Mr. Justice PARKER
delivered the opinion of the court.
This case arose out of a one-car crash about 1:30 a. m., September 16, 1967, into a traffic-light pole mounted on a circular concrete, traffic-light base (one foot six and three-quarters inches in height and five feet five inches in diameter) located approximately in the center of the intersection of Randall and First Avenues on Warren Air Force Base. Both the nineteen-year-old driver, Daniel D. Rothfuss, and a passenger were killed; two other passengers, one of whom is the plaintiff here, were injured. Plaintiff, alleging deceased’s gross negligence, sued the estate for $78,488. At the resulting jury trial upon the conclusion of plaintiff’s case, the court directed a verdict for defendant; plaintiff has appealed, charging as error the trial court’s (a) taking the issue of plaintiff’s guest status from the jury and (b) refusing to allow the issue of negligence, gross or otherwise, to be decided by the jury.
The facts as to the occurrences immediately prior to the crash are indeed meager. The circumstances leading up to it, and apparently from the defendant’s recitation in the brief thought by him to be relevant, are rather copious. Brown and Rothfuss, residents of Fort Collins, Colorado, had arranged by telephone for dates with Mona Brown and Sylvia Collins, who lived on Warren Air Force Base. For the past year Rothfuss and plaintiff had been coming up together several times a month; their practice had been to share costs (in-[526] eluding oil, gas, and the 3.2 beer they would take with them) — one driving his automobile one week and the other his the following week — the purposes of the visits to Cheyenne being essentially social, each man paying his own way.
On September 15, 1967, they drove to Cheyenne where they picked up the girls about 7:30 or 8 p. m. at Miss Collins’s Warren Air Force Base address. After some stops they proceeded to a motel room where beer and wine were consumed while they watched television for several hours, leaving the premises and returning to the Base at approximately 1:30 a. m., September 16. At the time of the accident, Roth-fuss was driving; Miss Collins was in the front seat with him; plaintiff and Miss Brown were in the rear seat. They stopped to procure a pass at the Base, deceased passing a beer can back to plaintiff just before they reached the visitor’s center. They drove north for less than a block; then west on a side road running parallel to Randall Avenue for about a block; turned left and proceeded southerly, stopping at a stop sign; then' about two hundred and fifty yards (two and a half blocks) from Randall and First, the scene of the accident, turned right onto Randall (sixty feet in width) and proceeded westerly at thirty to thirty-five miles per hour in a thirty-mile zone. The night was clear and the pavement dry. As the automobile approached the intersection and impact point, the deceased did not slow his vehicle. It struck the pole on which the signal light was mounted, bouncing back one foot, ten inches. The automobile had extensive front-end damage. The engine block was pushed through the firewall into the front seat, and the steering column broke, bending and shattering the windshield. The speedometer was stuck at approximately thirty-four miles per hour. Rothfuss and Miss Collins were killed; plaintiff and Miss Brown suffered multiple injuries and neither recalled anything regarding the crash except Miss Brown said she did not feel the car braking or slowing at any point before impact, that Rothfuss seemed to be driving fine, there being no mention of anything concerning his driving.
Plaintiff argues at some length for application of the policy set out in 1 A.L.I. Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d, §§ 145 and 146 (1971), essentially that:
“The rights and liabilities of the parties with respect to an issue in tort are determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties * *
While recognizing that in the instant case Wyoming law must apply to the standard of care required of defendant (this State’s interest in the manner in which its highways are used and the care exercised by drivers being paramount) and that accordingly the degree of negligence to be applied in determining liability must be “gross negligence,” plaintiff submits this court would be remiss in looking only to Wyoming law in determining the question of whether a host-guest relationship was established by the plaintiff and defendant, arguing that since the “relationship itself” and the “basis of its formation” were entered into in Colorado that State had the only significant contact therein.
In view of the fact that our adoption of the principle enunciated in 1 A.L.I. Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d, supra, would be a repudiation of the position heretofore taken by this court,1 and that this was not a matter raised before the trial court, it does not appear an appropriate argument for plaintiff at this time. However, even assuming arguendo that we should adopt such an approach, it would not produce a different result. Plaintiff cites Burgoyne v. Robinson, 28 Colo.App. 467, 474 P.2d 188; Eads v. Spoden, 172 Colo. 231, 472 P.2d 131; Houghtaling v. Davis, 140 Colo. 327, 344 P.2d 176. These cases, however, are quite different factually from the present situation; [527] and in Mears v. Kovacic, 152 Colo. 362, 381 P.2d 991, 993, where the trial court’s holding as a matter of law that the passenger was a guest was challenged, the supreme court made it clear that in order to take a person riding with another out of the guest class two requirements are necessary: (1) an actual or potential benefit in a material or business sense resulting or to result to the owner, and (2) that the transportation be motivated by the expectation of such benefit. It is, of course, generally recognized that the giving of compensation within the meaning of guest statutes does not necessarily prevent the rider from being regarded as a guest. 5 Blashfield, Automobile Law and Practice § 212.15 (1966). We see no merit in plaintiff’s first argument.
