Grey, V. C.
The question presented for determination on the issues raised by the cross-bill and the answer thereto,' involves simply the ownership of the bond and mortgage sought to be foreclosed.
Both parties claim to own that bond and mortgage, and also to have derived their ownership from the same source — Miss McFadden, the mortgagee. Neither side denies that she was in her lifetime the owner of the bond- and mortgage in question, and that she'continued to be the owner of it up to the day of her death. There is no claim that she ever executed any written assignment of it, nor that she was in any way dispossessed of the ownership and actual custody, unless title and ownership passed to the complainant, Mr, Buecker, in the mode described in his answer to the cross-bill; that is, that Miss McFadden, on the day of her death, either by absolute gift, or by way of donatio mortis causa, passed the bond and mortgage to Mr. Buecker. If she did not so transfer the bond and mortgage to him, then she must have died possessed of them, and their present ownership must be in her administrator.
This issue is thus sharply defined in the pleadings themselves, for the complainant in the cross-bill asserts that she died possessed of the bond and mortgage, and that the defendant, Mr. Buecker, carried them off immediately after her death. The defendant denies this and avers
"that the said bond and mortgage was acquired by him and came to his possession by gift and delivery from the said Hannah McFadden in her lifetime, at the time and in the manner stated in the bill of complaint.”
Upon looking at the bill (the original bill), it is there alleged by Mr. Buecker that
“prior to her death and while in her last illness and apprehensive that death was near, to wit, on or about the 26th_day of December, 1898, the said Hannah McFadden gave to your orator and delivered into his possession the said bond or obligation and indenture of mortgage, with the intent and purpose that the said delivery of the possession of the said bond„and mortgage to your orator shall operate as an assignment and transfer to him of the same and of all her right, title and interest therein.”
[304]*304It is to be noted that there is no claim made that the bond, and mortgage were purchased by Mr. Buecker. He alleges, and. has offered proof, and his counsel has argued his cause, wholly upon the theory that his recipiency of the bond and mortgage' was without valuable consideration, donatio mortis causa.
There is a difference between an absolute gift and one made mortis causa. In the former case the donee becomes, in the lifetime of the donor, the absolute owner of the thing given, but donatio mortis causa leaves the whole title in the donor, unless-the event occurs (the death of the donor) which is to divest him. Edwards v. Jones, 1 Myl. & C. 233. In this case no nice distinction need be made as to the nature of the alleged gift, as the case is controlled by the absence of any proof of any sort of gift.
The bond and mortgage in question were admittedly on the day of Miss McFadden’s death in her possession. The whole claim of Mr. Buecker, that the bond and mortgage were given to him by Miss McEadden, is based upon two points in the evidence which, he insists, exhibit such circumstances that a gift mortis causa must be inferred. The first incident is that Mr. Buecker, by his own testimony, proves that during the morning of the day on which she died, he came to Miss McFadden’s sick chamber in the absence of her attendant. This, it is contended,. shows the opportunity for the gift. The second incident is that a witness (a friend of Mr. Buecker) proves that at about six o’clock in the evening of the same day, Buecker showed him the bond and mortgage which he then had in his possession
This, it is contended, shows that Miss McEadden, at the alleged private interview with Mr. Buecker in the morning, must have given him the bond and mortgage which he had in the early evening. Miss McFadden died late that night.
Taking all the above recited testimony to be uncontradicted, it is to be observed it makes no proof whatever that Miss McEadden in any way transferred the bond and mortgage to Mr. Buecker,. by way of gift, mortis causa, or otherwise. The most that can’ be said of it is that it exhibits a situation in which she might have made a gift of them to Mr. Buecker, but it falls far short of proving that she did make such a gift. The actual proof, accepting all of it as true, amounts only to a showing that Buecker ■ [305]*305had the securities in his possession during her lifetime. When he got them, by what act or speech of Miss McEadden, whether by gift or how otherwise, and under what circumstances or limitations, is wholly undisclosed by any evidence offered by him. Mr. Buecker, therefore, contends that an irresistible inference must be drawn from the mere fact of his possession of these securities, which shall be held to establish a gift to him by Miss McEadden at the alleged private interview.
