CHILTON, J.
— This was a bill filed by Bryant, the plaintiff in error, a judgment creditor of the defendant, William Young, for the discovery of effects, and to subject certain personal and real estate specifically described, to the satisfaction of the plaintiff’s judgment.
The plaintiff dismissed his bill as to the personal estate,, and the Chancellor having decided against him as to the real estate, he seeks to reverse that decree in this court.
The land consists of two small tracts, one of which, called the Box place, being the east half of the south west quarter of section eight, in township thirteen and range ten, was sold by Fleming Young to Thomas Hall. As to this tract, the decree refusing relief is clearly correct. It was entered in the name of Fleming Young, with the money of Hall, to whom said Fleming afterwards transferred it in part to secure the repayment of the purchase money. The arrangement made between Wm. Young and Box, had no necessary connection with the entry of the land subsequently by Fleming; and the fact, that in the transfer of the land by Fleming to Hall, a debt of William for which Hall was bound as security, was provided for, is not sufficient to show that this land, or any in[269]*269terest in it, belonged to William Hall. After a careful examination of tlie record, we are satisfied that it fully sustains the decree of the Chancellor, as to this portion of the land.
With respect, however, to the proceeds of the land transferred by William Young to Hall, we think the decree is erroneous.
It appears that William Young, being the owner of the north west quarter of the north west quarter of fraction E, section eight, township thirteen, range eight, and holding the bond of one Ledbetter for title to the north east quarter of the northwest quarter of the same fraction, made an absolute transfer of Ledbetter’s bond to Hall, and executed his own bond to malee him title to the portion owned by him. These transfers are absolute, as indicated by the writing and assignment. But both William Young and Hall show very clearly in their answers, that, although the transfers were absolute upon their face, they were intended merely for the security of Hall; “to indemnify him against his liability for William on a note held by one Isbell, for $100, and a note due to one Dugger, for $52Tiy)-o, and to secure the payment of a note due to said Hall of $81 fW” It was consented and agreed between them at the time, that Hall should not speculate upon the property, but if Hall sold the land for more than would indemnify him, the overplus should be paid to said Young. There is, therefore, no doubt, if we look alone to the answers, that here was a parol trust in favor of Young, the vendor, and that the contract was designed to operate in the nature of a mortgage, as between the parties, but as to all the world beside, the sale should be absolute, as evinced by their writings. If such was not the intention, why, it may well be asked, did not the parties execute a mortgage or deed setting forth, the trust? By this arrangement, Young, who is shown to be insolvent, is enabled to place his property as a kind of deposit in the hands of Hall, secured against his other creditors by an absolute sale, but, as between him and Hall, to operate merely for Hall’s indemnity, after which Young is to make the most of it.
The law will not tolerate such a transaction; for if it did, an insolvent debtor could easily arrange with a favored creditor to become the absolute owner of his effects, thus securing [270]*270tliom, by the absolute nature of tbe transfer or conveyance, from liability to Ms other debts, while at the same time, he could avail himself of the effects as secured in trust: could speculate upon his equity of redemption, or pocket the residuum should a sale take place, or use the transfers as a cover for future advances. It requires neither argument nor illustration to show with what ease such transfers could be converted to the worst of purposes.
In Gregory v. Perkins, 4 Dev. 50, it was held, that “ a deed absolute on its face, but executed on a parol agreement for redemption, is, in law, fraudulent and void against the creditors of the vendor.”
So, also, in the late case of Holcombe v. Ray, 1 Ired. Rep. 340, it was held, that “ a deed absolute on its face, but intended as a mortgage only, is fraudulent and void against creditors and purchasers, and against subsequent as well as prior creditors.” And, in the case last cited, the court went so far as to hold, that the deed was not validated by the subsequent agreement between the grantor and grantee, that the latter should have all the interest of the grantor in the premises, and the actual payment by the grantee of the full value of the land to the grantor’s creditors.
The courts uniformly refuse to lend countenance to this mode of securing debts by absolute conveyances or transfers, while there is an understanding between the parties reserving an interest to the grantor. Smith v. Lowder, 6 N. H. 69; 8 ib. 290.
There is no hardship in requiring those who seek to gain a preference over other creditors of an insolvent debtor, to make the written evidence of the contract substantially conform to the truth. The propriety of such a course is obvious to every ingenuous mind. By doing so, the other less fortunate creditors of the insolvent party will not be deluded by false appearances, the registration laws will not be defeated in securing the object which led to their enactment, and the unfortunate debtor himself will be cut off from temptations to fraud and circumvention in creating secret trusts for his benefit.
Another question, however, arises in this case which is not free from difficulty. This tract of land, with others, has [271]*271been sold to one Price, and tbo bill does not negative tlie idea of Ms being a bona fide innocent purchaser for a valuable consideration. Indeed, there is no averment impcaching the sale, or seeking to set it aside, and Price is not made a party. So that it is clear, however fraudulent and void the sale from Young to Hall may have been, the land unde]' the present bill cannot be subjected. 1 Story’s Eq. § 381. The question then comes up, can the proceeds be followed and subjected ?
