[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 09/14/99 No. 98-5722 THOMAS K. KAHN Non-Argument Calendar CLERK ________________________ D. C. Docket Nos. 97-CV-8678-KLR 97-CV-9025-KLR
CHARLES R. BROWN, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ROBERT NEUMANN, Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, RAY RUBY, Deputy Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida,
Defendants-Appellees. ________________________
DENNIS W. MAYNOR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
ROBERT NEUMANN, Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, RAY RUBY, Deputy Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, Defendants-Appellees.
________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________ (September 14, 1999)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, BIRCH and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Charles R. Brown and Dennis W. Maynor appeal the district court’s grant of
judgment as matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, in their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action
against the Sheriff of Palm Beach County, in his official capacity, for injuries arising
out of allegedly unjustified arrests in 1994.1 These arrests were effectuated by a
Deputy Sheriff, and plaintiffs concede that the Deputy Sheriff was not carrying out
the instructions of the Sheriff, that the Sheriff did not know about, ratify, or consent
to the Deputy Sheriff’s acts, and that there was no custom of unjustified arrests.
Therefore, the district court reasoned, liability was barred under the doctrine of
Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S. Ct. 2018 (1978), which
provides that liability of municipalities and other governmental entities under § 1983
is limited to instances of official policy or custom.
1 Plaintiffs originally sued not only the Sheriff, but also Deputy Sheriff Ruby, who actually performed the complained-of arrests. The district court dismissed Ruby as a party defendant prior to trial because Ruby had been sued in his official capacity, which meant that he was duplicative and superfluous since the Sheriff was sued in his official capacity, and a suit against an government officer in his official capacity is simply a suit against the relevant governmental entity. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S. Ct. 3099 (1985). Plaintiffs have not appealed the dismissal of Deputy Sheriff Ruby.
2 We start with the proposition that a suit against a governmental official in his
official capacity is deemed a suit against the entity that he represents.2 Kentucky v.
Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S. Ct. 3099 (1985). However, an entity can be held monetarily
liable only through “ ‘a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially
adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers,’ ” or “ ‘for constitutional
deprivations visited pursuant to governmental “custom” even though such a custom
has not received formal approval through the body’s official decisionmaking body.’
” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 121, 108 S. Ct. 915, 923 (1988)
(quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91, 98 S. Ct. at 2036). A governmental entity is not
liable under § 1983, merely as a matter of respondeat superior, for constitutional
injuries inflicted by its employees. Monell, 436 U.S. 694, 98 S. Ct. at 2037-38.
Rather, as we have held, “only those officials who have final policymaking authority
may render the municipality liable under Section 1983.” Hill v. Clifton, 74 F.3d 1150,
1152 (11th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). “[T]he mere delegation of authority to a
subordinate to exercise discretion is not sufficient to give the subordinate
2 We recognize that our decisions have not been entirely consistent on whether the relevant entity in an official-capacity suit against a sheriff in Florida is the County or the Sheriff’s Department (as a unit operating autonomously from the County). Compare Lucas v. O’Loughlin, 831 F.2d 232, 235 (11th Cir. 1987) (County), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1035 (1988), with Wright v. Sheppard, 919 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir. 1990) (implying that the Sheriff’s Department would be the relevant entity). We do not address this point because our holding today is that whatever the relevant entity was, it is not liable under Monell.
3 policymaking authority. Rather, the delegation must be such that the subordinate’s
discretionary decisions are not constrained by official policies and are not subject to
review.” Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 792 (11th Cir. 1989) (citing Praprotnik, 485
U.S. at 125-28, 108 S. Ct. at 925-26).
