Brown v. Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc.

Opinion

1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 5 6 MICHELE BROWN, 7 Case No. 2:22-cv-00972-RFB-NJK Plaintiff, 8 ORDER v. 9 [Docket No. 69] ZELTIQ AESTHETICS, INC., et al., 10 Defendants. 11 12 Pending before the Court is Defendant Zeltiq Aesthetic Inc.’s motion to compel. Docket 13 No. 69. Plaintiff filed a response. Docket No. 70. Defendant filed a reply. Docket No. 71. The 14 motion is properly resolved without a hearing. See Local Rule 78-1. For the reasons more fully 15 discussed below, Defendant’s motion to compel is GRANTED as modified herein. 16 I. INTRODUCTION 17 This case arises from a cosmetic medical treatment Plaintiff received from Defendant 18 Orange Twist, LLC. See Docket No. 1 at 9-42 (complaint).1 Plaintiff alleges that she underwent 19 a CoolSculpting procedure in July 2019. Id. at 25. CoolSculpting is a Food and Drug 20 Administration cleared medical procedure designed to reduce body fat in targeted areas using a 21 process called Cryoliplysis. Docket Nos. 1 at 13-14; 43 at 6-7. Cryolipolysis “freezes fat cells 22 and programs them to die over the course of several months.” Docket No. 1 at 13; see also Docket 23 No. 43 at 6. Defendant Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. markets and sells the CoolSculpting System to a 24 variety of cosmetic medical facilities. Docket Nos. 1 at 15; 43 at 9. Defendant Zeltiq Aesthetics, 25 Inc. also markets CoolSculpting directly to consumers. Id. 26 27

28 1 References to specific pages number are references to the CM/ECF pagination. 1 A potential side effect of CoolSculpting is Paradoxical Adipose Hyperplasia (“PAH”), also 2 known as Paradoxical Hyperplasia. Docket Nos. 1 at 17; 43 at 11. PAH causes affected tissue to 3 become enlarged and hardened. Docket Nos. 1 at 18; 43 at 13. Plaintiff alleges that PAH is a 4 permanent condition that develops only as a “result of undergoing Cryolipolysis® via the 5 CoolSculpting device,” Docket No. 1 at 17, whereas Defendant submits that the cause of PAH is 6 unknown, Docket No. 43 at 11. Plaintiff alleges that PAH tissue does not respond to normal weight 7 loss and can only be removed surgically. Docket No. 1 at 18. Plaintiff further alleges that, even 8 after being surgically removed, PAH tissue can regrow. Id. at 19. 9 Plaintiff alleges that she received a CoolSculpting treatment targeting her neck from 10 Defendant Orange Twist LLC in July 2019. Id. at 25. Plaintiff alleges that, subsequent to receiving 11 the CoolSculpting treatment from Defendant Orange Twist LLC, she began to experience the 12 enlargement and hardening of tissue in the area she had received the CoolSculpting treatment. Id. 13 at 26. Plaintiff further alleges that this tissue enlargement and hardening was found to be 14 potentially caused by PAH. Id. at 27. Plaintiff alleges that she underwent surgical treatment to 15 remove the enlarged and hardened tissue, and that she may have to undergo additional surgical 16 procedures related to the affected areas. Id. at 27-28. 17 Plaintiff brought the instant suit, alleging various claims sounding in negligence and fraud 18 against Defendants Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. and Orange Twist LLC, as well as a claim for Strict 19 Products Liability against Defendant Zeltiq Aesthetics, Inc. See id. at 29-41. The instant dispute 20 grows out of Defendant Zeltiq’s efforts to obtain signed authorizations from Plaintiff to obtain her 21 medical records. Docket No. 69 at 5-8. After out-of-court discussions, the parties were able to 22 resolve their disputes as to some of the sought authorizations. Id. at 7. The remaining 23 authorizations that Defendant now seeks to compel are authorizations to obtain Plaintiff’s records 24 from Dr. Andres Resto, Sierra Health & Life Services,2 and Walgreens Pharmacy. Id. at 3, 7. 25 26 27 2 Sierra Health & Life Services is Plaintiff’s health insurance provider. See Docket Nos. 69 28 at 13; 70 at 12-13. 1 II. STANDARDS 2 “Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any 3 party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case ….” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). 