Passing to whether the court erred in refusing to allow the issue of negligence, gross or otherwise, to be decided by the jury, it is implicit from our previous discussion that here plaintiff was Rothfuss’s guest. Accordingly, it was necessary for plaintiff to prove gross negligence in order to recover.2
Plaintiff argues that in view of Roth-fuss’s drinking, the speedometer stopping forever while registering thirty-four miles per hour, and his driving into- the plainly visible abutment, there was evidence “to support the conclusion that defendant was guilty of reckless driving in that his destination was straight ahead and then to the right of the four-lane Randall Avenue while his car struck the abutment at a biz-zare [sic] angle suggesting that the car was neither in the right lane, the left lane, nor the left turn lane, but in no lane and every lane.”
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Mr. Justice PARKER
delivered the opinion of the court.
This case arose out of a one-car crash about 1:30 a. m., September 16, 1967, into a traffic-light pole mounted on a circular concrete, traffic-light base (one foot six and three-quarters inches in height and five feet five inches in diameter) located approximately in the center of the intersection of Randall and First Avenues on Warren Air Force Base. Both the nineteen-year-old driver, Daniel D. Rothfuss, and a passenger were killed; two other passengers, one of whom is the plaintiff here, were injured. Plaintiff, alleging deceased’s gross negligence, sued the estate for $78,488. At the resulting jury trial upon the conclusion of plaintiff’s case, the court directed a verdict for defendant; plaintiff has appealed, charging as error the trial court’s (a) taking the issue of plaintiff’s guest status from the jury and (b) refusing to allow the issue of negligence, gross or otherwise, to be decided by the jury.
The facts as to the occurrences immediately prior to the crash are indeed meager. The circumstances leading up to it, and apparently from the defendant’s recitation in the brief thought by him to be relevant, are rather copious. Brown and Rothfuss, residents of Fort Collins, Colorado, had arranged by telephone for dates with Mona Brown and Sylvia Collins, who lived on Warren Air Force Base. For the past year Rothfuss and plaintiff had been coming up together several times a month; their practice had been to share costs (in-[526] eluding oil, gas, and the 3.2 beer they would take with them) — one driving his automobile one week and the other his the following week — the purposes of the visits to Cheyenne being essentially social, each man paying his own way.
On September 15, 1967, they drove to Cheyenne where they picked up the girls about 7:30 or 8 p. m. at Miss Collins’s Warren Air Force Base address. After some stops they proceeded to a motel room where beer and wine were consumed while they watched television for several hours, leaving the premises and returning to the Base at approximately 1:30 a. m., September 16. At the time of the accident, Roth-fuss was driving; Miss Collins was in the front seat with him; plaintiff and Miss Brown were in the rear seat. They stopped to procure a pass at the Base, deceased passing a beer can back to plaintiff just before they reached the visitor’s center. They drove north for less than a block; then west on a side road running parallel to Randall Avenue for about a block; turned left and proceeded southerly, stopping at a stop sign; then' about two hundred and fifty yards (two and a half blocks) from Randall and First, the scene of the accident, turned right onto Randall (sixty feet in width) and proceeded westerly at thirty to thirty-five miles per hour in a thirty-mile zone. The night was clear and the pavement dry. As the automobile approached the intersection and impact point, the deceased did not slow his vehicle. It struck the pole on which the signal light was mounted, bouncing back one foot, ten inches. The automobile had extensive front-end damage. The engine block was pushed through the firewall into the front seat, and the steering column broke, bending and shattering the windshield. The speedometer was stuck at approximately thirty-four miles per hour. Rothfuss and Miss Collins were killed; plaintiff and Miss Brown suffered multiple injuries and neither recalled anything regarding the crash except Miss Brown said she did not feel the car braking or slowing at any point before impact, that Rothfuss seemed to be driving fine, there being no mention of anything concerning his driving.
