FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., MCFADDEN and BOGGS, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
March 5, 2014
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A13A1987. BRYAN BANK & TRUST v. STEELE.
BOGGS, Judge.
In this premises liability action, we granted Bryan Bank & Trust’s (“the
Bank’s”) application for interlocutory review of the trial court’s denial of its motion
for summary judgment. Because the plaintiff, Bonnie Steele, failed to point to specific
evidence of the existence of a hazard, and therefore failed to establish causation, the
trial court erred in denying the Bank’s motion for summary judgment. We therefore
reverse.
“On appeal from the denial of summary judgment the appellate court is to
conduct a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there exists a genuine
issue of material fact, and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Hood v. Todd, 287 Ga. 164, 165 (695 SE2d 31) (2010); see
OCGA § 9-11-56 (c).
A defendant who will not bear the burden of proof at trial need not affirmatively disprove the nonmoving party’s case; instead, the burden on the moving party may be discharged by pointing out by reference to the affidavits, depositions and other documents in the record that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. If the moving party discharges this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest on its pleadings, but rather must point to specific evidence giving rise to a triable issue. OCGA § 9-11-56 (e).
Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991).
Viewed in the light most favorable to Steele, the record reveals that she fell
while on the sidewalk of the Bank and was injured as a result. She deposed that she
pulled into the Bank parking lot, parked in front of the Bank, walked along the
sidewalk, and entered the Bank without incident. She recalled seeing a “very
noticeable,” two to three-inch-high, black edging or border around a flower bed
beside the sidewalk prior to her fall: “It was a metal . . . edging around the flowers,
or around the flower beds.” After conducting business inside the Bank, Steele walked
out of the Bank and down the sidewalk, taking the same route as she did upon
entering the Bank, and suddenly fell and landed on her back: “all of a sudden I found
2 myself just laying on the ground.” When asked if her foot caught on something or if
she bumped into anything, Steele replied, “It is not really clear to me . . . . I just
remember falling and trying to get up.” And when asked if she knew what caused her
to fall, Steele stated: “I really believe it was the - - the fencing. Because when they
finally got me up to bring me back in the bank . . . I did look down, and it looked like
the fence was protruding out on the sidewalk . . . it looked like something had been
moved.” But Steele acknowledged that the fencing could have been moved as a result
of her fall. She explained further, “I don’t know if [the border] had been moved or
not, but it looked - - it just looked like it was protruding. And it could have been from
me.” Steele could not state for certain that the fencing was on the sidewalk before or
after she fell.
1. The Bank contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment because Steele failed to establish that a hazardous condition
existed. We agree.
With regard to premises-liability actions, Georgia law makes clear that while an owner or occupier of land has a statutory duty to keep its approaches and premises in a reasonably safe condition for invitees, an owner or occupier of land is not an insurer of the safety of its invitees. Accordingly, the threshold point of our inquiry in a slip-and-fall case is the existence of a hazardous condition on the premises. And it is well
3 established that proof of a fall, without more, does not create liability on the part of a proprietor or landowner, because it is common knowledge that people fall on the best of sidewalks and floors. Thus, when the plaintiff cannot show the existence of a hazardous condition, she cannot prove the cause of her injuries and there can be no recovery because an essential element of negligence cannot be proven.
(Citations, punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Taylor v. Thunderbird Lanes, 324 Ga.
App. 167, 169-170 (1) (748 SE2d 308) (2013).
The Bank contends that Steele presented no evidence of a hazardous condition.
Steele argues that “it must be inferred the landscape border protruded onto the
sidewalk prior to her fall thus providing the necessary competent evidence of the
defect.” She asserts that the facts here are analogous to the facts in J.H. Harvey Co.
v. Reddick, 240 Ga. App. 466 (522 SE2d 749) (1999).
In that case, the plaintiff, Reddick, slipped and fell while shopping in a grocery
store. Id. at 467 (1). She did not know what caused her fall, but testified that she
stepped on something slippery and assumed it was grapes because she saw two
scuppernongs on the floor as she was getting up. Id. Reddick did not know whether
she actually stepped on the scuppernongs, but a store manager saw two scuppernong
skins on the floor in the aisle where Reddick had fallen, which was a considerable
4 distance from the produce aisle where scuppernongs were sold. Id. at 467-468 (1).
The store had an ongoing problem with customers discarding half-eaten food on the
floor. Id. This court held that Reddick presented evidence of a foreign substance that
could have created the slippery condition she alleged. Id. at 469 (1) (a).