4 Relevance during discovery is broader than relevance at trial. E.g., F.T.C. v. AMG Services, Inc., 5 291 F.R.D. 544, 552 (D. Nev. 2013). “The party seeking to avoid discovery bears the burden of 6 showing why that discovery should not be permitted.” V5 Tech. v. Switch, Ltd., 334 F.R.D. 306, 7 309 (D. Nev. 2019). Meeting that burden requires the objecting party to explain “how each of its 8 objections is applicable, by providing the relevant standard for each objection and a meaningfully 9 developed argument as to how the standard has been met.” Hinostroza v. Denny’s Inc., 2018 WL 10 3212014, *1 (D. Nev. June 29, 2018) (citing Green v. Bacca, 226 F.R.D. 624, 653 (C.D. Cal. 11 2005)). “[B]road discretion is vested in the trial court to permit or deny discovery.” Hallett v. 12 Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002). 13 III. DISCUSSION 14 Defendant submits that, because Plaintiff has put her physical, mental, and emotional 15 health at issue in this case, all the sought authorizations are for records that are relevant to the case 16 Docket No. 69 at 10. Defendant submits that these authorizations are relevant because the records 17 it is seeking to obtain may contain information pertaining to the condition underlying this case, 18 other potential causes for Plaintiff’s condition, or treatments Plaintiff has received for the 19 underlying condition. Id. at 12, 14, 16. Defendant further submits that, because it is only 20 attempting to obtain signed authorizations from Plaintiff, any burden on her is minimal. Id. at 10. 21 Plaintiff submits that the sought records are not proportional or relevant to the needs of the case. 22 Docket No. 70 at 8. 23 If a plaintiff puts her physical health at issue, then her medical treatment notes are 24 discoverable. E.g., Hinostroza, 2020 WL 3212014, at *3; Rosales v. Crawford & Co., 2021 WL 25 4429468, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sep. 27, 2021) (citing Gonzalez v. Marks, 2009 WL 179779, at *3 (E.D. 26 Cal. Jan. 26, 2009)). The discoverability of medical records is based around the idea that a 27 defendant has the right to determine whether a plaintiff has any pre-existing conditions or other 28 aggravating factors that could affect the complained-of injury or illness. Adele v. Dunn, 2012 WL 1 5420256, at *2 (D. Nev. Nov. 5, 2022); Martin v. Collier, 2012 WL 28837, at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 4, 2 2012) (“Certainly in the interest of justice the defendant in an action for personal injuries and loss 3 of income has the right to determine whether the injuries or conditions complained of result from 4 any other injury or illness which the patient-plaintiff has suffered”) (quoting Rose v. Vt. Mut. Ins. 5 Co., 2007 WL 3333394, at *1 (D. Vt. Nov. 8, 2007). Although this basis allows for broad 6 discovery into a personal injury plaintiff’s treatment records, such discovery is not without limits. 7 Plaintiff submits that medical records older than five years are disproportionate to the needs of the 8 case. Docket No. 70 at 13-14. She cites to Alcantara v. Bodega Latina Corp., 2020 WL 1692957, 9 at *1, (D. Nev. Apr. 7, 2020), to support this submission. Docket No. 70 at 13-14. Alcantara 10 involved a slip-and-fall and the records at issue were incident reports from prior slip-and-falls in 11 the defendant’s stores. 2020 WL 1692957, at *1-*2. Incident reports from similar but otherwise 12 unrelated accidents are different from a plaintiff’s medical records in a case where the plaintiff has 13 put her medical condition at issue. In the latter context, Ninth Circuit courts have held a plaintiff’s 14 treatment records are considered proportional if they are less than ten years old. Hinostroza, 2018 15 WL 3212014, at *3 (collecting cases) (“As to the relevant time period, Courts within the Ninth 16 Circuit have found that medical records and reports dating between three years to ten years prior 17 to an alleged accident are discoverable”). 