Mr. Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the court:
The defendants in error declared against plaintiffs in error in case, alleging that plaintiff in error Buck was the keeper of a dram-shop in a house rented him for that purpose by plaintiff in error Walsh; that he furnished intoxicating liquors to Edward Maddock, father of defendants in error, causing him to become intoxicated, in consequence of which the said Maddock went upon a railroad track, and, failing to exercise proper care for his own safety, was killed by a passipg train. A plea of not guilty was filed, and upon trial by jury the issue was found for plaintiffs, and their damages assessed at $1550. The Appellate Court having affirmed that judgment, this writ of error is prosecuted.
After settling the facts adversely to plaintiffs in error the Appellate Court disposed of the questions Of law as follows:
“The brief of appellants presents various objections to the action of the court in admitting evidence, but we find nothing substantial in that respect. For example, it is urged that the court erred in permitting proof that the deceased was industrious when sober, because there was no allegation in the declaration that he was an habitual drunkard, and also in permitting proof of what deceased had done in the way of supporting his wife. Such proof tended to show the ability and disposition óf the man, when in a normal condition, to discharge his duties to his family.
“It is urged the court erred in refusing to allow appellants to ask Robbins, on cross-examination, whether he bad not been given money by plaintiffs’ counsel to get his clothes. The question was general, ‘Didn’t you get some money paid to get your clothes here?’ without any limitation as to where or from whom. He had previously answered several questions on that line, and the court had required one of the questions to be framed so as to state from whom the supposed contribution had come. There was no error in this action of the court, nor in the like ruling on another repeated question as to whether he had not been furnished free drinks at the saloon of a relative of the appellee, he having once answered such a question in the negative. It is within the province of the court to sustain objections to questions which are mere repetitions of those which have been asked and answered.
“It is said the trial court erred in refusing proof of admissions made by the mother of the appellees, who was acting as their next friend in this snit. She is not a party to the suit in such a sense that her admissions or declarations out of court should be received. She was a witness, and if it was desired to prove that she made the supposed statements by way of impeachment, the proper foundation should have been laid by asking her whether she had so stated, fixing the time and place and persons present. This was not done. The point is not well taken.
“Much criticism of the instructions given for plaintiffs is found in the brief, .but the objections are mainly based upon a strained and forced construction of some expressions selected without regard to the context. As to the first, it is said that it is dictatorial and mandatory and coercive,—quite a misapprehension, as we think. Another complaint is, that it permits a recovery if the said Haddock died in consequence of his intoxication, when the declaration avers that he was killed,—an entirely different matter, as counsel suggests. We are unable to appreciate the force of the objection.
“As to the second, the point urged is that it authorizes the jury to assess any damages which they may believe, from the evidence, the plaintiffs had sustained, without a limitation to their loss of support; but the very sentence from which these words are taken is predicated upon an injury to the means of support. Equally unsubstantial are the objections to the third, fourth and fifth.
“As to the sixth, it is urged that it assumes that the defendant Buck did sell liquor to Haddock because the word ‘the’ precedes the words ‘intoxicating liquor,’ etc. A further objection is, that the instruction assumes that in the death of their father the appellees had sustained damage to an amount in the loss of means of support. Both objections are too refined for the practical administration of justice.
“A third objection urged to this instruction is, that it advises the jury they might allow exemplary damages if they found that defendant Buck in person gave Haddock intoxicating liquors when he was already under the influence of such liquors, thereby causing the drunkenness complained of. As applied to the evidence that Buck gave Haddock ten or fifteen drinks of beer and whisky within a period of an hour and a half, during a part of which time ‘he was under the influence of liquor,’ the instruction was not improper. (Betting v. Hobbett, 142 Ill. 72.) Counsel argue that the phrase, ‘under the influence of liquor,’ is too vague, and is not equivalent to ‘drunk’ or ‘intoxicated.’ This expression is often used as a mere euphemism of those harsher terms, and is generally understood to mean the same thing. But were this not so, when the instruction is read in the light of the evidence offered by plaintiff the objection is not tenable. If one plies another with so much drink within so short a time, the effect being apparent, his action is within the reasoning and principle of the rule as laid down by the Supreme Court in the case cited. In this connection complaint is made of an instruction given by the court on its own motion, to the effect that vindictive or exemplary damages could not be awarded unless the plaintiffs had a case entitling them to actual damages, to which we perceive no valid objection. If the proof just referred to was credited by the jury, they would have been warranted in giving exemplary damages; yet, as already observed, it is by no means to be assumed that the verdict necessarily includes such an allowance.
“It is urged that the seventh is obscure, and that it assumes that the intoxication was the cause of the death, and that there was some injury to the means of support. There is no obscurity nor any harmful assumption. It was not doubtful that the death was caused by the intoxication, and the instruction in terms limited the recovery to such injury to means of support as was shown by the evidence.