It appears to be entirely settled that mere possession of the subject-matter of the gift by the claiming donee, cannot of itself be held to establish a gift mortis causa. Especially if the claimant had opportunity to obtain wrongful possession from the alleged donor. There must be proof that the subject-matter of the gift was so delivered to the claimant by the donor himself, by action, or speech, or both, that he abandoned all dominion over it, subject only to the happening of any of the incidents which make such gifts revocable. Delmotte v. Taylor, 1 Redf. Surr. 417. Should mere possession be held to establish such gift and to cast upon the representatives of the estate the burden of disproof, it would be adding a new terror to death, an actual invitation to the seizure of the effects of sick persons, in articulo mortis, when they are least able to care for them.
The policy of the law tends directly in the opposite direction. Gifts mortis causa are not favored in the law, for the reason that this mode of disposition permits property without limit of value to be transferred by mere delivery, and the proof thereof to be made when death has closed the lips of the claimed donor. Keepers v. Fidelity Title Co., 27 Vr. 308 (Court of Errors).
The same principle prevents the drawing of so violent an inference upon evidence of the light character here submitted. Moreover, an inference of such a gift could not be supported upon that evidence, because the possession of Mr. Buecker, under the circumstances detailed, does not either necessarily or even reasonably lead to such a conclusion. If possession was in fact received by Mr. Buecker from Miss McEadden, and the proof stopped at that point, it would still fail to show what is alleged, that under an apprehension of death, and with an intent to' give the property in the bond and mortgage to him, she delivered, [306]*306&c. She might have delivered them to him for safe keeping, for transmission to some other person, indeed, for many reasons other than as a gift to him of the property in them.
But the evidence upon which Mr. Bueeker bases his contention cannot be accepted as a truthful statement of the manner in which he obtained possession, without assignment of the securities in question. The testimony, so far as it was given by Mr.
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Grey, V. C.
The question presented for determination on the issues raised by the cross-bill and the answer thereto,' involves simply the ownership of the bond and mortgage sought to be foreclosed.
Both parties claim to own that bond and mortgage, and also to have derived their ownership from the same source — Miss McFadden, the mortgagee. Neither side denies that she was in her lifetime the owner of the bond- and mortgage in question, and that she'continued to be the owner of it up to the day of her death. There is no claim that she ever executed any written assignment of it, nor that she was in any way dispossessed of the ownership and actual custody, unless title and ownership passed to the complainant, Mr, Buecker, in the mode described in his answer to the cross-bill; that is, that Miss McFadden, on the day of her death, either by absolute gift, or by way of donatio mortis causa, passed the bond and mortgage to Mr. Buecker. If she did not so transfer the bond and mortgage to him, then she must have died possessed of them, and their present ownership must be in her administrator.
This issue is thus sharply defined in the pleadings themselves, for the complainant in the cross-bill asserts that she died possessed of the bond and mortgage, and that the defendant, Mr. Buecker, carried them off immediately after her death. The defendant denies this and avers
"that the said bond and mortgage was acquired by him and came to his possession by gift and delivery from the said Hannah McFadden in her lifetime, at the time and in the manner stated in the bill of complaint.”
Upon looking at the bill (the original bill), it is there alleged by Mr. Buecker that
“prior to her death and while in her last illness and apprehensive that death was near, to wit, on or about the 26th_day of December, 1898, the said Hannah McFadden gave to your orator and delivered into his possession the said bond or obligation and indenture of mortgage, with the intent and purpose that the said delivery of the possession of the said bond„and mortgage to your orator shall operate as an assignment and transfer to him of the same and of all her right, title and interest therein.”
[304]*304It is to be noted that there is no claim made that the bond, and mortgage were purchased by Mr. Buecker. He alleges, and. has offered proof, and his counsel has argued his cause, wholly upon the theory that his recipiency of the bond and mortgage' was without valuable consideration, donatio mortis causa.
