Pitney, Y. C.
The bill has a twofold aspect and object:
First. It is a bill by three tenants in common against a fourth and his mortgagee for a partition of certain lands, the title to which the tenants derived by devise from their father, John Bryan the elder. As to this part of the case there is no room for dispute. There is none as to the title, and the right, to partition is clear.
Second. The bill shows, and it is proven, that certain portions of the lands so derived from their ancestor have been sold for full consideration to divers purchasers, and conveyed by deeds containing full covenants of warranty and against encumbrances, executed by the four tenants in common, subsequent in date to the registry of a mortgage given by the defendant John Bryan upon his undivided share therein to the defendant Crevelling and now held by him. The prayer is that .this mortgage may be declared not to be a lien upon the parcels so conveyed.
In the same line is an allegation, also sustained by the proofs, that the four tenants in common made a partial partition among themselves of a small portion of the premises, by which one small lot was conveyed to each of the complainants and one to thé daughter’ and by her to the wife of John Bryan the [47]*47•defendant; and the prayer is that those so conveyed to the .complainants may be decreed to be free and clear from the lien of the Crevelling mortgage.
In support of these contentions the complainants rely upon the language of the will of their father, John Bryan, who died seized of the premises about the 1st of January, 1844, testate ■of a will executed in 1837, which, after providing for the payment of his debts, &c., proceeds as follows:
“Item.—I give and bequeath to my beloved' wife Rachel all my estate I now own and possess, after paying debts and expenses, as long as she remains my widow and to her children that she may have by me; should she marry again she is to have no more of my estate than the law gives her; as for my son, Aaron Bryan, and my daughter, Elizabeth Mitchel, they have their shares in advance, so that they are to have no more of my estate, but the remainder that may be left after the death or marriage of my wife to be equally divided between her children share and share alike as the law directs, and for the fulfilling of this my last will and testament, I appoint my beloved wife Rachel Bryan, my executrix, in whom I put my whole trust.” ■
The three complainants and defendant John Bryan are the children of Rachel. She, Rachel, never xe-married, and joined in the several conveyances above referred to, and, shortly before the filing of the bill, died intestate in her ninety-seventh year.
Complainants’ contention is that by the true construction of the will Rachel had the power' to dispose of at least so much of the land as was necessary for her support and maintenance, and that the several conveyances above mentioned produced no more than sufficient for that purpose.
Considerable evidence was adduced upon this question of fact, with the result that I conclude that the complainants’ allegation in that behalf is proven.
The parcels sold to strangers were eleven building lots in the outskirts of the borough of Washington, a lot to the township. The proceeds of these sales were $1,995, subject to the expenses of surveying and preparing the deeds. This sum was realized between the .years 1888 and 1893.
Eor the last ton or fifteen years of her life the widow was unable to do anything for her own support. The land did not produce enough to pay the taxes, the homestead dwelling became [48]*48dilapidated and unfit for occupation, and a new dwelling became necessary. The care and maintenance of the mother fell upon the complainant Jane. She was a seamstress, who was employed by persons desiring her services in their homes. This business she was obliged to abandon for several years and to-devote her time and attention to the care and support of her mother.
The partial partition among the four children above referred to was made in 1890; and shortly before that date, to wit, in the fall of 1889, a new house was erected upon the lot conveyed to Jane. This house cost about $1,200, of which $100 was ■ contributed by Jane, and part of the balance came from cotemporaneous sales of lots, and the remainder was borrowed and afterwards paid by the proceeds of later sales of lots.
At the time of the erection of this house the old lady was ninety-one years old. The last lot was sold in 1893. The proceeds of these' sales were all given, directly or indirectly, to-the complainant Jane in pursuance of a family arrangement and agreement to the effect that she should have the proceeds- and the house for the care and maintenance of her mother. The total receipts from lots were $1,995; the cost of surveying’ and conveyances, $61.25; taxes paid on undivided lands, $86.09; total deductions, $147.34, leaving the net amount received by Jane, under this arrangement, $1,847.66, from which must be • deducted the funeral expenses and so forth.
I think this is a liberal allowance for people living in’ the ■ style these appear to have lived, and yet I cannot say that, under all the circumstances, it is either unfair or extravagant.
Two questions remain—first, is the complainants’ construction of the will the true one; second, if so, are they entitled to the relief prayed, viz., a declaration and decree that Crevelling’s mortgage is not a lien upon the lands conveyed by deeds in which the widow joined?