“To the ninth it is objected, that in stating to the jury that it is the duty of a father to support and educate his minor children if able to do so, the instruction tended to advise the jury that there was testimony that the father did support the plaintiffs, and was therefore misleading. We think not. Moreover, the instructions given at the instance of defendants were very full and positive to the effect that whatever may be the legal duty of a father, these plaintiffs could be allowed only for such loss as they had sustained in view of the character, habits and ability of their father, as shown by the proof.
“Error is urged upon the modification of two instructions, by adding the words ‘and means of support’ after the word ‘loss’ in one, and by adding the words ‘in whole or in part’ after the word ‘support’ in the other. It is said the first modification blunted the point of the instruction, and rendered it meaningless. We see nothing in the objection.
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Mr. Justice Wilkin
delivered the opinion of the court:
The defendants in error declared against plaintiffs in error in case, alleging that plaintiff in error Buck was the keeper of a dram-shop in a house rented him for that purpose by plaintiff in error Walsh; that he furnished intoxicating liquors to Edward Maddock, father of defendants in error, causing him to become intoxicated, in consequence of which the said Maddock went upon a railroad track, and, failing to exercise proper care for his own safety, was killed by a passipg train. A plea of not guilty was filed, and upon trial by jury the issue was found for plaintiffs, and their damages assessed at $1550. The Appellate Court having affirmed that judgment, this writ of error is prosecuted.
After settling the facts adversely to plaintiffs in error the Appellate Court disposed of the questions Of law as follows:
“The brief of appellants presents various objections to the action of the court in admitting evidence, but we find nothing substantial in that respect. For example, it is urged that the court erred in permitting proof that the deceased was industrious when sober, because there was no allegation in the declaration that he was an habitual drunkard, and also in permitting proof of what deceased had done in the way of supporting his wife. Such proof tended to show the ability and disposition óf the man, when in a normal condition, to discharge his duties to his family.
“It is urged the court erred in refusing to allow appellants to ask Robbins, on cross-examination, whether he bad not been given money by plaintiffs’ counsel to get his clothes. The question was general, ‘Didn’t you get some money paid to get your clothes here?’ without any limitation as to where or from whom. He had previously answered several questions on that line, and the court had required one of the questions to be framed so as to state from whom the supposed contribution had come. There was no error in this action of the court, nor in the like ruling on another repeated question as to whether he had not been furnished free drinks at the saloon of a relative of the appellee, he having once answered such a question in the negative. It is within the province of the court to sustain objections to questions which are mere repetitions of those which have been asked and answered.
“It is said the trial court erred in refusing proof of admissions made by the mother of the appellees, who was acting as their next friend in this snit. She is not a party to the suit in such a sense that her admissions or declarations out of court should be received. She was a witness, and if it was desired to prove that she made the supposed statements by way of impeachment, the proper foundation should have been laid by asking her whether she had so stated, fixing the time and place and persons present. This was not done. The point is not well taken.
“Much criticism of the instructions given for plaintiffs is found in the brief, .but the objections are mainly based upon a strained and forced construction of some expressions selected without regard to the context. As to the first, it is said that it is dictatorial and mandatory and coercive,—quite a misapprehension, as we think. Another complaint is, that it permits a recovery if the said Haddock died in consequence of his intoxication, when the declaration avers that he was killed,—an entirely different matter, as counsel suggests. We are unable to appreciate the force of the objection.
“As to the second, the point urged is that it authorizes the jury to assess any damages which they may believe, from the evidence, the plaintiffs had sustained, without a limitation to their loss of support; but the very sentence from which these words are taken is predicated upon an injury to the means of support. Equally unsubstantial are the objections to the third, fourth and fifth.
“As to the sixth, it is urged that it assumes that the defendant Buck did sell liquor to Haddock because the word ‘the’ precedes the words ‘intoxicating liquor,’ etc. A further objection is, that the instruction assumes that in the death of their father the appellees had sustained damage to an amount in the loss of means of support. Both objections are too refined for the practical administration of justice.
