HOLMES, Circuit Judge.
The appellants are the Brownsville Navigation District of Cameron County, Texas, duly incorporated under the laws of Texas1 (hereinafter referred to as the Port of Brownsville) ; F. A. Lallier, engaged in the stevedore, freight brokerage, and forwarding business; and J. G. Philen, Jr., sole owner and operator of two [504]*504companies engaged in the same business as Lallier. The appellees are Guy A. Thompson, trustee in bankruptcy of the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway Company, a Texas corporation, now being operated by said trustee, in proceedings for reorganization of said corporation, who is sued by consent of court (hereinafter referred to as the Missouri Pacific); and the Port Isabel & Rio Grande Valley Railroad Company, a Texas corporation (hereinafter called the Rio Grande). The jurisdiction of the court arises out of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended, and carrier rules, rates, regulations, and practices thereunder.
The petition charges that appellees have unlawfully failed and refused to furnish railroad cars for the transportation of interstate shipments when reasonably requested so to do by appellants. The facts, set forth in great detail in the petition, were met by a motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction, which was sustained by the court on the ground that the matter involved was one for the administrative powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
The Port of Brownsville caused a ship channel, seventeen miles in length, to be dredged from Brazos Santiago Pass, on the Gulf of Mexico, inland to a point approximately five miles from the geographical center of the city of Brownsville.' It is a modern ship channel of a depth and width sufficient for seagoing vessels of a type usually calling at ports on the Gulf of Mexico from New Orleans to Brownsville. The Rio Grande operates a line of railway, approximately twenty-six miles in length, between said city and Port Isabel in Cameron county, Tex., and is the only railway that has switching connections with the facilities of the turning basin at said port. It connects in the city of Brownsville with the Missouri Pacific lines.
In order to move traffic from said turning basin to uptown Brownsville and to a connection with the railways of Mexico serving Matamoros, it is necessary to use the joint service of both the Rio' Grande and the Missouri Pacific. It has been customary for the Missouri Pacific and other carriers to furnish cars (box, flat, and gondola) to the Rio Grande for the purpose of moving traffic originating on, or consigned to locations on, the latter’s line of railway, at an agreed rental of $1 per day, being the uniformly accepted charge for the use of rented cars.
The appellees have published, and have on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission, tariffs applicable to the proposed traffic, but have recently refused to furnish cars for freight moving through the-Port of Brownsville. The Missouri Pacific obtains a longer haul of the same traffic: when it moves through other ports. Both carriers are members, of the America-n Railway Association, and are subscribers to an-agreement which provides for an interchange of cars under a code of rules adopted by the association, the general principle-of which is that payment shall be made to-the car owner for each day the car is off of the ownePs lines. Cf. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co. v. United States, 284 U.S. 80, 52 S.Ct. 87, 76 L.Ed. 177.
The Missouri Pacific, under duly published tariffs, is furnishing transportation equipment for all commodities from-, the ports of Corpus Christi and Houston, to various gateways for interchange with: the National Railways of Mexico for transportation into Mexico, but refuses to apply its duly filed tariff rates and rules to commodities moving through the Port of Brownsville.
It is specifically alleged in the petition that, subsequent to May 16, 1936, the Missouri Pacific refused, and is now refusing, to furnish the necessary cars, and that the Rio Grande, in accordance with instructions of the Missouri Pacific, is refusing to, permit shippers to load cars that are made-empty at- the docks of the turning basin and that it specifically refused transportation of cars that had been loaded at the-turning basin. The only apparent reason, for appellee’s conduct with reference to. the Port of Brownsville is that the Missouri Pacific system will secure a longer haul if the traffic passes into and out of Mexico through other gateways.
The sole question presented on this appeal is the jurisdiction of the District Court to issue a writ of mandamus requiring appellees to perform their transportation duties under rates published and filed, with the Interstate Commerce Commission. Two of the appellants are shippers’ agents, handling freight at the Port of Brownsville for transportation by rail and water to and from the United-States of America, and the Republic of Mexico. Upon the undisputed facts, these two appellants, as agents of the shippers, tendered freight to the’ appellees, who failed to transport. [505]*505it; they made request for railroad cars for use in interstate commerce and were denied them. They stand in the same position as their principals, and are held to be persons within the meaning of the statute. When a carrier is tendered goods for transportation, it is immaterial that the shipper is not the real owner of the goods. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Delaware, L. & W. R. Co., 220 U.S. 235, 31 S.Ct. 392, 55 L.Ed. 448; Lehigh Valley Ry. Co. v. United States, 243 U.S. 444, 37 S.Ct. 434, 61 L.Ed. 839; Merchants’ Warehouse Co. v. United States, 283 U.S. 501, 51 S.Ct. 505, 75 L.Ed. 1227.
