A. J. WALKER, C. J.
A married woman, separated from her husband, seeks to exclude the latter from the custody of the two children of the marriage; one a girl, now four years and nine or ten months old, and the other a boy, now about two years and ten months old. The allegations of the petition are, that the husband is intemperate, is wasting his own and his wife’s estate, has beaten his wife and the older child, threatened farther abuse of bis wife, admitted adulterous intercourse with one or more women, used profane language in the presence of his wife and children, and, in fits of intoxication, broken his furniture; and that such conduct had compelled the [518] petitioner, with. her children, to leave ber husband, and to seek an asylum in her father’s house, whence the defendant has made an ineffectual attempt to take them.
The defendant denies all the. charges impugning his conduct as husband and father; and his answer, which is sworn to, casts upon the complainant the onus of sustaining those allegations by two witnesses, or by one With, corroborating circumstances; for there is no waiver of an answer o'n“oath.
The accusation that the defendant had beaten his wife, is nnsustained; for the only witness who proves that he ever struck her, so testifies as to clearly indicate that he did nothing more than to slap his wife in a laughing and playful mood, or fas the witness expresses it) “ in fun,” and not in a rude or angry manner.
[2.J Nearly fifty witnesses are examined upon the subject of the defendant’s intemperance. A careful examination of this immense mass of evidence convinces us that the defendant was in the habit of drinking freely, and in a few instances to inebriation; but that his drinking had not been carried sufficiently far to disqualify him for business, or materially to interfere with his business habits, or to make his association dangerous to his wife and children, or so pernicious to the latter as to authorize the taking away the custody of them.
The witnesses whose testimony seems designed to prove the commission of adultery by the defendant are Sheffield, Singletary, Bowen and Merriman. The first of those witnesses is shown by competent testimony to be unworthy of belief, and his evidence is itself improbable, and, if true, places him in a very degraded position. ' The witness Singletary is contradicted by.three witnesses in material particulars. Bowen proves merely a jocular reply of defendant to a question of his wife, as to what he intended to do with his money in Mobile, which is entitled to no consideration as evidence of defendant’s guilt. What we have said leaves-the imputation of adultery to rest upon a loose remark made to Merriman, the witness. This witness is contradicted by ITobbs as to one of his statements, and the testimony of Sarah Bryan also [519] contributes to show tbe incorrectness of a part of bis evidence.- It is too clear for argument, that the testimony of this witness cannot overcome the denial of a sworn answer.
While the defendant must stand vindicated from the grosser charges made against him, yet it must be said to his discredit, that his language to his wife and about her has not been characterized by refinement or delicacy, but was often rude, harsh, and indecorous.
[3.] Section 2006 of the Code gives the chancery court jurisdiction over the custody and control of children, as between tíre father and mother, in cases of voluntary separation. This section differs from the old law, (Clay’s Digest, 171, § 20,) in confining its operation to cases of voluntary separation. — Cornelius v. Cornelius, 31 Ala. 479.
[4.] The equity of this proceeding is not maintainable under that statute. The separation here is neither actually, nor in point of law, voluntary. The separation was against the husband’s wishes, and in despite of his request. There may be a voluntary abandonment by the complainant of her husband, but there is not a voluntary separation. The statute contemplates a separation with the assent of both parties. It may be that the law would regard a separation as voluntary, implying the husband’s consent, when his conduct was such as to justify his wife in leaving him. The facts here do not afford such justification to the wife. There is no correct view of the married relation, which will authorize a wife to leave her husband, and place both him and herself in the “ undefined and dangerous situations of a husband without a wife, and a wife withouta husband,” merely on account of such rudeness of language, indelicacy of expression, grossness of manners, and disrespectful bearing, as may appear from the evidence in this case to have characterized the conduct of the defendant. — People v. Mercein, 8 Paige, 46 ; Evans v. Evans, 2 Haggard, 35. However hard it may be to endure such conduct, and however we may sympathize with and desire to relieve one subjected to it, the hardships of individual cases must be borne, and sympathy for [520] them must bend in deference to the great social interests, and wise public policy, and biblical precepts, in which are founded general rules consulting for the permanency and stability of the marriage institution. One who enters into this relation must, by a uniform exhibition of affection, by mild remonstrance, by gentle and moderate resistance,'by judicious reasoning and soft persuasion, by a forbearance of resentment, by an accommodation to peculiarities, and, above all, by a constant display of an example of conjugal propriety, strive to cure such faults as the evidence imputes to the defendant. If such causes were recognized as a sufficient justification for a separation, the first unguarded sally of passion on the part of one of the married pair would often be met by unyielding harshness, and attended by an unforgiving temper, and thus become the ultimate cause of estrangement and abandonment. The abandonment of the conjugal home is without justification in law, and there is no conceivable ground upon which the separation can be deemed voluntary. It is the legal duty of the complainant, upon the facts before us, to return or offer to return to her liusband, and carry with her the children of the marriage.