Plaintiff argues at some length for application of the policy set out in 1 A.L.I. Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d, §§ 145 and 146 (1971), essentially that:
“The rights and liabilities of the parties with respect to an issue in tort are determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the parties * *
While recognizing that in the instant case Wyoming law must apply to the standard of care required of defendant (this State’s interest in the manner in which its highways are used and the care exercised by drivers being paramount) and that accordingly the degree of negligence to be applied in determining liability must be “gross negligence,” plaintiff submits this court would be remiss in looking only to Wyoming law in determining the question of whether a host-guest relationship was established by the plaintiff and defendant, arguing that since the “relationship itself” and the “basis of its formation” were entered into in Colorado that State had the only significant contact therein.
In view of the fact that our adoption of the principle enunciated in 1 A.L.I. Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d, supra, would be a repudiation of the position heretofore taken by this court,1 and that this was not a matter raised before the trial court, it does not appear an appropriate argument for plaintiff at this time. However, even assuming arguendo that we should adopt such an approach, it would not produce a different result. Plaintiff cites Burgoyne v. Robinson, 28 Colo.App. 467, 474 P.2d 188; Eads v. Spoden, 172 Colo. 231, 472 P.2d 131; Houghtaling v. Davis, 140 Colo. 327, 344 P.2d 176. These cases, however, are quite different factually from the present situation; [527] and in Mears v. Kovacic, 152 Colo. 362, 381 P.2d 991, 993, where the trial court’s holding as a matter of law that the passenger was a guest was challenged, the supreme court made it clear that in order to take a person riding with another out of the guest class two requirements are necessary: (1) an actual or potential benefit in a material or business sense resulting or to result to the owner, and (2) that the transportation be motivated by the expectation of such benefit. It is, of course, generally recognized that the giving of compensation within the meaning of guest statutes does not necessarily prevent the rider from being regarded as a guest. 5 Blashfield, Automobile Law and Practice § 212.15 (1966). We see no merit in plaintiff’s first argument.
Passing to whether the court erred in refusing to allow the issue of negligence, gross or otherwise, to be decided by the jury, it is implicit from our previous discussion that here plaintiff was Rothfuss’s guest. Accordingly, it was necessary for plaintiff to prove gross negligence in order to recover.2
Plaintiff argues that in view of Roth-fuss’s drinking, the speedometer stopping forever while registering thirty-four miles per hour, and his driving into- the plainly visible abutment, there was evidence “to support the conclusion that defendant was guilty of reckless driving in that his destination was straight ahead and then to the right of the four-lane Randall Avenue while his car struck the abutment at a biz-zare [sic] angle suggesting that the car was neither in the right lane, the left lane, nor the left turn lane, but in no lane and every lane.”
Defendant points to the fact that there is no testimony as to how much Rothfuss drank and that to submit the case to the jury would have required it to speculate as to how the accident occurred.
It is true that aside from plaintiff’s statement that Rothfuss drank four beers en route to Cheyenne there was no exact delineation of what he consumed that evening. However,- Miss Brown testified they were all drinking during the time they were at the motel — she and the plaintiff beer, Miss Collins and Rothfuss wine, and maybe beer also. Plaintiff said that most of the case of beer was consumed and that Rothfuss and Miss Collins drank about a quart of wine.
While mere conjecture is never sufficient to establish liability on the part of a defendant, or otherwise stated, no inference of negligence can be based on mere surmise, guess, speculation, or probability,3 gross negligence is generally a question of fact for the jury or for a trial court sitting without a jury, it becoming a question of law only when it is clear that but one conclusion can be drawn.4
In Cederburg v. Carter, Wyo., 448 P.2d 608, 610, where defendant was driving fast enough that he was unable to make a curve, and despite a street thirty-six feet three inches wide, went outside it to his left over the curb, striking a utility pole near the center of the front of the car with sufficient force to break the pole, we held a story of negligence was told to such an extent that a trier might reasonably find such negligence to be gross negligence.
Where in this litigation there was evidence of exceeding the posted speed limit, driving into a traffic-light pole with great force, and Rothfuss in utter disregard of the statutes of this State, making it a mis[528] demeanor to even have alcoholic beverages in his possession,5 brought beer from Colorado into the State, consuming probably four bottles en route, drinking wine purchased in Cheyenne, and having a can of beer in his hand as he entered the Base just before the accident, we are unwilling to say that only one conclusion could be drawn therefrom, i. e., that there was at most merely evidence of ordinary negligence.
Even where a single act of negligence might not constitute gross negligence, gross negligence may result from the several acts. Carley v. Meinke, 181 Neb. 648, 150 N.W.2d 256, 259-260; Doherty v. Spano, 336 Mass. 576, 146 N.E.2d 671, 672.
Viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff the evidence discloses several acts of negligence by deceased and whether or not gross negligence was established was a matter for the jury; accordingly, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded. Reversed and remanded.