As to the remedy: The petition for mandamus is based upon the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended. 49 U.S.C.A. § 49. It gives the District Court jurisdiction in an unusual degree to issue the writ against an interstate carrier commanding it “to move and transport the traffic, or to furnish cars or other facilities for transportaton for the party applying for the writ." It declares that the remedy given shall be cumulative and shall not exclude or interfere with other remedies provided by the statute. Macon, D. & S. R. Co. v. General Reduction Co. (C.C.A.) 44 F.(2d) 499.
As .to the right: Under thei Transportation Act of February 28, 1920 (c. 91, § 402, 41 Stat. 476, 49 U.S.C.A. § 1, par. 11), as well as at common law, it is the duty of a common carrier by railroad to furnish the shipper upon reasonable request with necessary cars as an essential step in the intended movement of the property to be shipped. Ordinarily, a shipper is entitled to as many cars as are needed, but this is not an absolute right. As at common law the carrier was not liable for failure to transport, if his coach were full, the law today exacts only what is reasonable from carriers who transport freight in railroad cars.
Legal defenses may be interposed to an action for damages or a petition for mandamus based upon the refusal of the carrier to furnish cars, but the fact that the defendant has a legal excuse does not deprive the court of jurisdiction to hear and decide the issues upon the law and the facts.
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HOLMES, Circuit Judge.
The appellants are the Brownsville Navigation District of Cameron County, Texas, duly incorporated under the laws of Texas1 (hereinafter referred to as the Port of Brownsville) ; F. A. Lallier, engaged in the stevedore, freight brokerage, and forwarding business; and J. G. Philen, Jr., sole owner and operator of two [504]*504companies engaged in the same business as Lallier. The appellees are Guy A. Thompson, trustee in bankruptcy of the St. Louis, Brownsville & Mexico Railway Company, a Texas corporation, now being operated by said trustee, in proceedings for reorganization of said corporation, who is sued by consent of court (hereinafter referred to as the Missouri Pacific); and the Port Isabel & Rio Grande Valley Railroad Company, a Texas corporation (hereinafter called the Rio Grande). The jurisdiction of the court arises out of the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended, and carrier rules, rates, regulations, and practices thereunder.
The petition charges that appellees have unlawfully failed and refused to furnish railroad cars for the transportation of interstate shipments when reasonably requested so to do by appellants. The facts, set forth in great detail in the petition, were met by a motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction, which was sustained by the court on the ground that the matter involved was one for the administrative powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
The Port of Brownsville caused a ship channel, seventeen miles in length, to be dredged from Brazos Santiago Pass, on the Gulf of Mexico, inland to a point approximately five miles from the geographical center of the city of Brownsville.' It is a modern ship channel of a depth and width sufficient for seagoing vessels of a type usually calling at ports on the Gulf of Mexico from New Orleans to Brownsville. The Rio Grande operates a line of railway, approximately twenty-six miles in length, between said city and Port Isabel in Cameron county, Tex., and is the only railway that has switching connections with the facilities of the turning basin at said port. It connects in the city of Brownsville with the Missouri Pacific lines.
In order to move traffic from said turning basin to uptown Brownsville and to a connection with the railways of Mexico serving Matamoros, it is necessary to use the joint service of both the Rio' Grande and the Missouri Pacific. It has been customary for the Missouri Pacific and other carriers to furnish cars (box, flat, and gondola) to the Rio Grande for the purpose of moving traffic originating on, or consigned to locations on, the latter’s line of railway, at an agreed rental of $1 per day, being the uniformly accepted charge for the use of rented cars.
The appellees have published, and have on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission, tariffs applicable to the proposed traffic, but have recently refused to furnish cars for freight moving through the-Port of Brownsville. The Missouri Pacific obtains a longer haul of the same traffic: when it moves through other ports. Both carriers are members, of the America-n Railway Association, and are subscribers to an-agreement which provides for an interchange of cars under a code of rules adopted by the association, the general principle-of which is that payment shall be made to-the car owner for each day the car is off of the ownePs lines. Cf. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Co. v. United States, 284 U.S. 80, 52 S.Ct. 87, 76 L.Ed. 177.