It is a question mooted in this ease, whether the law will, under any circumstances, interfere in favor of the wife in reference to the custody of the children, when she has abandoned him without a legal justification. We cite some authorities in reference to that question, and leave it undecided. — DeManneville v. DeManneville, 10 Ves. 52; Forsyth on Infants, 21; People v. Mercein, 8 Paige, 46. But it is to our minds clear, that the court ought to hesitate long before it would interfere in behalf of a wife who has separated herself from her husband without his consent, and without adequate causes. The common love for the common offspring, and the common desire for their society, constitutes a strong tie between married people, and contributes to the steadfastness of the relation. This cohesive influence would be lost, if the unauthorized character of a separation is not regarded in disposing of the custody of the children.
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A. J. WALKER, C. J.
A married woman, separated from her husband, seeks to exclude the latter from the custody of the two children of the marriage; one a girl, now four years and nine or ten months old, and the other a boy, now about two years and ten months old. The allegations of the petition are, that the husband is intemperate, is wasting his own and his wife’s estate, has beaten his wife and the older child, threatened farther abuse of bis wife, admitted adulterous intercourse with one or more women, used profane language in the presence of his wife and children, and, in fits of intoxication, broken his furniture; and that such conduct had compelled the [518] petitioner, with. her children, to leave ber husband, and to seek an asylum in her father’s house, whence the defendant has made an ineffectual attempt to take them.
The defendant denies all the. charges impugning his conduct as husband and father; and his answer, which is sworn to, casts upon the complainant the onus of sustaining those allegations by two witnesses, or by one With, corroborating circumstances; for there is no waiver of an answer o'n“oath.
The accusation that the defendant had beaten his wife, is nnsustained; for the only witness who proves that he ever struck her, so testifies as to clearly indicate that he did nothing more than to slap his wife in a laughing and playful mood, or fas the witness expresses it) “ in fun,” and not in a rude or angry manner.
[2.J Nearly fifty witnesses are examined upon the subject of the defendant’s intemperance. A careful examination of this immense mass of evidence convinces us that the defendant was in the habit of drinking freely, and in a few instances to inebriation; but that his drinking had not been carried sufficiently far to disqualify him for business, or materially to interfere with his business habits, or to make his association dangerous to his wife and children, or so pernicious to the latter as to authorize the taking away the custody of them.
The witnesses whose testimony seems designed to prove the commission of adultery by the defendant are Sheffield, Singletary, Bowen and Merriman. The first of those witnesses is shown by competent testimony to be unworthy of belief, and his evidence is itself improbable, and, if true, places him in a very degraded position. ' The witness Singletary is contradicted by.three witnesses in material particulars. Bowen proves merely a jocular reply of defendant to a question of his wife, as to what he intended to do with his money in Mobile, which is entitled to no consideration as evidence of defendant’s guilt. What we have said leaves-the imputation of adultery to rest upon a loose remark made to Merriman, the witness. This witness is contradicted by ITobbs as to one of his statements, and the testimony of Sarah Bryan also [519] contributes to show tbe incorrectness of a part of bis evidence.- It is too clear for argument, that the testimony of this witness cannot overcome the denial of a sworn answer.
While the defendant must stand vindicated from the grosser charges made against him, yet it must be said to his discredit, that his language to his wife and about her has not been characterized by refinement or delicacy, but was often rude, harsh, and indecorous.
[3.] Section 2006 of the Code gives the chancery court jurisdiction over the custody and control of children, as between tíre father and mother, in cases of voluntary separation. This section differs from the old law, (Clay’s Digest, 171, § 20,) in confining its operation to cases of voluntary separation. — Cornelius v. Cornelius, 31 Ala. 479.