And first, as to the construction of the will. It is proper here to premise that the question for solution is not whether ’ the widow took a fee which descended to her children as her heirs-at-law. The authorities are decidedly against any such - result (Downey v. Borden, 7 Vr. 460, at pp. 466, 467), and [49]*49the parties make no such claim. But the question is simply whether she took a life estate with a power of disposition.
The character and condition of the estate of the testator should also be considered. The will was made in 1837, seven years before his death, when his oldest child was but four years old, and one or two of his children were born after the making of the will. The personal property was insufficient to pay the debts and a portion of the land was sold for that purpose.
Upon a reading of the clause in question there can be no doubt that under the first part of it the widow took an estate for life only, Avith the remainder to her children, and that the remainder Avas vested. If we omit the words “as long as she remains my widow” the estate would, under that part of the clause, still probably be one for life only under the authorities cited in Theob. Wills pp. 200, 208. The use of the words “children that she may have by me,” have been held to turn Avhat would otherwise have been a joint estate in the mother and her children into an estate for life in the mother with the remainder to her children.
The power of disposition in the life tenant must arise, if at all, by implication from the use of the words “bub the remainder that may be left after the death or marriage of my wife to be equally divided,” Ike. Here it is to be observed that the will contains no bequests or devises of any kind to persons other than the widoAV which could diminish the estate in her lifetime, and there was no personal estate to be spent or consumed in its use. So that the words quoted cannot be satisfied by any consumption of personalty or payments of intermediate legacies. There was nothing to dispose of but land.
Uoav the familiar and cardinal rule is that force and effect must, if practicable, and in the absence of repugnancy, be given to every word in the will. Bearing this rule in mind it is impossible not to conclude that when the testator used the words just quoted he had in mind that his wife might, during the period of her possession under his will, make use and disposition of some part of his estate in such a manner as to diminish its quantity; and that such use and disposition must be authorized by the language he had- just used, for he is presumed to [50]*50have known, that, as doweress, she would have no such right. Hence, he must have thought that he had given her the power to make such disposition by the words previously used.
How the words, “I give and bequeath to my beloved wife Eachel all my estate I now own and possess after paying debts and expenses,” are quite ample for that purpose; and it is not difficult to conceive that the testator used them in that sense, and then, having got so far in his disposition of his estate, he thought of the possibility of his widow’s marrying again, and added—“as long as she remains my widow”—without supposing that he thereby detracted from the power given her in the previous words. Then in the words, “the remainder that may be left after the death,” &c., we have the testator’s own interpretation of his own language, to the effect that he expected that his wife would consume, by use, some part of the property given to her for life. Of course, such consumption could only be effected by a conveyance.
This view is materially strengthened, by the concluding words of the clause, viz., “And for the fulfilling of this my last will and testament I appoint my beloved wife, Eachel Bryan, my executrix, in whom I put my whole trust.” Unless she had some power of disposition over the estate there was nothing to entrust to her.
I think the clause may be properly read (omitting members which do not affect its construction for present purposes) thus:
“Hem. I give and bequeath to my beloved wife Rachel and to her children that she may have by me, as long as she remains my widow, all my estate I now possess, but the remainder that may be left after the death or marriage of my wife to be equally divided between her children share and share alike as the law directs, and for the fulfilling of this my last will and testament I appoint my beloved wife Rachel Bryan, my executrix, in whom I put my whole trust
and, so read, I find it difficult to escape the conclusion that the testator intended that his wife and children should have the right to use some part of the body of his estate, as well as its income, as their necessities might require, and that his wife should determine the necessity and its extent. He put his whole trust in her..
[51]*51Looking at the authorities, the case most nearly in point that I have been able to find is one in this court arising under the will of Adam Rienaker. The verbiage of that will was this:
“My will and desire is that all my property, both real and personal, shall be for the sole use and benefit of my wife Julianna after my decease, .and in- the event of her death then what shall remain to be disposed of in the manner following,” &c.
It first came before the late Chancellor Runyon, in Naundorf v. Schumann, 14 Stew. Eq. 14. On page 15 that learned judge uses this language: “The will gives to the widow no power, ■express or implied, to dispose of the property or any part of it in any way. At her death the whole of it is to be converted into cash and divided among the other legatees. The ■testator, indeed, used the qualifying words, fwhal shall remain/ but he probably used them in view of the fact that some of the personal property was of a consumable character.” Here it will be observed that he does not deny that the force of those ■words must be taken into account in giving a construction to the will.