18 Plaintiff has put her physical health directly at issue in this case. The treatment records 19 Defendant now seeks to compel are relevant and proportional because they relate directly to 20 Plaintiff’s physical, mental, or emotional health. Plaintiff must, therefore, provide to Defendant 21 signed authorizations to access her records from Dr. Andres Resto, Sierra Health & Life Services, 22 and Walgreens Pharmacy.3 23 Plaintiff submits that Dr. Resto retired in 2015 and no longer retains his records from 24 practice. Docket No. 70 at 7, 10-11. Defendant has the right to verify Plaintiff’s claims on its 25 3 Plaintiff seemingly seeks to avoid providing authorizations for these records by submitting 26 that she has requested the records and will disclose any relevant portions to Defendant. Docket No. 70 at 7-8, 12-13. However, “neither Defendant nor the Court is required to take Plaintiff's 27 word, without further support, as true.” Hinostroza, 2018 WL 3212014, at *3 (quoting Potter v. W. Side Transp., Inc., 188 F.R.D. 362, 364 (D. Nev. 1999)). Defendant is, therefore, entitled to 28 review Plaintiff’s records itself. 1 own. However, that right exists within the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 1’s requirement that 2 the rules “should be construed, administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure 3 the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.” Defendant can 4 gain nothing from conducting its own review of records that do not exist. In light of Rule 1’s 5 directive, if Plaintiff has already received a certificate of non-existence from Dr. Resto, she may 6 produce that in place of a signed authorization. 7 A. Plaintiff’s Objections to Producing Dr. Resto’s Records 8 The cases Plaintiff cites to support avoiding producing Dr. Resto’s records are 9 unpersuasive. Plaintiff cites United States EEOC v. Graycor Indus. Constructors, Inc., 2005 U.S. 10 Dist. LEXIS 59948, at *4 (D. Nev. Oct. 6, 2005), for the proposition that “the scope of discovery 11 in civil actions is limited to the related injury complained of or any pre-existing injury relating 12 thereto.” Docket No. 70 at 9 (emphasis omitted). A review of Graycor shows that it does not 13 stand for such a limiting proposition. 14 In Graycor, a defendant being sued for civil rights sexual harassment moved to compel the 15 production of the suing employee’s medical treatment and mental health treatment records. 2005 16 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59948, at *1-*3. The Graycor employee was seeking emotional distress 17 damages. Id. at *3. The employee had not, however, alleged an independent claim of emotional 18 distress, nor did she intend to introduce medical records or medical expert testimony at trial to 19 support her damages contentions. Id. at *3-*4. One of the primary issues in Graycor was when 20 are medical records, i.e., physical health records, discoverable in a case involving solely mental 21 health and emotional distress claims.4 See id. at *4, *6-*7. Defendant now seeks Plaintiff’s 22 medical records to evaluate not only her mental and emotional health claims but also her physical 23 health claims. The distinction Graycor focused on, and from where Plaintiff seemingly derived 24 her limiting proposition, is inapplicable to this case. 25 26

27 4 The other issue discussed in Graycor is when is "psychotherapist-patient privilege" waived, which is not applicable to the present case. See 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59948, at *4-*5, 28 *7-*8. 1 Further, Graycor focused its analysis on mental health or emotional distress claims brought 2 in a Title VII or civil rights action context, and not physical health claims or claims for physical 3 damages sounding in negligence. See id. at *4 (“To the extent that a claimant's medical records 4 relate to the claimant's mental health or emotional distress, however, they may be relevant and 5 discoverable even as to a ‘garden variety’ emotional distress claim under Title VII), *6 (“Based 6 on the above authorities, the general parameters of discovery of medical records in a Title VII or 7 civil rights action involving a claim for emotional distress damages are relatively clear”). The 8 plaintiff’s/employee’s claims in Graycor were, at bottom, related to the employee’s mental and 9 emotional health. Thus, the Graycor court noted that records of a medical exam would not be 10 discoverable absent a showing that the records related to the employee’s mental health. Id. at *4, 11 *7. However, the court went on