. The effect of the doctrine of equity, often has been to keep one party uncertain for months or years, whether the other will perform his contract or not; during this time he cannot go on with arrangements contemplated in the change of property, from doubt whether his former homestead or place of business will be in fact taken, even if the money is not needed for a new undertaking. Unless a party is permitted to stipulate that a contract not fulfilled at a specified time, and such stipulation be enforced in all courts, prudent men will soon cease to make any contract for the sale of lands.
The rule is founded on correct principle as well as authority, and a court of equity has no more right or power to [373]*373disregard this express stipulation, than it has to give a year or ten years, or ninety-nine years, for the payment of the whole or one half of the purchase money stipulated for in cash, if it should appear that it is difficult or impossible for the purchaser to pay at the time agreed upon.
The first contract was modified and merged in the second, made on the 13th of May, 1865, by which performance at the day was plainly made of the essence of the contract. The complainant was put out of the premises on August 16th, 1865, and told that the contract was at an end; and, although told that the defendants were willing to make a fair arrangement, the complainant has never since offered to perform the terms of the old contract, or to pay the price agreed upon by it and take the property.
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The Chancellor.
The facts of the case, as to which there is little or no dispute, are these: Mary Livingston Adams, through the [370]*370agency of her husband, on the 27th of September, 1864, agreed to sell and convey to the complainant a farm, situate in Union county, known as the Crane farm, for $30,000; of which $500 was to be paid at the time of the contract, $4500 on or before the 1st day of January, 1865, $10,000 on or before the 1st of April, 1865, when a deed was to be given to the complainant, and she was to give a mortgage for $5000, and assume a mortgage for $10,000 then upon the farm. It. is disputed whether this contract was in writing ; but as it is admitted in the answer, and was in part performed, and its existence recognized in a subsequent written contract relating to it, that question is of no importance. The complainant paid on the contract at the making $100, September 27th, 1864; $500, October 8th, 1864; $300, October 16th, 1864; $600, February 20th, 1865; $3000, March 11th, 1865; and $2000, May 11th, -1865, amounting in all to $6500.
The complainant, not being able to make the payments as stipulated, on the 13th of May, 1865, a new agreement in writing was entered into between her and the executors of Mrs. Adams, by which they agreed that the complainant might take possession of and cultivate the farm, except the house, out-buildings, and pasture; and the complainant agreed, on or before August 1st, 1865, to pay the balance then due upon the purchase, with interest from October 1st, 1864, on all balances due, and also, to pay Adams a fair and reasonable sum for all expenses incurred by reason of her failure to make payments as stipulated; and she further agreed that if she should fail to make the payments as aforesaid by the 1st day of August, 1865, she would quit and surrender all claims of every name and nature to the farm, and everything upon it, and forfeit all payments made prior thereto.
On the 1st of August, 1865, the complainant was not prepared to make the payment, and then agreed with the defendant Adams, by a writing endorsed on this extension agreement, and signed by both, that the time should be fur-[371]*371tier extended to the 15th of that month. This agreement was made upon an arrangement that she should first pay the expenses provided for by the agreement, the amount of which was by them adjusted at $2000, and was paid. The complainant failed to pay on the 15th of August, and on the 16th, by the orders of Adams, and of a policeman placed there by him for the purpose of enforcing them, the complainant quit the possession of the property, and took away the horses and implements of husbandry used there, except one horse which her husband permitted to remain there for some days, so as to avoid the appearance of abandoning the property, and which afterwards was sent home by Adams. Adams took and kept the hay gathered and crops planted by the complainant. In some conversations after this with the complainant’s husband, Smith W. Bullock, Adams told him that he considered the contract at an end, but that he would rather the complainant should have the farm than any other person; and on one occasion, in the autumn of 1865, promised S. W. Bullock to call at his office in New York to make some arrangement. But he did not go, because, as he alleges, he had made some bargain with another person about the sale of the farm, which was not reduced to writing, but which his co-executor, Mr. Day, thought had progressed too far to be abandoned with propriety. The complainant never tendered the money, or offered or tendered herself ready to perform the contract on her part, and never demanded a deed at any time before the bill was filed, or gave any notice to the defendants that she intended to insist on the performance of the contract. Mrs. Lee or her husband had no notice of any kind, of the contract, or of any claim of the complainant, until after the contract to sell to her, or until after she had paid a large part of the purchase money.