Although Reddick could not positively state that the scuppernongs caused her to fall, reasonable jurors could make such an inference based on the proximity of the fruit to Reddick after the fall, the alleged “slippery” condition of the floor, and the assistant manager’s statement after Reddick’s fall that he saw scuppernong skins, rather than whole fruit.
Id.
It is true that like the customer in J.H. Harvey, Steele was unsure about what
exactly caused her to fall and assumed it was the fencing because it “looked like” it
was protruding onto the sidewalk after her fall. But in that case there was “some
evidence beyond speculation that a condition of the premises caused the fall,”
(emphasis in original) Imperial Investments Doraville v. Childers, 303 Ga. App. 490,
492 (1) (693 SE2d 834) (2010), specifically the scuppernong skins in the aisle
showing that the fruit had been crushed, possibly by the plaintiff stepping on it, and
her testimony that she “stepped on something slippery” that caused her to fall.
5 Here, in contrast, Steele did not know how she fell or what caused her to fall.
She cannot aver that she tripped or even that she struck her foot against something.
She assumes she tripped on the fence border, but she admits that her fall may have
caused it to move. Steele’s evidence of the cause of her fall is only “admitted
speculation.” See Avery v. Cleveland Ave. Motel, 239 Ga. App. 644, 645 (1) (521
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FOURTH DIVISION DOYLE, P. J., MCFADDEN and BOGGS, JJ.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/
March 5, 2014
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A13A1987. BRYAN BANK & TRUST v. STEELE.
BOGGS, Judge.
In this premises liability action, we granted Bryan Bank & Trust’s (“the
Bank’s”) application for interlocutory review of the trial court’s denial of its motion
for summary judgment. Because the plaintiff, Bonnie Steele, failed to point to specific
evidence of the existence of a hazard, and therefore failed to establish causation, the
trial court erred in denying the Bank’s motion for summary judgment. We therefore
reverse.
“On appeal from the denial of summary judgment the appellate court is to
conduct a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there exists a genuine
issue of material fact, and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Hood v. Todd, 287 Ga. 164, 165 (695 SE2d 31) (2010); see
OCGA § 9-11-56 (c).
A defendant who will not bear the burden of proof at trial need not affirmatively disprove the nonmoving party’s case; instead, the burden on the moving party may be discharged by pointing out by reference to the affidavits, depositions and other documents in the record that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case. If the moving party discharges this burden, the nonmoving party cannot rest on its pleadings, but rather must point to specific evidence giving rise to a triable issue. OCGA § 9-11-56 (e).
Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991).
Viewed in the light most favorable to Steele, the record reveals that she fell
while on the sidewalk of the Bank and was injured as a result. She deposed that she
pulled into the Bank parking lot, parked in front of the Bank, walked along the
sidewalk, and entered the Bank without incident. She recalled seeing a “very
noticeable,” two to three-inch-high, black edging or border around a flower bed
beside the sidewalk prior to her fall: “It was a metal . . . edging around the flowers,
or around the flower beds.” After conducting business inside the Bank, Steele walked
out of the Bank and down the sidewalk, taking the same route as she did upon
entering the Bank, and suddenly fell and landed on her back: “all of a sudden I found
2 myself just laying on the ground.” When asked if her foot caught on something or if
she bumped into anything, Steele replied, “It is not really clear to me . . . . I just
remember falling and trying to get up.” And when asked if she knew what caused her
to fall, Steele stated: “I really believe it was the - - the fencing. Because when they
finally got me up to bring me back in the bank . . . I did look down, and it looked like
the fence was protruding out on the sidewalk . . . it looked like something had been
moved.” But Steele acknowledged that the fencing could have been moved as a result
of her fall. She explained further, “I don’t know if [the border] had been moved or
not, but it looked - - it just looked like it was protruding. And it could have been from
me.” Steele could not state for certain that the fencing was on the sidewalk before or
after she fell.
1. The Bank contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment because Steele failed to establish that a hazardous condition
existed. We agree.