to state that medical records would be discoverable if they 12 indicated an alternative cause of the emotional distress or indicated physical symptoms of the 13 emotional distress. Id. Consequently, the Graycor court ordered the plaintiff’s counsel to obtain 14 the employee’s medical records and turn over any relevant records to the defendant.5 6 Id. at *8- 15 *9. Here, however, Plaintiff has placed her physical health directly at issue. Therefore, the 16 medical records in this case may indicate an aggravating factor or alternative cause for Plaintiff’s 17 alleged harm, making the records relevant and proportional to the needs of the case. 18 Plaintiff next quotes Martin v. Collier, 2012 WL 28837, at *2 (D. Nev. Jan. 4, 2012), for 19 the proposition that “a plaintiff does not automatically open his or her entire medical history to 20 ‘carte blanche’ discovery by alleging a claim for personal injury damages.” Docket No. 70 at 9- 21 10. Martin, in turn, derived that principle from the Nevada Supreme Court case Schlatter v. Eigth 22

23 5 The Graycor court did allow the plaintiff to obtain and review the suing employee’s medical records and then produce whatever records it thought were relevant to the case. 2005 U.S. 24 Dist. LEXIS 59948, at *8-*9. Noteworthy is that this allowance was premised on the parties’ agreement to proceed in that way. Id. Moreover, the Graycor court explicitly stated that if the 25 defendant thought the plaintiff was unjustifiably withholding relevant records, then the defendant could file a motion to compel. Id. Such a process does not contradict the general proposition that 26 the producing party does not get to act as the gatekeeper of relevancy. 27 6 Although the Graycor defendant attempted to compel the plaintiff’s mental health treatment records, the court declined to compel the plaintiff to produce her mental health records 28 based on unresolved privilege issues. See 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59948, at *7-*9. 1 Judicial District Court in & for Clark Cnty., 561 P.2d 1342, 1343-44 (Nev. 1977). Martin, 2012 2 WL 28837, at *2. Schlatter involved a challenge to a state trial court order allowing discovery 3 into a personal injury plaintiff’s treatment record for the underlying injury and, if a pre-existing 4 condition was discovered, discovery into the plaintiff’s entire medical history without limitation. 5 See Schlatter, 561 P.2d at 1343. The Schlatter court noted that Nevada’s “discovery rules provide 6 no basis for such an invasion into a litigant’s private affairs merely because redress is sought for 7 personal injury.” Id. at 1344. Instead, discovery must go to a case’s underlying issues or lead to 8 the discovery of other admissible evidence. Id. 9 The Schlatter court ultimately left to the trial court the determination of what records were 10 properly discoverable. Id. The Martin court however, determined what records were properly 11 discoverable. Martin, 2012 WL 28837, at *2. Because the Martin plaintiff had put his medical 12 condition at issue, he was ordered to produce his medical records to the defendant. Id. at *2, *4. 13 In the instant case, as in Martin, Plaintiff has put her medical condition at issue. Unlike in 14 Schlatter, Defendant is not seeking access to Plaintiff’s medical records without limit. Instead, 15 subject to the modifications herein, all the records Defendant now seeks fall within the well- 16 established limits for discoverable medical records in cases involving personal injuries. See 17 Hinostroza, 2018 WL 3212014, at *3. This is not, therefore, the type of “carte blanche” discovery 18 that would be avoidable. 19 Plaintiff further quotes Bank of Am., N.A. v. Azure Manor/Rancho de Paz Homeowners 20 Ass’n, 2018 U.S. Dist. Lexis 44095, at *4 (D. Nev. Mar. 19, 2018), for the proposition that “the 21 speculative hope that discovery may be helpful in formulating a currently-unavailable defense is 22 simply not sufficient to justify that discovery.” Docket No. 70 at 11. The underlying dispute in 23 Azure Manor was “whether [a] foreclosure sale ha[s] the legal effect of extinguishing a senior deed 24 of trust on the property securing a promissory note for the purchase of the property.” 