Courts of equity do not in general consider the time of performance as the essence of a contract for the sale of lands; but hold that it may become of the essence, by being expressly made so by the contract itself. Fry on Spec. Perf., §§ 710 and 712; 1 Story’s Eq. Jur., § 776; Sugd. on Vendors, [372]*372ch. VIII, § 1, p. 305; Mackreth v. Marlar, 1 Cox. 259; Hudson v. Bartram, 3 Madd. 440; Baynham v. Guy’s Hospital, 3 Ves., Jr., 295; Baton v. Slade, 7 Ves. 270; Lloyd v. Rippingale, 1 Y. & Coll. Ex. 410; Hipwell v. Knight, Ibid. 401; Honeyman v. Marryatt, 21 Beav. 14; Benedict v. Lynch, 1 Johns. C. R. 370; Wells v. Smith, 7 Paige 22; 4 Edw. C. R. 697. Or, by notice from the other party insisting upon performance at a time fixed. Fry, § 722. Or, by the subject matter of the contract and its surrounding circumstances. Fry, § 713-715; McKay v. Carrington, 1 McLean 50; Holt v. Rogers, 8 Pet. 420; Levy v. Lindo, 3 Mer. 81; Coslake v. Till, 1 Russ. 376; Wright v. Howard, 1 Sim. & Stu. 190; Young’s Adm’r v. Rathbone, 1 C. E. Green 224.
This equitable doctrine often causes great injustice and positive wrong, and ought not to be extended further than established. But parties aware of this doctrine can always provide that time shall be of the essence of the contract, by stipulating that if not performed within the time it shall not bind the party.
In this case, by the express terms of the contract of May 13th, 1865, in the strongest language that can be used fox the purpose, time is made of the essence-of this contract. It is wise and j ust that parties to contracts should have the power to make time of the essence. The effect of the doctrine of equity, often has been to keep one party uncertain for months or years, whether the other will perform his contract or not; during this time he cannot go on with arrangements contemplated in the change of property, from doubt whether his former homestead or place of business will be in fact taken, even if the money is not needed for a new undertaking. Unless a party is permitted to stipulate that a contract not fulfilled at a specified time, and such stipulation be enforced in all courts, prudent men will soon cease to make any contract for the sale of lands.
The rule is founded on correct principle as well as authority, and a court of equity has no more right or power to [373]*373disregard this express stipulation, than it has to give a year or ten years, or ninety-nine years, for the payment of the whole or one half of the purchase money stipulated for in cash, if it should appear that it is difficult or impossible for the purchaser to pay at the time agreed upon.
The first contract was modified and merged in the second, made on the 13th of May, 1865, by which performance at the day was plainly made of the essence of the contract. The complainant was put out of the premises on August 16th, 1865, and told that the contract was at an end; and, although told that the defendants were willing to make a fair arrangement, the complainant has never since offered to perform the terms of the old contract, or to pay the price agreed upon by it and take the property. If time had not been made the essence of the contract, the fact that she, from August 1st, 1865, to March 27th, 1867, had remained quiescent, and had done nothing to perform her part of the contract, and had not, in fact, been ready or able to perform it, and never «called upon the defendants for its performance, would have been a bar to the relief sought; for a party asking for specific performance must have been ready, willing, and anxious to perform on his part. 1 Story's Eq. Jur., § 776; Fry, § 732.
Besides, I am not aware of any case that has decreed spe■cific performance at the instance of a party in default, when he has not, before suit, tendered himself ready to perform, and demanded performance from the defendant. Else, a contract breaker, who never intended to perform, might lie passive, and when the party willing to perform, and in no fault, should contract to sell in good faith, use his broken contract as a club to break up the bargain, or to deter a timid purchaser from buying, in fear of an equity suit, which would paralyze him for years in the use of the property. There is ground to suspect that in this case the contract was kept to be used for this purpose.
Under the prayer for general relief, this court might have power to direct the money paid to be refunded to the complainant, if she had any legal right to have it refunded. [374]*374This is not, of itself, a matter of equity jurisdiction, as this money could.be recovered at law, if she had the right to it. But this co'urt might have jurisdiction, upon the principle adopted in equity courts, that when a matter is before the court properly, for relief which can only be had in equity, the court will grant such other relief, arising out of the facts of the case, to which the party is entitled, although the relief could be had at law. But, in such case, it can grant only the relief which the complainant is entitled to at law. It is common, both in sales by auction and other sales, to stipulate that the per centage or part paid at the contract shall be forfeited if the purchaser does not comply with his contract, and I am not aware of any case where the payment so made has been recovered at law, even where the vendor, upon a re-sale, has received a higher price. I know of no'principle upon which such payment can be recovered, either at law or in equity.
The authority referred to by the complainant's counsel, in 2 Story’s Eq. Jur., § 798, and the cases cited, which are there cited in the note, are cases where the court held the complainant entitled to relief by specific performance, but the defendant had put it out of his power to perform, by having conveyed to a purchaser without notice, and therefore the court directed compensation, which, no doubt, would include the refunding of the money paid on the contract.
And the English courts have recently refused relief by compensation, even in that class of cases. Fry on Spec. Perf., § 938; Guillim v. Stone, 14 Ves. 128; Blore v. Sutton, 3 Mer. 237; Todd v. Gee, 17 Ves. 273; Sainsbury v. Jones, 2 Beav. 462, affirmed, 5 Myl. & Cr. 1.
The bill must be dismissed.