Hall, it will be remembered, is a creditor of Young, and this land was sold to him partly to secure the payment of his own demand, and partly to provide for the payment of demands for which he was bound for others. It appears that a portion of the proceeds of the sale to Price has been received in money, and applied to the payment of these debts. Ft is very clear, that the court will not interfere to set aside such payment, or charge Hall with the funds thus appropriated: while, on the other hand, it is equally clear, the exchange of the land for other property or effects upon which the court may fasten a trust, and which may be identified, does not deprive the court of its power to subject the thing substituted. Otherwise, all that a fraudulent grantee would have to do in order to avoid the claims of the creditors of the grantor, would be to exchange the property for other effects. 'We think the property substituted, or for which the land was exchanged, if of such a nature that it can be pursued and identified, is subject to the same equities which attached to the land itself.
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CHILTON, J.
— This was a bill filed by Bryant, the plaintiff in error, a judgment creditor of the defendant, William Young, for the discovery of effects, and to subject certain personal and real estate specifically described, to the satisfaction of the plaintiff’s judgment.
The plaintiff dismissed his bill as to the personal estate,, and the Chancellor having decided against him as to the real estate, he seeks to reverse that decree in this court.
The land consists of two small tracts, one of which, called the Box place, being the east half of the south west quarter of section eight, in township thirteen and range ten, was sold by Fleming Young to Thomas Hall. As to this tract, the decree refusing relief is clearly correct. It was entered in the name of Fleming Young, with the money of Hall, to whom said Fleming afterwards transferred it in part to secure the repayment of the purchase money. The arrangement made between Wm. Young and Box, had no necessary connection with the entry of the land subsequently by Fleming; and the fact, that in the transfer of the land by Fleming to Hall, a debt of William for which Hall was bound as security, was provided for, is not sufficient to show that this land, or any in[269]*269terest in it, belonged to William Hall. After a careful examination of tlie record, we are satisfied that it fully sustains the decree of the Chancellor, as to this portion of the land.
With respect, however, to the proceeds of the land transferred by William Young to Hall, we think the decree is erroneous.
It appears that William Young, being the owner of the north west quarter of the north west quarter of fraction E, section eight, township thirteen, range eight, and holding the bond of one Ledbetter for title to the north east quarter of the northwest quarter of the same fraction, made an absolute transfer of Ledbetter’s bond to Hall, and executed his own bond to malee him title to the portion owned by him. These transfers are absolute, as indicated by the writing and assignment. But both William Young and Hall show very clearly in their answers, that, although the transfers were absolute upon their face, they were intended merely for the security of Hall; “to indemnify him against his liability for William on a note held by one Isbell, for $100, and a note due to one Dugger, for $52Tiy)-o, and to secure the payment of a note due to said Hall of $81 fW” It was consented and agreed between them at the time, that Hall should not speculate upon the property, but if Hall sold the land for more than would indemnify him, the overplus should be paid to said Young. There is, therefore, no doubt, if we look alone to the answers, that here was a parol trust in favor of Young, the vendor, and that the contract was designed to operate in the nature of a mortgage, as between the parties, but as to all the world beside, the sale should be absolute, as evinced by their writings. If such was not the intention, why, it may well be asked, did not the parties execute a mortgage or deed setting forth, the trust? By this arrangement, Young, who is shown to be insolvent, is enabled to place his property as a kind of deposit in the hands of Hall, secured against his other creditors by an absolute sale, but, as between him and Hall, to operate merely for Hall’s indemnity, after which Young is to make the most of it.
The law will not tolerate such a transaction; for if it did, an insolvent debtor could easily arrange with a favored creditor to become the absolute owner of his effects, thus securing [270]*270tliom, by the absolute nature of tbe transfer or conveyance, from liability to Ms other debts, while at the same time, he could avail himself of the effects as secured in trust: could speculate upon his equity of redemption, or pocket the residuum should a sale take place, or use the transfers as a cover for future advances. It requires neither argument nor illustration to show with what ease such transfers could be converted to the worst of purposes.
In Gregory v. Perkins, 4 Dev. 50, it was held, that “ a deed absolute on its face, but executed on a parol agreement for redemption, is, in law, fraudulent and void against the creditors of the vendor.”
So, also, in the late case of Holcombe v. Ray, 1 Ired. Rep. 340, it was held, that “ a deed absolute on its face, but intended as a mortgage only, is fraudulent and void against creditors and purchasers, and against subsequent as well as prior creditors.” And, in the case last cited, the court went so far as to hold, that the deed was not validated by the subsequent agreement between the grantor and grantee, that the latter should have all the interest of the grantor in the premises, and the actual payment by the grantee of the full value of the land to the grantor’s creditors.
The courts uniformly refuse to lend countenance to this mode of securing debts by absolute conveyances or transfers, while there is an understanding between the parties reserving an interest to the grantor. Smith v. Lowder, 6 N. H. 69; 8 ib. 290.