With regard to premises-liability actions, Georgia law makes clear that while an owner or occupier of land has a statutory duty to keep its approaches and premises in a reasonably safe condition for invitees, an owner or occupier of land is not an insurer of the safety of its invitees. Accordingly, the threshold point of our inquiry in a slip-and-fall case is the existence of a hazardous condition on the premises. And it is well
3 established that proof of a fall, without more, does not create liability on the part of a proprietor or landowner, because it is common knowledge that people fall on the best of sidewalks and floors. Thus, when the plaintiff cannot show the existence of a hazardous condition, she cannot prove the cause of her injuries and there can be no recovery because an essential element of negligence cannot be proven.
(Citations, punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Taylor v. Thunderbird Lanes, 324 Ga.
App. 167, 169-170 (1) (748 SE2d 308) (2013).
The Bank contends that Steele presented no evidence of a hazardous condition.
Steele argues that “it must be inferred the landscape border protruded onto the
sidewalk prior to her fall thus providing the necessary competent evidence of the
defect.” She asserts that the facts here are analogous to the facts in J.H. Harvey Co.
v. Reddick, 240 Ga. App. 466 (522 SE2d 749) (1999).
In that case, the plaintiff, Reddick, slipped and fell while shopping in a grocery
store. Id. at 467 (1). She did not know what caused her fall, but testified that she
stepped on something slippery and assumed it was grapes because she saw two
scuppernongs on the floor as she was getting up. Id. Reddick did not know whether
she actually stepped on the scuppernongs, but a store manager saw two scuppernong
skins on the floor in the aisle where Reddick had fallen, which was a considerable
4 distance from the produce aisle where scuppernongs were sold. Id. at 467-468 (1).
The store had an ongoing problem with customers discarding half-eaten food on the
floor. Id. This court held that Reddick presented evidence of a foreign substance that
could have created the slippery condition she alleged. Id. at 469 (1) (a).
Although Reddick could not positively state that the scuppernongs caused her to fall, reasonable jurors could make such an inference based on the proximity of the fruit to Reddick after the fall, the alleged “slippery” condition of the floor, and the assistant manager’s statement after Reddick’s fall that he saw scuppernong skins, rather than whole fruit.
Id.
It is true that like the customer in J.H. Harvey, Steele was unsure about what
exactly caused her to fall and assumed it was the fencing because it “looked like” it
was protruding onto the sidewalk after her fall. But in that case there was “some
evidence beyond speculation that a condition of the premises caused the fall,”
(emphasis in original) Imperial Investments Doraville v. Childers, 303 Ga. App. 490,
492 (1) (693 SE2d 834) (2010), specifically the scuppernong skins in the aisle
showing that the fruit had been crushed, possibly by the plaintiff stepping on it, and
her testimony that she “stepped on something slippery” that caused her to fall.
5 Here, in contrast, Steele did not know how she fell or what caused her to fall.
She cannot aver that she tripped or even that she struck her foot against something.
She assumes she tripped on the fence border, but she admits that her fall may have
caused it to move. Steele’s evidence of the cause of her fall is only “admitted
speculation.” See Avery v. Cleveland Ave. Motel, 239 Ga. App. 644, 645 (1) (521
SE2d 668) (1999) (plaintiff’s admitted speculation that she may have tripped on worn
carpeting does not sufficiently establish causation).
The facts here are more analogous to the facts in Childers, supra, where the
plaintiff assumed that he stumbled over a raised piece of carpet that he had observed
was “‘wrinkly,’” but he “never testified directly that he knew that he fell over the
carpet.” Id. at 490. Steele speculates that she tripped over the fencing, although she
could not recall bumping into anything, or her foot catching on anything. There is no
evidence that the fencing was on the sidewalk prior to her fall, and she did not state
with certainty that the fencing was on the sidewalk after her fall, rather she explained
that she did not know if the fencing had been moved at all, and twice stated only that
“it looked like the fence was protruding on the sidewalk,” and it “looked like
something had been moved,” and she “can’t say for sure.” (Emphasis supplied.) There
6 was no other evidence establishing the presence of the fencing on the sidewalk at the
time Steele fell.
Under these circumstances, in the absence of evidence directly connecting a
defect with Steele’s fall, causation is not established. The trial court therefore erred
in denying the Bank’s motion for summary judgment on this ground.
2. In light of our holding in Division 1 that Steele failed to point to a genuine
issue of material fact with regard to causation, we need not address the Bank’s
alternative arguments that Steele had superior knowledge of any alleged hazardous
condition, and that she failed to exercise ordinary care for her own safety. See
Thunderbird Lanes, supra, 324 Ga. App. at 171 (2).
Judgment reversed. Doyle, P. J., and McFadden, J., concur.