“A third objection urged to this instruction is, that it advises the jury they might allow exemplary damages if they found that defendant Buck in person gave Haddock intoxicating liquors when he was already under the influence of such liquors, thereby causing the drunkenness complained of. As applied to the evidence that Buck gave Haddock ten or fifteen drinks of beer and whisky within a period of an hour and a half, during a part of which time ‘he was under the influence of liquor,’ the instruction was not improper. (Betting v. Hobbett, 142 Ill. 72.) Counsel argue that the phrase, ‘under the influence of liquor,’ is too vague, and is not equivalent to ‘drunk’ or ‘intoxicated.’ This expression is often used as a mere euphemism of those harsher terms, and is generally understood to mean the same thing. But were this not so, when the instruction is read in the light of the evidence offered by plaintiff the objection is not tenable. If one plies another with so much drink within so short a time, the effect being apparent, his action is within the reasoning and principle of the rule as laid down by the Supreme Court in the case cited. In this connection complaint is made of an instruction given by the court on its own motion, to the effect that vindictive or exemplary damages could not be awarded unless the plaintiffs had a case entitling them to actual damages, to which we perceive no valid objection. If the proof just referred to was credited by the jury, they would have been warranted in giving exemplary damages; yet, as already observed, it is by no means to be assumed that the verdict necessarily includes such an allowance.
“It is urged that the seventh is obscure, and that it assumes that the intoxication was the cause of the death, and that there was some injury to the means of support. There is no obscurity nor any harmful assumption. It was not doubtful that the death was caused by the intoxication, and the instruction in terms limited the recovery to such injury to means of support as was shown by the evidence.
“To the ninth it is objected, that in stating to the jury that it is the duty of a father to support and educate his minor children if able to do so, the instruction tended to advise the jury that there was testimony that the father did support the plaintiffs, and was therefore misleading. We think not. Moreover, the instructions given at the instance of defendants were very full and positive to the effect that whatever may be the legal duty of a father, these plaintiffs could be allowed only for such loss as they had sustained in view of the character, habits and ability of their father, as shown by the proof.
“Error is urged upon the modification of two instructions, by adding the words ‘and means of support’ after the word ‘loss’ in one, and by adding the words ‘in whole or in part’ after the word ‘support’ in the other. It is said the first modification blunted the point of the instruction, and rendered it meaningless. We see nothing in the objection. It is said as to the second modification, that the declaration averred a total loss of support, and that this instruction, as so modified, would permit a recovery for a partial loss of support, which counsel suggest cannot be done. The greater includes the lesser, the whole includes a part.
“As to the first refused instruction, the brief answers the objection. The point was embodied in the defendant’s third, which was given. It is urged the second refused instruction should have been given. The point thereof is sufficiently covered by the last clause of the third, and by the seventh and eighth, which were given. No further objections are made in the brief.”
The principal argument on behalf of plaintiffs in error is the same in this court as that filed in the Appellate Court. We have carefully examined it, and the parts of the record referred to therein, and find no sufficient reason for dissenting from the views expressed in the opinion of the Appellate Court. An additional argument is filed here, in which it is earnestly contended that the first instruction given on behalf of plaintiffs below is in conflict with the decision of this court in Hanewacker v. Ferman, 152 Ill. 321, in which an instruction somewhat similar was condemned. In that case the instruction was held to be erroneous because it told the jury that it was their sworn duty, in a proper case, to enforce the statute, it being thought that a jury would understand from the instruction “that it was their duty to award such damages as are allowable, as a punishment,—or, in other words, vindictive or punitive damages.” The instruction here criticised does not say that it is the sworn duty of the jury to enforce the statute, but simply informs them that if they believe, from the evidence in this case, that the defendants, or any of them, contributed to the intoxication of plaintiffs’ father, if such intoxication has been proved, and that in consequence of such intoxication their father died as alleged in the plaintiffs’ declaration, and that the plaintiffs have been injured in their means of support by reason of such death, then the jury shall find for the plaintiffs, against such defendant as has been proved to have contributed to such intoxication, in whole or in part. It does not indicate what damages the jury should award the plaintiffs, but that subject is left entirely to other instructions given, and the court, of its own motion, expressly told the jury that they could not give exemplary or punitive damages unless they found, from the evidence, that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover actual damages. Also, at the instance of the defendants they 'were instructed, that even if the plaintiffs had made out their case by a preponderance of the evidence, “they are entitled to recover no more than nominal damages, unless they have proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the death of Edward Haddock was a direct loss to their means of support, and if they have made such proof they are only entitled to recover their actual loss in money which you ma3r believe is shown by the evidence, if any such loss is shown by the evidence.” This instruction is much more favorable to the defendants than the law would justify, taking away from the jury entirely the allowance of punitive damages.
While the propriety of telling the jury that the law shall or should be enforced may well be doubted, the instruction in this case, in so far as it directs the jury as to their duty in arriving at a verdict is concerned, is free from objection, and, if it stood alone, could not be reasonably understood by a jury as authorizing the allowance of other than actual damages-. But certainly, in view of the other instructions given, even if it had contained the expression condemned in the case cited, no reversible error would have resulted.
Accepting the facts of this case as conclusively settled in favor of the plaintiffs below, there is no reversible error shown, and the judgment of the Appellate Court should be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.