There is no hardship in requiring those who seek to gain a preference over other creditors of an insolvent debtor, to make the written evidence of the contract substantially conform to the truth. The propriety of such a course is obvious to every ingenuous mind. By doing so, the other less fortunate creditors of the insolvent party will not be deluded by false appearances, the registration laws will not be defeated in securing the object which led to their enactment, and the unfortunate debtor himself will be cut off from temptations to fraud and circumvention in creating secret trusts for his benefit.
Another question, however, arises in this case which is not free from difficulty. This tract of land, with others, has [271]*271been sold to one Price, and tbo bill does not negative tlie idea of Ms being a bona fide innocent purchaser for a valuable consideration. Indeed, there is no averment impcaching the sale, or seeking to set it aside, and Price is not made a party. So that it is clear, however fraudulent and void the sale from Young to Hall may have been, the land unde]' the present bill cannot be subjected. 1 Story’s Eq. § 381. The question then comes up, can the proceeds be followed and subjected ?
Hall, it will be remembered, is a creditor of Young, and this land was sold to him partly to secure the payment of his own demand, and partly to provide for the payment of demands for which he was bound for others. It appears that a portion of the proceeds of the sale to Price has been received in money, and applied to the payment of these debts. Ft is very clear, that the court will not interfere to set aside such payment, or charge Hall with the funds thus appropriated: while, on the other hand, it is equally clear, the exchange of the land for other property or effects upon which the court may fasten a trust, and which may be identified, does not deprive the court of its power to subject the thing substituted. Otherwise, all that a fraudulent grantee would have to do in order to avoid the claims of the creditors of the grantor, would be to exchange the property for other effects. 'We think the property substituted, or for which the land was exchanged, if of such a nature that it can be pursued and identified, is subject to the same equities which attached to the land itself. “Courts of equity,” says Judge Story, “in regard to fraud, whether it be constructive or actual, have adopted principles exceedingly broad and comprehensive, in the application of their remedial justice; and especially where there is any fraud touching property, they will interfere and administer a wholesome, and sometimes even a stern justice, in favor of innocent persons, who are sufferers by it, without any fault on their own side.” 2 Story’s Eq. § 1265.
And, speaking of a change of the subject matter of the trust into other property, he remarks, “ it matters not in the slightest degree, into whatever other form, different from the original, the change may have been made, -whether it be that of promissory notes, or of goods, or of stocks; for the pro[272]*272duct of a substitute for the original thing still follows the nature of the thing itself, so long as it can be ascertained to be such. The right ceases only when the means of ascertainment fail; which, of course, is the case when the subject matter is turned into money, and mixed and confounded in a general mass of property of the same description." Ib., § 1259.
Applying these principles to the case before us, we have shown, that according to the settled law, the transfer to Nall being absolute, with a reservation by parol that it should operate merely as a security, was fraudulent as against, the creditors of Young. Ho has sold the land to Price with ■other land, it being estimated in the contract at, say three hundred dollars, the whole land selling for eight hundred dollars, and he received two horses rated at, say three hundred dollars, and notes for five hundred dollars. A portion of the substituted property can be identified, and we think a trust should be fastened upon it in favor of the creditor, to the extent of the actual cash value of the land sold by William Young to Nall, at the time of the sale to Price, and that the notes be collected and the property sold to raise that sum, unless Nall shall pay the same.
According to the view we have taken of the case, it was unnecessary to have made Price a party to the bill, as his title is conceded; and the creditor elects to charge the product of the sale in lieu of the land, which he well may do, even had Price not purchased in good faith. Watts v. Girdlestone, 6 Beav. R. 188; 2 Story’s Jurisp. §§ 1262, 1273, 5 Edition.
It is argued, that Hall cannot be regarded as occupjdng towards this property a worse position than if he had taken a mortgage which he liad failed to record, and that having sold the land before the plaintiff’s judgment was rendered, or any lien attached, and being a bona fide creditor of Young, ho has a superior equity to that of the plaintiff The fact that he was a bona fide creditor, only proves that the transfer by Young to him was upon a valuable consideration. This is not sufficient. Since the decision in Twyne’s case, it has been understood to be the settled law, “ that evidence of the fraudulent intent supersedes the whole inquiry into the consideration ; for no merit in any of the parties to a transaction [273]*273can save it, if it carries intrinsically or extrinsically tbe plain evidence of fraud.” Roberts on Conveyances, marg. 548. And it may be observed, that there is no plainer evidence of fraud, than an absolute paper transfer bjr an insolvent, with a secret parol trust in contravention of such conveyance. In the celebrated case just cited, it was graphically said, “fraud is always apparreled and clad with a trust.” Especially would this doctrine apply, when, as in this case, the vendor seems to have been almost the exclusive manager of the property ; rents the land, then sells it, and is found collecting the notes and controlling the property, the proceeds of the sale. True, he says he has done all this as the agent of his vendee; but he acts for himself too, for, as we have shown, he had a beneficial interest in the land, and if by husbanding the proceeds he can satisfy Hall, and leave a surplus, that would belong to him. Irrespective of the consideration that the parties may not have conceived such arrangement to be fraudulent, the law regards it as such, and it is our duty so to pronounce it.
Let the decree be reversed, and the cause remanded.