The bill in that case was filed for instructions by the administrator with the will annexed, after the death of the widow. The will came again before the present Chancellor (McGill) in Rodenfels v. Schumann, 18 Stew. Eg. 383, where the question .•arose (as'here) between a person to whom the widow had conveyed a portion of the landed estate of her husband, and the persons interested under the will of Rienaker; and the learned chancellor there held that the conveyance made by the widow was efficient to pass the title. At page 387 he -uses this language : “In the absence of the words ‘what shall remain,’ the direction for the disposition of the estate at the death of the wife, by implication, determines that the estate to her was ■for life. But upon the authority above cited [Downey v. Borden, 7 Vr. 460] if the words ‘whal shall remain,’ in the connection in which they are used, create a power of disposition in the widow, the bequest over is void, and she tools a fee. The question, then, is narrowed to this, Did they create such a power ? I cannot resist the conclusion that they did. In making provision for [52]*52Ms wife, the testator made use of most- liberal terms. All his-property, real and personal, was to be for her sole use and benefit. That use and benefit was unrestricted and uncontrolled. It was not limited to consumption of income, or to mere physical enjoyment. It was to be something more than mere usufruct,, for it was not to survive the use intact. It was contemplated that some part of it was lo be consumed in the wife’s use and' benefit. The remainder alone was thereafter to be dealt with. In the disposition of that remainder the wife’s next of kin was-placed on equality with the testator’s own, and thereby some right of the wife in the property superior to that which would admit of his giving her the mere usufruct of it during her life was recognized. I think that a broader meaning should be given to the words what shall remain’ than to say they refer merely to personal chattels consumable by use. To my mind, they plainly imply a power of alienation in the widow. ' This being so, she took a fee in her husband’s property, and that fee passed to the complainant, Mrs. Rodenfels, by her deed.”
In the case in hand it appears, as before stated, that the-personal estate was insufficient to pay the debts, so that the probability that the testator had chattels only in view in using-the language in- question is very slight. And in addition we have the circumstance that the children were all young, their ages varying from two to eleven at their father’s death, and the burden of their education and maintenance during their minority naturally fell on the mother. Such conditions render it the more easy to believe that the testator intended his wife-should have something more than a bare life estate.-
The testamentary disposition in Rodenfels v. Schumann differed from that here under consideration in that the immediate-words of devise to the widow in that case were indeterminate in expression as to the amount of the estate, whether in fee- or for life, and therefore would have given her a fee by implication. Downey v. Borden, 7 Vr. 460. That implication, however, was rebutted by a devise over after the death of the first-taker, and the estate was, in the absence of other expressions-of a power of disposition, reduced to one for life. There was-no express power of disposition given, and the question pro[53]*53pounded and considered by the chancellor was whether such power should be implied from the use of the words “what shall remain.” That learned judge held, as above quoted, that such implication did arise from those words, and a conveyance by the life tenant was upheld.
Briefly stated, there was, in Rodenfels v. Schumann, an estate in fee cut down by implication from a devise over to one for life, without express power of disposition, and such power was implied from the use of the words “what shall remain” after the devise over. In the case in hand we have an estate for life without express power of disposition, with a devise over of the “remainder that may be left” after the determination of the life estate. I am unable to distinguish the two cases in principle, and therefore must hold that the conveyances by the widow were effective to pass the title, not because she took a fee, as in Bodenfels v. Schumann, but as the proper exercise of a power entrusted to her by the testator.
Among the numerous English cases arising out of inartificial wills resembling this I find none precisely in point.
That there is no repugnancy in the gift of a life estate with an indefinite power of disposition and a devise over of what shall remain, was held in Surman v. Surman, 5 Madd. *122, the substance of which case is as follows:
“Bequest of household goods, &c., after payments of debts, &c., to testator’s wife for her life, or widowhood, with power to her to sell the same as she should think proper, for her own benefit and the maintenance of testator’s nephew and daughter-in-law, during their minority, with a bequest over, upon the death or second marriage of the wife of the same, or so much as should then remain to such nephew and daughter-in-law.— Held, that the widow was entitled to the residue for her life or widowhood, with a power to apply any part of the capital for: her own benefit and the proper maintenance of the nephew and daughter-in-law during their minorities; and thsrt on the death or marriage of the widow, the remainder of the capital unapplied was well limited over.”