[4.] The equity of this proceeding is not maintainable under that statute. The separation here is neither actually, nor in point of law, voluntary. The separation was against the husband’s wishes, and in despite of his request. There may be a voluntary abandonment by the complainant of her husband, but there is not a voluntary separation. The statute contemplates a separation with the assent of both parties. It may be that the law would regard a separation as voluntary, implying the husband’s consent, when his conduct was such as to justify his wife in leaving him. The facts here do not afford such justification to the wife. There is no correct view of the married relation, which will authorize a wife to leave her husband, and place both him and herself in the “ undefined and dangerous situations of a husband without a wife, and a wife withouta husband,” merely on account of such rudeness of language, indelicacy of expression, grossness of manners, and disrespectful bearing, as may appear from the evidence in this case to have characterized the conduct of the defendant. — People v. Mercein, 8 Paige, 46 ; Evans v. Evans, 2 Haggard, 35. However hard it may be to endure such conduct, and however we may sympathize with and desire to relieve one subjected to it, the hardships of individual cases must be borne, and sympathy for [520] them must bend in deference to the great social interests, and wise public policy, and biblical precepts, in which are founded general rules consulting for the permanency and stability of the marriage institution. One who enters into this relation must, by a uniform exhibition of affection, by mild remonstrance, by gentle and moderate resistance,'by judicious reasoning and soft persuasion, by a forbearance of resentment, by an accommodation to peculiarities, and, above all, by a constant display of an example of conjugal propriety, strive to cure such faults as the evidence imputes to the defendant. If such causes were recognized as a sufficient justification for a separation, the first unguarded sally of passion on the part of one of the married pair would often be met by unyielding harshness, and attended by an unforgiving temper, and thus become the ultimate cause of estrangement and abandonment. The abandonment of the conjugal home is without justification in law, and there is no conceivable ground upon which the separation can be deemed voluntary. It is the legal duty of the complainant, upon the facts before us, to return or offer to return to her liusband, and carry with her the children of the marriage.
It is a question mooted in this ease, whether the law will, under any circumstances, interfere in favor of the wife in reference to the custody of the children, when she has abandoned him without a legal justification. We cite some authorities in reference to that question, and leave it undecided. — DeManneville v. DeManneville, 10 Ves. 52; Forsyth on Infants, 21; People v. Mercein, 8 Paige, 46. But it is to our minds clear, that the court ought to hesitate long before it would interfere in behalf of a wife who has separated herself from her husband without his consent, and without adequate causes. The common love for the common offspring, and the common desire for their society, constitutes a strong tie between married people, and contributes to the steadfastness of the relation. This cohesive influence would be lost, if the unauthorized character of a separation is not regarded in disposing of the custody of the children.
• [6-7.] As the equity of this proceeding can not be main-[521] tamed under our statute, the question arises, can it be maintained under the principles which governed the jurisdiction of the chancery court over minor children at common law. The chancery court has jurisdiction, independent of the statute, over the custody of infant children. Story’s Eq. Ju. § 1341. But in the exercise of that jurisdiction, respect is always paid to the prior common-law right of the father to the custody and control of his minor children. — Ex parte Boaz, 31 Ala. 425. This prior right of the father will be controlled and made subordinate to the interests of the children, but it requires a strong case to induce the court to interfere with that right. — People v. Humphries, 24 Barb. 521; People v. Mercein, 3 Hill, 399 ; 8 Paige, 46 ; 25 Wendell, 64 ; Wellesley v. Duke of Beaufort, 2 Russ. ; Wellesley v. Wellesley, 2 Bligh, 124 ; Anonymous, 1 Sim. N. S. 54; Commonwealth v. Briggs, 16 Pick. 203; 1 Blacks. Com. 453 ; Forsyth on Infants, chap. 11, p. 19, (68 L. L. 14). Undoubtedly, stronger proof against the husband ought to be exacted, where, as in this case, the wife is living apart from the husband without Ms consent, and without the sanction of the law, and the wife berself does not appear to be well fitted for the task of training and controlling infants of tender age. The proof goes far towards showing an occasional indulgence on her part in paroxysms of causeless rage, in which she forgets the'tenderness and kindness which a mother „owes to her young children. Notwithstanding all these considerations, we would have been extremely reluctant at the commencement of this suit to have withheld our sanction to the protection of the mother in the custody of the children, because at that time one of them was an infant of ten months at the breast, and the other a girl only three years of age. But now the period of lactation with the younger child has passed, and two years have been added to the ages of the children; and it is not now impossible for the father to discharge the duties of nurture and care, in which he will be aided by his mother. Taking into consideration the fact that the defendant is not shown to be 'of such character, or to have such habits as would necessarily contaminate the children, or render [522] them unsafe in Ms custody, and the strong favor with which the law regards the father’s prior right to the custody of his children, and the unauthorized state of separation from her husband in which the petitioner has placed herself, and her want of any peculiar fitness for the custody and care of the children, and also that the children have passed the age when the mother’s care, though valuable and desirable, is indispensable, we deem it our duty to withhold any active interference in behalf of the wife’s exclusive custody and control of the children.
We are not sure, that a part, if not all the costs in this case, ought not to have been imposed upon the husband; but if there be an error as to the costs, that is the only error in the case, and the established rule does not permit us to reverse a decree for an error of the chancellor as to the costs alone. — Randolph v. Rosser, 7 Port. 49.
In deciding this case, we have looked to the testimony in the record of the other case between the same parties, without deciding that there was such an agreement as would authorize us to do so, because in the absence of the evidence the result would have been the same, and -¶& desired to settle the controversy on its merits.
The decree of the chancellor must be affirmed.