The district court’s ruling was based on the premise that because the arrests in
question were carried out by the Deputy Sheriff, with no question of any involvement
or endorsement by the Sheriff, they were not a matter of final policy. Indeed, we have
so held in similar factual situations. See Wright v. Sheppard, 919 F.2d 665, 674 (11th
Cir. 1990) (Florida sheriff’s deputy who had de facto responsibility for a certain
community lacked the authority to make final policy as would be necessary under
Monell to subject the sheriff’s office to liability). On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the
following Florida statute effectively confers final policymaking authority directly on
Deputy Sheriffs for Monell purposes:
Sheriffs may appoint deputies to act under them who shall have the same power as the sheriff appointing them, and for the neglect and default of whom in the execution of their office the sheriff shall be responsible.
Fla. Stat. § 30.07. Under plaintiffs’ interpretation of this statute, the Deputy Sheriff
is the alter ego of, and stands in the shoes of the Sheriff, and thus enjoys final
policymaking authority to the same extent as does the Sheriff. Plaintiffs also cite
Blackburn v. Brorein, 70 So. 2d 293, 296 (Fla. 1954) (en banc) (stating in dicta that
4 a Deputy Sheriff “may do anything that his principal may do” and “is empowered to
act for him in all matters in which the principal may act”).
We reject plaintiffs’ interpretation of Fla. Stat. § 30.07. The only reasonable
interpretation of the “same power as the sheriff” language is that it does not put
Deputy Sheriffs on a par with Sheriffs in terms of final policymaking authority, and
that the power referred to encompasses merely those powers which the Sheriff
chooses actually to delegate.
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT FILED ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 09/14/99 No. 98-5722 THOMAS K. KAHN Non-Argument Calendar CLERK ________________________ D. C. Docket Nos. 97-CV-8678-KLR 97-CV-9025-KLR
CHARLES R. BROWN, Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
ROBERT NEUMANN, Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, RAY RUBY, Deputy Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida,
Defendants-Appellees. ________________________
DENNIS W. MAYNOR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
ROBERT NEUMANN, Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, RAY RUBY, Deputy Sheriff, Palm Beach County, Florida, Defendants-Appellees.
________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida _________________________ (September 14, 1999)
Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, BIRCH and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Charles R. Brown and Dennis W. Maynor appeal the district court’s grant of
judgment as matter of law, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 50, in their 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action
against the Sheriff of Palm Beach County, in his official capacity, for injuries arising
out of allegedly unjustified arrests in 1994.1 These arrests were effectuated by a
Deputy Sheriff, and plaintiffs concede that the Deputy Sheriff was not carrying out
the instructions of the Sheriff, that the Sheriff did not know about, ratify, or consent
to the Deputy Sheriff’s acts, and that there was no custom of unjustified arrests.
Therefore, the district court reasoned, liability was barred under the doctrine of
Monell v. Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S. Ct. 2018 (1978), which
provides that liability of municipalities and other governmental entities under § 1983
is limited to instances of official policy or custom.
1 Plaintiffs originally sued not only the Sheriff, but also Deputy Sheriff Ruby, who actually performed the complained-of arrests. The district court dismissed Ruby as a party defendant prior to trial because Ruby had been sued in his official capacity, which meant that he was duplicative and superfluous since the Sheriff was sued in his official capacity, and a suit against an government officer in his official capacity is simply a suit against the relevant governmental entity. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S. Ct. 3099 (1985). Plaintiffs have not appealed the dismissal of Deputy Sheriff Ruby.
2 We start with the proposition that a suit against a governmental official in his
official capacity is deemed a suit against the entity that he represents.2 Kentucky v.
Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 105 S. Ct. 3099 (1985). However, an entity can be held monetarily
liable only through “ ‘a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially
adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers,’ ” or “ ‘for constitutional
deprivations visited pursuant to governmental “custom” even though such a custom
has not received formal approval through the body’s official decisionmaking body.’
” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 121, 108 S. Ct. 915, 923 (1988)
(quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690-91, 98 S. Ct. at 2036). A governmental entity is not
liable under § 1983, merely as a matter of respondeat superior, for constitutional
injuries inflicted by its employees. Monell, 436 U.S. 694, 98 S. Ct. at 2037-38.