And, again, in Doe v. Glover, 1 Man., G. & S. 448 (50 Eng. Com. L. 447), the question was between the devisee of a tenant for life and a remainderman. The original devise was of lands—•
[54]*54“Unto my son, Mordecai Glover, and his heirs and assigns forever; to-hold to him and to his heirs and assigns forever; but, in case my said son, Mordecai Glover, shall happen to depart this life without leaving any issue of his body lawfully begotten then living, or being no such issue, and he my said son shall not have disposed and parted with his interest of, in and to the aforesaid copyhold estate and premises, then and in such case, I give and devise the same customary or copyhold messuages, cottages, lands, tenements, hereditaments and real estates unto, and to the use of, my illegitimate daughter Ann Stevenson.”
Mordecai Glover was admitted as tenant of the copyhold, and died without issue and without having conveyed the premises, testate of a will by which he attempted to dispose of the land-It was held that the father’s devise over was good of all that the son had not conveyed in his lifetime. Chief-Justice Tindal (at p. 459) said: “The testator, in the first place, gives the estate to his son and to his heirs, should he have any; and he-gives him full power to dispose of it in his lifetime. But he goes on to evince, in the event of his son dying and having no issue, a natural desire that the estate should go to his illegitimate daughter, provided his son's wants should not have made it necessary for him to part with it in his lifetime. And this was by no means an unreasonable mode of dealing with the property. Eor these reasons, I am of opinion that the-plaintiff is entitled to judgment.”
To the same effect is Upwell v. Halsey, 1 P. Wms. 651. There-the testator, being possessed of personal estate, and having a wife and sister, who was the plaintiff, but no issue, by will gives ten pounds to his sister and directs that such part of his estate as his wife should leave for her subsistence should return to his sister and the heir of his body, and appointed his wife-executrix. The wife married the defendant and afterwards died, upon which the sister sued the defendant, the second husband, for an account of this personal estate. The court said: “It is now established that a personal thing or money may be devised to one for life, and remainder over; and as to what has been insisted on, that the wife had a power over the capital or principal sum, that is true, provided it had been necessary for her subsistence, not otherwise; so that her marriage was not a gift in law of this trust money.”
[55]*55The case of Constable v. Bull, 3 De G. & Sm. 411, 18 L. J. (N. S.) Eq. 302; S. C., 13 Jur. 619 (which is the better report), was as follows:
“I give, devise and bequeath unto my dear wife, Mary Ann Constable, all and every nay estate and effects, -goods, chattels, houses, lands, moneys, securities for money due or growing due, every matter and thing whatsoever, and wheresoever the same may be at the time of my decease, for her sole, separate use and benefit. I further give, will and direct that, at the decease of my said wife, whatever remains of my said estate and effects shall go to and be equally divided, share and share alike, between the following persons hereinafter named, or so many of them as may be then living.”
The estate consisted of copyhold estates which he had contracted to sell, and long leaseholds and government annuities. She possessed herself of the money, and spent considerable of of it, but did not pay all the debts, and died intestate. The dispute related to personalty and was between her administrator and an administrator with the willx annexed of her husband. The question was whether the widow was entitled to the whole, so that it passed to her administrator, or whether what remained went over to the-persons named in the will. It was suggested by Mr. GifEard, in argument, that the words ""whatever remains” might be explained in two ways: first, that they might be applicable to what remained after payment of debts, funeral and testamentary expenses; and secondly, that they might refer to the perishable nature of some of the property, and to what might be left of that which was perishable. In delivering judgment Vice-Chancellor Knight Bruce said: ""There is a difficulty, rather critical than substantial, in the way of adopting the suggestion of Mr. GifEard, and which had before occurred to my mind; it is this, thát it is impossible to attribute to the testator the notion that the payment of the debts, funeral and testamentary expenses, was to be postponed until after the decease of his widow. The gift to the wife is universal in the first instance, and then follow the ulterior gifts, with the words "whatever remains of.’ I have already said that the only question is, whether the use of these three words, "whatever remains of,’ have the effect of preventing the gift to the widow being construed [56]*56as a life interest. It is quite clear that, if those three words were omitted, the terms of the gift, subsequent to the gift to the widow, would cut down her estate to a life interest. Of that no one can doubt. The question is, whether, in the present state of the authorities, I am bound to put such a construction on the words here used as to destroy the intention of the will. As at present advised, I think the state of the authorities is not such as to require me to do so. There are several theories which might be attributed to these words, either of which would be inconsistent with construing them so as to give the widow the power to spend, or give away, or dispose of the property in question. I think, as at present advised, that the other legatees have a substantial interest under the words used by the testator and that such of them as were living at the death of the widow will be entitled.”