The Missouri Pacific, under duly published tariffs, is furnishing transportation equipment for all commodities from-, the ports of Corpus Christi and Houston, to various gateways for interchange with: the National Railways of Mexico for transportation into Mexico, but refuses to apply its duly filed tariff rates and rules to commodities moving through the Port of Brownsville.
It is specifically alleged in the petition that, subsequent to May 16, 1936, the Missouri Pacific refused, and is now refusing, to furnish the necessary cars, and that the Rio Grande, in accordance with instructions of the Missouri Pacific, is refusing to, permit shippers to load cars that are made-empty at- the docks of the turning basin and that it specifically refused transportation of cars that had been loaded at the-turning basin. The only apparent reason, for appellee’s conduct with reference to. the Port of Brownsville is that the Missouri Pacific system will secure a longer haul if the traffic passes into and out of Mexico through other gateways.
The sole question presented on this appeal is the jurisdiction of the District Court to issue a writ of mandamus requiring appellees to perform their transportation duties under rates published and filed, with the Interstate Commerce Commission. Two of the appellants are shippers’ agents, handling freight at the Port of Brownsville for transportation by rail and water to and from the United-States of America, and the Republic of Mexico. Upon the undisputed facts, these two appellants, as agents of the shippers, tendered freight to the’ appellees, who failed to transport. [505]*505it; they made request for railroad cars for use in interstate commerce and were denied them. They stand in the same position as their principals, and are held to be persons within the meaning of the statute. When a carrier is tendered goods for transportation, it is immaterial that the shipper is not the real owner of the goods. Interstate Commerce Commission v. Delaware, L. & W. R. Co., 220 U.S. 235, 31 S.Ct. 392, 55 L.Ed. 448; Lehigh Valley Ry. Co. v. United States, 243 U.S. 444, 37 S.Ct. 434, 61 L.Ed. 839; Merchants’ Warehouse Co. v. United States, 283 U.S. 501, 51 S.Ct. 505, 75 L.Ed. 1227.
As to the remedy: The petition for mandamus is based upon the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended. 49 U.S.C.A. § 49. It gives the District Court jurisdiction in an unusual degree to issue the writ against an interstate carrier commanding it “to move and transport the traffic, or to furnish cars or other facilities for transportaton for the party applying for the writ." It declares that the remedy given shall be cumulative and shall not exclude or interfere with other remedies provided by the statute. Macon, D. & S. R. Co. v. General Reduction Co. (C.C.A.) 44 F.(2d) 499.
As .to the right: Under thei Transportation Act of February 28, 1920 (c. 91, § 402, 41 Stat. 476, 49 U.S.C.A. § 1, par. 11), as well as at common law, it is the duty of a common carrier by railroad to furnish the shipper upon reasonable request with necessary cars as an essential step in the intended movement of the property to be shipped. Ordinarily, a shipper is entitled to as many cars as are needed, but this is not an absolute right. As at common law the carrier was not liable for failure to transport, if his coach were full, the law today exacts only what is reasonable from carriers who transport freight in railroad cars.
Legal defenses may be interposed to an action for damages or a petition for mandamus based upon the refusal of the carrier to furnish cars, but the fact that the defendant has a legal excuse does not deprive the court of jurisdiction to hear and decide the issues upon the law and the facts. The appellees are sued jointly, but may make joint or several defenses, as they deem proper. Likewise, the court may enter its judgment for or against one or more of the parties, as law and justice may require. The District Court is not deprived of jurisdiction to grant the writ of mandamus merely because the appellants, or some of them, might have prosecuted an action at law for damages or might have sought reparation or other administrative relief before the Interstate Commerce Commission.
There are two forms of discrimination under the Transportation Act: One in the rule, rate, or practice, the other in its application or enforcement; one in promulgating an unreasonable and prejudicial rule, rate, or practice, the other in unfairly and prejudicially enforcing a fair and nondiscriminational rule, rate, or practice. In a suit where the published rule, rate, or practice itself is attacked as unfair and unreasonably prejudicial, an issue is presented which calls for the exercise of the administrative power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, but, if the carrier’s rule, rate, or practice, as promulgated and filed, is fair and reasonable on its face, and has been unfairly applied or enforced so as to discriminate unreasonably and prejudicially against the shipper, there is no administrative question involved, but a mere judicial question of fact as to whether the carrier has violated the rule to the plaintiff’s damage. “Such suits,” the court held in Pennsylvania R. R. Co. v. Puritan Coal Company, 237 U.S. 121, 35 S.Ct. 484, 488, 59 L.Ed. 867, “though against an interstate carrier for damages arising in interestate commerce, may be prosecuted either in the state or Federal courts.” The opinion also differentiates the case of Morrisdale Coal Co. v. Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 230 U.S. 304, 33 S.Ct. 938, 57 L.Ed. 1494, where the reasonableness of the rule was a matter for the Commission, because the plaintiff admitted that it had received all the cars to which it wras entitled under the carrier’s rule.