Rather, as we have held, “only those officials who have final policymaking authority
may render the municipality liable under Section 1983.” Hill v. Clifton, 74 F.3d 1150,
1152 (11th Cir. 1996) (emphasis added). “[T]he mere delegation of authority to a
subordinate to exercise discretion is not sufficient to give the subordinate
2 We recognize that our decisions have not been entirely consistent on whether the relevant entity in an official-capacity suit against a sheriff in Florida is the County or the Sheriff’s Department (as a unit operating autonomously from the County). Compare Lucas v. O’Loughlin, 831 F.2d 232, 235 (11th Cir. 1987) (County), cert. denied, 485 U.S. 1035 (1988), with Wright v. Sheppard, 919 F.2d 665, 674 (11th Cir. 1990) (implying that the Sheriff’s Department would be the relevant entity). We do not address this point because our holding today is that whatever the relevant entity was, it is not liable under Monell.
3 policymaking authority. Rather, the delegation must be such that the subordinate’s
discretionary decisions are not constrained by official policies and are not subject to
review.” Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 792 (11th Cir. 1989) (citing Praprotnik, 485
U.S. at 125-28, 108 S. Ct. at 925-26).
The district court’s ruling was based on the premise that because the arrests in
question were carried out by the Deputy Sheriff, with no question of any involvement
or endorsement by the Sheriff, they were not a matter of final policy. Indeed, we have
so held in similar factual situations. See Wright v. Sheppard, 919 F.2d 665, 674 (11th
Cir. 1990) (Florida sheriff’s deputy who had de facto responsibility for a certain
community lacked the authority to make final policy as would be necessary under
Monell to subject the sheriff’s office to liability). On appeal, plaintiffs argue that the
following Florida statute effectively confers final policymaking authority directly on
Deputy Sheriffs for Monell purposes:
Sheriffs may appoint deputies to act under them who shall have the same power as the sheriff appointing them, and for the neglect and default of whom in the execution of their office the sheriff shall be responsible.
Fla. Stat. § 30.07. Under plaintiffs’ interpretation of this statute, the Deputy Sheriff
is the alter ego of, and stands in the shoes of the Sheriff, and thus enjoys final
policymaking authority to the same extent as does the Sheriff. Plaintiffs also cite
Blackburn v. Brorein, 70 So. 2d 293, 296 (Fla. 1954) (en banc) (stating in dicta that
4 a Deputy Sheriff “may do anything that his principal may do” and “is empowered to
act for him in all matters in which the principal may act”).
We reject plaintiffs’ interpretation of Fla. Stat. § 30.07. The only reasonable
interpretation of the “same power as the sheriff” language is that it does not put
Deputy Sheriffs on a par with Sheriffs in terms of final policymaking authority, and
that the power referred to encompasses merely those powers which the Sheriff
chooses actually to delegate. Our decision in Wright, 919 F.2d 665, is strong support
for this interpretation. Although there is no indication that Fla. Stat. § 30.07 was
specifically cited to the Wright court, we held that a Deputy Sheriff in Highlands
County, Florida did not possess final policymaking authority necessary to make
Highlands County liable under Monell, notwithstanding that the Deputy Sheriff had
de facto control over one area of Highlands County. See id. at 674. Were plaintiffs’
interpretation of Fla. Stat. § 30.07 the correct one, the entire reasoning of Wright
would be irreconcilably flawed. Moreover, it would be contrary to common sense to
hold that a Deputy Sheriff’s discretionary decisions in the field amount to official
policy “not subject to review.” Mandel, 888 F.2d at 792. A Deputy Sheriff is under
the Sheriff in the chain of command, and must answer to the Sheriff. Finally, the
dictum that plaintiffs cite from the Blackburn case is not relevant to the Monell issue
in any respect.
5 For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court. Moreover, the district
court did not err in determining that plaintiffs had never properly pleaded any state-
law claims in this case, and that no state-law claims were tried by express or implied
consent of the parties.
AFFIRMED.