It will be observed that the question was not as to the validity of any disposition which the widow had made in her lifetime, but as to whether the use of the words “what remains” would not give an absolute interest to the widow, notwithstanding there was a bequest over, and that the learned judge did not deny, but that the words in question did, by implication, give the life tenant a limited power of disposition.
This renders it unnecessary to consider another proposition started by complainants, namely, that even if the conveyance by the widow did not convey a good title, yet, as a portion of the proceeds of the sales of land was used to erect a house on Jane’s lot, Crevelling should not be permitted to have the benefit of the increased value in her lot and also of a share in the lots which produced the increase.
The remaining question is as to the right of the complainants to a decree that the Crevelling mortgage is not a lien upon the lots so convejred by the widow. Their right is put upon the ground that they entered into covenants of general warranty in those conveyances and are entitled to be relieved from any liability thereon.
The mortgage in question constitutes a cloud upon the title, and, in that respect, the bill resembles that in Rodenfels v. Schumann, supra. It is, however, not filed expressly under [57]*57the statute authorizing bills to determine claims to real estate .and to quiet title, and must rather be classed as a bill to remove .a cloud from the title which may be entertained without the aid of the statute.
The only objection made by the defendant Crevelling to this part of the bill was that the several grantees of the lots, other than the complainants and defendant, were not before the court. Ho objection was made on account of misjoinder or multifariousness. At first I was inclined to think that the objection of want of parties was fatal, but, upon further consideration, I think it cannot avail. It is true that if the opinion and determination of the court herein be adverse to the grantees of the parties to this suit they will not be bound by it, and, vice versa, it may well be that they cannot take advantage of a determination adverse to Mr. Crevelling. Dpon this point I express no ■opinion; but the question remains whether the complainants have not a right to have the question determined as between them and Mr. Crevelling. Being liable to the several owners -of the lots conveyed upon their covenants of general warranty .and against encumbrances, they are, in my judgment, entitled in this court to the same standing that any of such grantees would have, and it may be added that their standing in equity is greater than that of the present holders of the legal title, in this, that if it be admitted that the latter have a remedy at law against the mortgage in question,-or by bill filed under the act .above referred to, the complainants have no such remedy, and ■ can only be relieved in this court.
The circumstances, also, are such as to render the intervention ■ of this court desirable. The bond and mortgage in question was given on January 25th, 1876. Ho bill has ever been filed or other proceedings taken to enforce it. How lately the payments have been made on it does -not clearly appear. The property conveyed is held by several owners, and if they desire •to remove the cloud each must bring a separate suit. This shows the element of multiplicity of suits.
Again, if a bill were" filed to foreclose the mortgage, or an .action of ejectment brought upon it, the holder would make out [58]*58a prima facie case by proving the seizin of John Bryan the elder, his death, and that the mortgagor, John Bryan the second, was one of his children. This would throw u|3on the holder of the title the burden of proving the will of John Bryan the first, and the conveyances by the widow and her right to convey.
Under these circumstances it seems to me that a proper case is made for the action of the court.
The general principle that this court has jurisdiction to remove clouds from title is undisputed. But a distinction has been taken between those cases where the instrument which produces the cloud is void upon its face, and those in which it is prima facie good and some extrinsic evidence is necessary to show its invalidity. I think this case falls under the latter class.
Chancellor Runyon, in Shotwell v. Shotwell, 9 C. E. Gr. 378 (at p. 380), quotes, with approbation, the language of the court in Martin v. Graves, 5 Allen 601, as follows: “Whenever a deed or other instrument exists, which may be vexatiously or injuriously used against a party after the evidence to impeach or invalidate it is lost, or which may throw a cloud or suspicion over his title or interest, and he cannot immediately protect or maintain his right by any course of proceedings at law, a court of equity will afford relief by directing the instrument to be delivered up and cancelled, or by making any other decree which justice and the rights of the parties may require.”
The whole subject is discussed with great clearness and learning by Mr. Justice Seldon in the case of Ward v. Dewey, 16 N. Y. 519 (at p. 525). He there reviews all the authorities and shows that they clearly hold that where a deed or mortgage constitutes-a cloud upon title the party affected thereby has a right to come into a court of equity to have it removed, although he has a perfect defence at law, unless the invalidity of the deed appears upon the face of it.
To the same effect is Sherman v. Fitch, 98 Mass. 59; and Clouston v. Shearer, 99 Mass. 209; and Chipman v. City of Hartford, 21 Conn, 488, where there is also an elaborate-examination of the authorities.
I will advise a decree in accordance with these views.