2018 U.S. 25 Dist. LEXIS 44095, at *4. Not at issue was whether the creation of either parties’ interest was 26 defective. Nevertheless, the defendant in Azure Manor moved to compel deposition testimony 27 “regarding creation, execution and recording of the assignments of the” plaintiff’s interest in the 28 subject property. Id. at *3. The defendant argued that the sought testimony was relevant because, 1 although the creation of the plaintiff’s interest was not at the time at issue in the issue, the 2 deposition testimony could cause the creation of the plaintiff’s interest to be at issue. See id. at 3 *10. 4 Here, unlike in Azure Manor, Defendant is not casting about to create new issues. Rather, 5 Plaintiff herself put her physical health directly at issue. Defendant is, therefore, entitled to obtain 6 discovery that would inform it on that issue. Plaintiff submits that Dr. Resto’s records can have 7 no bearing on her alleged injuries. Docket No. 70 at 11. Defendant notes, however, that Plaintiff 8 implicated her cancer treatment in her complaint. Docket No. 69 at 11 n.6 (citing Docket No. 1 at 9 28 ¶156). Further, although Plaintiff disputes this, Dr. Resto apparently referred Plaintiff to “Dr. 10 Cameron Earl, one of the providers Plaintiff consulted regarding her alleged submental 11 enlargement.” Docket No. 69 at 12. But see Docket No. 70 at 10-11 (characterizing that annotation 12 in Dr. Earl’s notes that Dr. Resto was Plaintiff’s referring physician as a clerical error). Moreover, 13 the causes and aggravating factors of PAH are currently unknown. Docket No. 43 at 11-13. Given 14 these unknowns, discovery should be relatively broad. Cf. Martin, 2012 WL 28837, at *3 15 (“Because the causes of allegedly impaired mental functioning can be multiple, the scope of 16 discovery should therefore also be relatively broad”). Considering these facts collectively, 17 Defendant’s request for Dr. Resto’s records is not an impermissible fishing expedition. 18 Plaintiff next cites Tucson Woman’s Clinic v. Eden, 379 F.3d 531, 551 (9th Cir. 2004), and 19 Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Lab’y, 135 F.3d 1260, 1269 (9th Cir. 1998), for the 20 proposition that her constitutional privacy interest in her medical records protects her from having 21 to produce the records. Docket No. 70 at 11-12. Both cases are inapposite. Tucson Woman’s 22 Clinic involved a challenge by licensed physicians to a state regulatory scheme for facilities that 23 perform a minimum number of abortions per month. 379 F.3d at 536-37. To support her privacy 24 interest submission, Plaintiff cites the case’s discussion of the regulatory scheme’s requirement 25 that clinics provide government inspectors unredacted access to patient medical records, provide 26 patient ultrasound scans containing patient identifying information to private entities contracted 27 by the state to review the scans, and provide patient identifying information to the state regulatory 28 board after an abortion related “incident.” Id. at 551-54. The analysis was limited to when state 1 access to sensitive third-party medical information intrudes on that third-party’s right to 2 informational privacy. See id. Norman-Bloodsaw involved employees of a state-owned and 3 operated research laboratory that received federal funding alleging that, as a part of their 4 preemployment health screening where they gave blood and urine samples, they were tested for 5 “intimate medical conditions” without their knowledge or consent. 135 F.3d at 1264-65. Just as 6 with Tucson Woman’s Clinic, the portion of Norman-Bloodsaw that Plaintiff cites examines solely 7 when government action, taken outside of the litigation context, intrudes on an individual’s privacy 8 interest. See id. at 1268-71. In short, both cases involved challenges to government actors 9 obtaining medical information from private individuals without a warrant and outside of any 10 litigation. They do not speak to whether a personal injury plaintiff in an active litigation can refuse 11 to turn over her medical records during discovery. 