There is a difference between an absolute gift and one made mortis causa. In the former case the donee becomes, in the lifetime of the donor, the absolute owner of the thing given, but donatio mortis causa leaves the whole title in the donor, unless-the event occurs (the death of the donor) which is to divest him. Edwards v. Jones, 1 Myl. & C. 233. In this case no nice distinction need be made as to the nature of the alleged gift, as the case is controlled by the absence of any proof of any sort of gift.
The bond and mortgage in question were admittedly on the day of Miss McFadden’s death in her possession. The whole claim of Mr. Buecker, that the bond and mortgage were given to him by Miss McEadden, is based upon two points in the evidence which, he insists, exhibit such circumstances that a gift mortis causa must be inferred. The first incident is that Mr. Buecker, by his own testimony, proves that during the morning of the day on which she died, he came to Miss McFadden’s sick chamber in the absence of her attendant. This, it is contended,. shows the opportunity for the gift. The second incident is that a witness (a friend of Mr. Buecker) proves that at about six o’clock in the evening of the same day, Buecker showed him the bond and mortgage which he then had in his possession
This, it is contended, shows that Miss McEadden, at the alleged private interview with Mr. Buecker in the morning, must have given him the bond and mortgage which he had in the early evening. Miss McFadden died late that night.
Taking all the above recited testimony to be uncontradicted, it is to be observed it makes no proof whatever that Miss McEadden in any way transferred the bond and mortgage to Mr. Buecker,. by way of gift, mortis causa, or otherwise. The most that can’ be said of it is that it exhibits a situation in which she might have made a gift of them to Mr. Buecker, but it falls far short of proving that she did make such a gift. The actual proof, accepting all of it as true, amounts only to a showing that Buecker ■ [305]*305had the securities in his possession during her lifetime. When he got them, by what act or speech of Miss McEadden, whether by gift or how otherwise, and under what circumstances or limitations, is wholly undisclosed by any evidence offered by him. Mr. Buecker, therefore, contends that an irresistible inference must be drawn from the mere fact of his possession of these securities, which shall be held to establish a gift to him by Miss McEadden at the alleged private interview.
It appears to be entirely settled that mere possession of the subject-matter of the gift by the claiming donee, cannot of itself be held to establish a gift mortis causa. Especially if the claimant had opportunity to obtain wrongful possession from the alleged donor. There must be proof that the subject-matter of the gift was so delivered to the claimant by the donor himself, by action, or speech, or both, that he abandoned all dominion over it, subject only to the happening of any of the incidents which make such gifts revocable. Delmotte v. Taylor, 1 Redf. Surr. 417. Should mere possession be held to establish such gift and to cast upon the representatives of the estate the burden of disproof, it would be adding a new terror to death, an actual invitation to the seizure of the effects of sick persons, in articulo mortis, when they are least able to care for them.
The policy of the law tends directly in the opposite direction. Gifts mortis causa are not favored in the law, for the reason that this mode of disposition permits property without limit of value to be transferred by mere delivery, and the proof thereof to be made when death has closed the lips of the claimed donor. Keepers v. Fidelity Title Co., 27 Vr. 308 (Court of Errors).
The same principle prevents the drawing of so violent an inference upon evidence of the light character here submitted. Moreover, an inference of such a gift could not be supported upon that evidence, because the possession of Mr. Buecker, under the circumstances detailed, does not either necessarily or even reasonably lead to such a conclusion. If possession was in fact received by Mr. Buecker from Miss McEadden, and the proof stopped at that point, it would still fail to show what is alleged, that under an apprehension of death, and with an intent to' give the property in the bond and mortgage to him, she delivered, [306]*306&c. She might have delivered them to him for safe keeping, for transmission to some other person, indeed, for many reasons other than as a gift to him of the property in them.
But the evidence upon which Mr. Bueeker bases his contention cannot be accepted as a truthful statement of the manner in which he obtained possession, without assignment of the securities in question. The testimony, so far as it was given by Mr. Bueeker that he had a private interview with Miss McEadden at which the gift might have been made, is flatly contradicted by her attendant, a disinterested witness. That given by his friend, to the effect that in the early evening of the night on which Miss McEadden died Mr. Bueeker had the bond and mortgage in his possession, was so uncertain in its identification of the papers, which Bueeker showed him as the bond and mortgage here in dispute, that it carries no weight.
