UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________ ) RANDY BROWN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 16-0947 (EGS) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) ) ) Defendant. ) _________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Randy Brown, appearing pro se, sues the District of Columbia, claiming that its
Rehabilitation Services Administration (“RSA”) has “engaged in a continuing pattern of
discriminatory conduct” against him, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq.; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C.
§ 794 et seq.; and the D.C. Human Rights Act (“DCHR”), D.C. Code § 2-1401.01 et seq. Am.
Compl. at 1 [Dkt. # 3]. The District has moved to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 8 and 12(b)(6) [Dkt. # 10], which plaintiff has opposed. For the reasons explained
below, the Court finds that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to withstand a motion to dismiss.
Therefore, defendant’s motion will be denied.
I. BACKGROUND
RSA is a division of the District’s Department of Disability Services that provides
vocational and rehabilitative services to individuals with disabilities “to help them prepare for,
secure, regain or retain employment.” Def.’s Mem. at 2, n.1. Eligible individuals are assigned a
1 vocational rehabilitation counselor who assists with developing an Individualized Plan for
Employment. RSA’s “comprehensive rehabilitation services . . . may include . . . assessment
services, . . . vocational training or other post-secondary education, job search, job placement and
job coaching[.]” Id.
Plaintiff is a client of RSA who “has a cognitive disability but has high aptitude in verbal
skills and in abstract reading, thereby affording options for retraining in various occupational
endeavors that involve analytic research and writing.” Am. Compl. ¶ 2. Plaintiff alleges, among
other wrongs, that because of his disability, RSA has denied his requests for assistance in
pursuing legal studies or a career as an art appraiser.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Such motions “test the legal sufficiency of a
complaint.” Millennium Square Residential Ass’n v. 2200 M St. LLC, 952 F. Supp. 2d 234, 242
(D.D.C. 2013). In assessing a motion to dismiss, the “complaint is construed liberally in the
plaintiff[’s] favor, and [the Court] grant[s] plaintiff[ ] the benefit of all inferences that can be
derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir.
1994)). The “court need not accept inferences drawn by [the] plaintiff[ ] if such inferences are
unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint.” Id. Nor must the Court accept “a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor “naked assertions devoid of further factual
enhancement.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Aktieselskabet AF 21. November 2001 v. Fame Jeans Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 17 n.4 (D.C. Cir.
2008) (noting that the D.C. Circuit has “never accepted legal conclusions cast in the form of
factual allegations” (internal quotation marks omitted)). But since Rule 8(a) requires that a
2 complaint provide only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief and the jurisdictional grounds upon which the claim rests, a plaintiff need not
plead all elements of his prima facie case in the complaint, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534
U.S. 506, 511-14 (2002), or “plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory,”
Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d 134, 136 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
“To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is
facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678. Although a pro se
complaint “must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,”
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted), it too, “must plead ‘factual matter’ that permits the court to infer ‘more than the mere
possibility of misconduct,’ ” Atherton v. District of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672,
681-82 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
III. DISCUSSION
Under Title II of the ADA “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of
such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services,
programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.”
42 U.S.C. § 12132. The Rehabilitation Act substantially proscribes the same conduct by
recipients of federal funds. See Johnson v. Thompson, 971 F.2d 1487, 1492 (10th Cir. 1992)
(“To prevail on the Rehabilitation Act claim, plaintiff must show: (a) she is a disabled person, (b)
3 she was ‘otherwise qualified’ to receive treatment from defendant, (c) defendant refused to treat
her ‘solely by reason of’ her disability, and (d) defendant receives federal financial assistance.”);
Henrietta D. v. Giuliani, 119 F. Supp. 2d 181, 206 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (“Although there are subtle
differences between these disability acts, ‘the standards adopted by Title II of the ADA for State
and local government services are generally the same as those required under section 504 of
federally assisted programs and activities.’ ”) (citing 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A); Sumes v. Andres,
938 F. Supp. 9, 11 (D.D.C. 1996) (same). In addition, the Court’s analysis of claims brought
under the federal anti-discrimination statutes applies equally to claims brought under the
DCHRA. See Boykin v.
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________ ) RANDY BROWN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 16-0947 (EGS) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) ) ) Defendant. ) _________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Plaintiff Randy Brown, appearing pro se, sues the District of Columbia, claiming that its
Rehabilitation Services Administration (“RSA”) has “engaged in a continuing pattern of
discriminatory conduct” against him, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq.; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29 U.S.C.
§ 794 et seq.; and the D.C. Human Rights Act (“DCHR”), D.C. Code § 2-1401.01 et seq. Am.
Compl. at 1 [Dkt. # 3]. The District has moved to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 8 and 12(b)(6) [Dkt. # 10], which plaintiff has opposed. For the reasons explained
below, the Court finds that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to withstand a motion to dismiss.
Therefore, defendant’s motion will be denied.