12 The Court does not deny that Plaintiff has an interest in keeping her medical records 13 private. However, when a privacy interest is implicated by otherwise relevant and proportional 14 discovery, the proper remedy is production of the discovery subject to a protective order, and not 15 a general avoidance of production. See, e.g., Alcantara, 2020 WL 1692957, at *3 (“the Court 16 already found that the parties should produce the incident reports under a protective order, which 17 protects the confidential nature of the incident reports”); Rosales, 2021 WL 4429468, at *5 (noting 18 that entry of stipulated protective “alleviates any privacy concern plaintiff may have” in producing 19 her medical records); Hukman v. Southwest Airlines Co., 2019 WL 566451, at *4 n.3 (S.D. Cal. 20 Feb. 12, 2019). 21 B. Plaintiff’s Objections to Sierra Health & Life Services, and Walgreens Pharmacy Records 22 Many of Plaintiff’s objections to having to produce the Sierra Health & Life Services and 23 Walgreens Pharmacy records are the same as her objections to having to produce Dr. Resto’s 24 records. Compare Docket No. 70 at 8-12 with, id. at 12-15. For the same reasons discussed above, 25 the Court finds these objections unpersuasive. 26 Plaintiff submits that, because these records are from her health insurance company and 27 pharmacists, they are irrelevant and disproportional to the needs of the case. Id. at 12-13. 28 However, because health insurance and pharmacy records may contain information as to other 1 causes or aggravating factors of Plaintiff's alleged injury, such records are routinely found to be 2 discoverable. Hinostroza, 2018 WL 3212014, at *3; Turnbull v. Burke, 2010 WL 11629640, at *2 3 (D. Nev. Mar. 9, 2010); Sabo v. Fiskars Brands, Inc., 2013 WL 6816683, at *3 (D. Idaho Dec. 20, 4 2013) (compelling responding party to sign an authorization for his pharmacy records). 5 Plaintiff objects to Defendant’s initial request for her health insurance records as being 6 precluded by the collateral source doctrine. Docket No. 69 at 13. Plaintiff cites Proctor v. 7 Castelletti, 112 Nev. 88, 911 P.2d 853 (1996), to support this submission. Proctor announced a 8 rule that collateral source evidence is per se inadmissible in evidence because it will always be 9 unduly prejudicial relative to its probative value. See id. at 854. Proctor is per se inapplicable to 10 this discovery dispute. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (“Information within this scope of discovery 11 need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable”). Further, the collateral source doctrine is 12 inapplicable when a party is seeking insurance records to develop an alternative cause defense, 13 and not looking for information regarding insurance payouts. See In re Air Crash Near Clarence 14 Center, New York, on Feb. 12, 2009, 2011 WL 6370189, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2011). 15 Although the Court finds Plaintiff’s constitutional right to privacy submission 16 unpersuasive, it is cognizant of the sensitive nature of Plaintiff’s health insurance and pharmacy 17 records. These records are relevant to Plaintiff’s claims and Defendant’s defenses; however, the 18 Court finds that ten years of records is disproportionate to the needs of the case. Accordingly, 19 Plaintiff need only provide Defendant an authorization to access her health insurance and 20 pharmacy records dating back to seven years prior to the underlying CoolSculpting treatment. 21 IV. CONCLUSION 22 For the reasons more fully discussed above, Defendant’s motion to compel is GRANTED 23 as modified herein. Plaintiff is ORDERED to produce a signed records authorization for 24 Defendant to obtain her records from Dr. Andres Resto. If Dr. Resto has provided Plaintiff with a 25 certificate of nonexistence, she may produce that to Defendant in place of the signed records 26 authorization. Plaintiff is further ORDERED to produce signed records authorizations for 27 Defendant to access her Sierra Health & Life Services and Walgreens Pharmacy records dating 28 1} back to seven years prior to the underlying CoolSculpting treatment only. All signed authorizations must be produced to Defendant no later than July 28, 2023. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 Dated: July 19, 2023 5 an me Nancy _J.\Koppe 6 United States Magistrate Judge 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 11