There is an entire failure to prove that Miss McEadden, in her lifetime, in any way disposed of the bond and mortgage in question. This determination leaves the title to them in Miss McEadden, at the time of her death, so that it vested in her administrator upon his appointment. Mr. Costello, the complainant in the cross-bill, is that administrator, and as such is entitled to a decree for the delivery of this part of his decedent’s estate to him.
This view of the case relieves from any necessity to consider the question of the liability of such a voluntary gift as is claimed to the debts of the decedent, and the consequent right of Miss McEadden’s administrator to have the custody and use of these assets, if necessary, for that purpose. Under the proofs the administrator of Miss McEadden is entitled to these securities, not for a limited use to pay her debts, if need be, but without limit, for all the purposes of administration, of her estate.
At the hearing it was insisted for Mr. Bueeker that he had a right to dispute in this cause the efficiency of Mr. Costello’s letters of administration upon Miss McEadden’s estate, upon the ground that Miss McEadden was at the time of her death domiciled, not in Philadelphia, where the letters were issued, but in Atlantic City, New Jersey. This contention was overruled. Mr. Bueeker was not shown to be either a creditor or [307]*307next of kin to Miss McEadden, or to be in any way so interested that he had any stains to contest with her administrator the legality of his letters. ETor would this court in this collateral way entertain such a question. It is one which should be raised in the probate courts, by direct' attack or application. They have jurisdiction over such matters.
Mr. Buecker further contends that Costello, being an administrator by virtue of letters obtained in another state, his cross-bill ought to be dismissed because on coming in as a party he filed the exemplified copy of his letters in the office of the clerk of this court, in this cause, under the provision of the act of 1887 (Gen. Stai. p. 1429 § 20), and not in the office of the register of the prerogative court, as provided in P. L. of 1896 p. 78 § 1.
Mr. Costello did file an exemplified copy of the foreign letters in this court, in this cause, with his original petition to be admitted to defend this suit as administrator. This was a full compliance with the terms prescribed by the statute of 1887 above cited. The act of 1896 does not in terms refer to or repeal the act of 1887, but declares a repealer of all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with the later act. Whether a requirement that a copy of letters be filed in the office of the clerk of the court where he is about to proceed by suit is inconsistent with another requirement that a copy be filed in the office of the register of the prerogative court is a question of some doubt. In this case copies have in fact been filed in both offices before the final hearing of the cause — in the office of the clerk of this court, at the original admission of the administrator as a party, and in the prerogative court office about two months before the hearing. Mr. Bueeker’s objection is not that the letters are not now on file in the proper office, but that they were not so on file when the cross-bill was filed.
If it be assumed that the statute of 1887 was repealed by the act of 1896, Mr. Costello claims that he has also complied with the requirements of the later statute. The act of 1896 contemplates and authorizes both the “prosecution” of an action, provided copy of foreign letters be filed, and the “bringing” of an action after such filing. A suit may be prosecuted after it has [308]*308been begun, but the. bringing of a suit is its initiation. The one phrase ajoplies to the further conduct of a suit and the other to the beginning of a new suit. The legislature, it is to be presumed, intended each phrase to hare its distinct meaning, else there was no occasion to use both. Applying this rule of construction to the act of 1896, it authorizes the prosecution of a pending suit after' filing copy of foreign letters in the prerogative office of this state. This the administrator has done before the hearing in the cause, and the requirements of the statute having been complied with, he may now prosecute his suit. The object of the statute of 1896 is to assure defendants that a party assuming to be an administrator under a foreign appointment was in fact what he claimed to be.
This object, so far as the defendant is concerned, is fully attained by the filing of the exemplified copy at any stage of a pending suit, at which he may assert his rights to the assurance. The statute of 1896 prescribes no penalty, and the exemplified copy of the letters. being now on file in the prerogative office, the cross-bill should not, even if the act of 1887 was repealed by that of 1896, be dismissed because the copy of foreign letters was not filed in that office before the filing of the cross-bill.
I will advise a decree for the administrator of Miss McEadden, in accordance with the views above expressed, with costs.