It is true that the carriers in this case have published no joint through rate, but it is admitted that they are connecting carriers; that the commerce which appellants seek to have transported over appellees’ joint lines is a through movement between the Port of Brownsville and the interchange with the National Railways of Mexico; and that both of the appellees have promulgated and filed with the Commission tariffs naming per car charges for such through transportation. Therefore, there is a through route composed of the two lines of railway; there is a through rate composed of two separately published [506]*506tariff factors; and there is joint responsibility for the through transportation. Atlantic Coast Line Railway Co. v. Smith Bros. (C.C.A.) 63 F.(2d) 747, certiorari denied Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Smith Bros., 289 U.S. 761, 53 S.Ct. 795, 77 L.Ed. 1504.
The law specifically defines through rates, and adds (section 6, par. 1 [49 U.S. C.A. § 6 (1)]) : “If no joint rate over the through route has been established, the several carriers in such through route shall file, print and-keep open to public inspection as aforesaid, the separately established rates, fares, and charges applied to the through transportation.” Referring specifically to this section, in Kansas City Southern Ry. Co. v. Albers Commission Co., 223 U.S. 573, 32 S.Ct. 316, 323, 56 L.Ed. 556, the court said: “In every substantial, sense local rates and joint through rates were placed on the same level.” In United States v. Illinois Central R. R. Co., 263 U.S. 515, 44 S.Ct. 189, 194, 68 L.Ed. 417, the court pointed out that the distinction between a joint and combination rate is without legal significance, and said: “A through route was established; and the transportation is performed as the result of this arrangement * * * express or implied.”
The Interstate Commerce Act does not require a joint through rate on each route, but, “where no joint rate is specified, the tariffs for the through routes commonly provide that the through rate shall be the sum of the local rates of the several carriers contributing to the movement.” Brown & Sons Lumber Co. v. Louisville & N. R. Co. (Jan. 4, 1937) 299 U.S. 393, 57 S.Ct. 265, 266, 81 L.Ed. 301. In this recent case, the court, upon the authority of Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Merchants’ Elevator Co., 259 U.S. 285, 42 S.Ct. 477, 66 L.Ed. 943, upheld the carrier’s construction of its published rule, notwithstanding the Commission, by reparation order, had sustained the shipper’s claim. If the law is what the courts do, even more than what they say, this is an authority in two aspects for the doctrine that the construction and enforcement of nontechnical, unambiguous railroad tariffs present a question of law for judicial determination.
The appellants are not here assailing any published rule, rate, or practice. They have requested transportation facilities, to be furnished under the regular tariffs on file with the Interstate Commerce Commission. The relief sought is an order commanding the carriers to furnish cars and transport traffic. There is no car shortage and no emergency which renders the carriers unable to comply with such an order. There is no plea that the appellees cannot rent or otherwisé obtain the necessary equipment. There is no request or necessity for an order requiring the Missouri Pacific to send its equipment to foreign soil. There is no necessity for an administrative order requiring the carriers to establish a through route, which is merely “an arrangement, express, or implied, between connecting railroads for the continuous carriage of goods from the originating pont on the line of one carrier to destination on the line of another.”2 A through route is already established; through carriage implies a through rate, and it does riot admit of dispute that adequate car service is the only requisite to rail transportation sought by appellants at this time.
The District Court has jurisdiction to grant the petition for mandamus, and the fact, if it be a fact, that the petition discloses unreasonable and prejudicial discrimination by any carrier against the Port of Brownsville, is not sufficient to defeat jurisdiction to issue the writ. Such discriminational practice may be a proper subject for investigation and determination by the Commission under the amendment of August 12, 1935 (49 Stat. 607, c. 509, 49 U.S.C.A. § 3 (1), but no such administrative relief is sought in this cumulative proceeding, which is solely for judicial relief by writ of mandamus for the alleged failure of the carriers to perform their transportation duties to furnish cars in accordance with the published tariffs, and to desist from an unfair and discriminational enforcement of fair and reasonable published tariffs, regulations, and transportation agreements with respect to car service. The case should be heard and decided on the merits, notwithstanding any cumulative remedies of a judicial or administrative nature which may be available to appellants.
The judgment dismissing the petition is reversed, and the cause remanded for fur[507]*507tlier proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.