I. BACKGROUND
RSA is a division of the District’s Department of Disability Services that provides
vocational and rehabilitative services to individuals with disabilities “to help them prepare for,
secure, regain or retain employment.” Def.’s Mem. at 2, n.1. Eligible individuals are assigned a
1 vocational rehabilitation counselor who assists with developing an Individualized Plan for
Employment. RSA’s “comprehensive rehabilitation services . . . may include . . . assessment
services, . . . vocational training or other post-secondary education, job search, job placement and
job coaching[.]” Id.
Plaintiff is a client of RSA who “has a cognitive disability but has high aptitude in verbal
skills and in abstract reading, thereby affording options for retraining in various occupational
endeavors that involve analytic research and writing.” Am. Compl. ¶ 2. Plaintiff alleges, among
other wrongs, that because of his disability, RSA has denied his requests for assistance in
pursuing legal studies or a career as an art appraiser.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A defendant may move to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which
relief can be granted. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Such motions “test the legal sufficiency of a
complaint.” Millennium Square Residential Ass’n v. 2200 M St. LLC, 952 F. Supp. 2d 234, 242
(D.D.C. 2013). In assessing a motion to dismiss, the “complaint is construed liberally in the
plaintiff[’s] favor, and [the Court] grant[s] plaintiff[ ] the benefit of all inferences that can be
derived from the facts alleged.” Kowal v. MCI Commc'ns Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir.
1994)). The “court need not accept inferences drawn by [the] plaintiff[ ] if such inferences are
unsupported by the facts set out in the complaint.” Id. Nor must the Court accept “a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” nor “naked assertions devoid of further factual
enhancement.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Aktieselskabet AF 21. November 2001 v. Fame Jeans Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 17 n.4 (D.C. Cir.
2008) (noting that the D.C. Circuit has “never accepted legal conclusions cast in the form of
factual allegations” (internal quotation marks omitted)). But since Rule 8(a) requires that a
2 complaint provide only a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is
entitled to relief and the jurisdictional grounds upon which the claim rests, a plaintiff need not
plead all elements of his prima facie case in the complaint, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534
U.S. 506, 511-14 (2002), or “plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory,”
Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d 134, 136 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).
“To survive a [Rule 12(b)(6)] motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ ” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is
facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678. Although a pro se
complaint “must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers,”
Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted), it too, “must plead ‘factual matter’ that permits the court to infer ‘more than the mere
possibility of misconduct,’ ” Atherton v. District of Columbia Office of the Mayor, 567 F.3d 672,
681-82 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679).
III. DISCUSSION
Under Title II of the ADA “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of
such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of the services,
programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.”
42 U.S.C. § 12132. The Rehabilitation Act substantially proscribes the same conduct by
recipients of federal funds. See Johnson v. Thompson, 971 F.2d 1487, 1492 (10th Cir. 1992)
(“To prevail on the Rehabilitation Act claim, plaintiff must show: (a) she is a disabled person, (b)
3 she was ‘otherwise qualified’ to receive treatment from defendant, (c) defendant refused to treat
her ‘solely by reason of’ her disability, and (d) defendant receives federal financial assistance.”);
Henrietta D. v. Giuliani, 119 F. Supp. 2d 181, 206 (E.D.N.Y. 2000) (“Although there are subtle
differences between these disability acts, ‘the standards adopted by Title II of the ADA for State
and local government services are generally the same as those required under section 504 of
federally assisted programs and activities.’ ”) (citing 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A); Sumes v. Andres,
938 F. Supp. 9, 11 (D.D.C. 1996) (same). In addition, the Court’s analysis of claims brought
under the federal anti-discrimination statutes applies equally to claims brought under the
DCHRA. See Boykin v. Gray, 895 F. Supp. 2d 199, 219 (D.D.C. 2012) (“District of Columbia
courts interpreting the DCHRA ‘have generally looked [for guidance] to cases from the federal
courts’ arising under federal civil rights statutes. . . . Therefore, the D.C. law is applied in the
same manner as the parallel federal antidiscrimination provisions.”) (quoting Whitbeck v. Vital
Signs, Inc., 116 F.3d 588, 591 (D.C. Cir. 1997); Paralyzed Veterans of Am. v. Ellerbe Becket
Architects & Engineers, P.C.,, 950 F. Supp. 393, 405 (D.D.C. 1996) (other citations omitted)).
It does not take much pleading to withstand a motion to dismiss in the discrimination
context. See McNair v. District of Columbia, 213 F. Supp. 3d 81, 86 (D.D.C. 2016) (“[A]t the
motion-to-dismiss stage, a plaintiff does not need to prove a prima facie case of discrimination.”)
(citing Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 510-12; Twombly, 550 U.S. at 569-70, affirming that
Swierkiewicz remains good law); Alston v. D.C., 561 F. Supp. 2d 29, 37 (D.D.C. 2008) (finding
allegations that plaintiff “is a qualified individual with a disability under the ADA . . . that the
defendants . . . prevented her from participating in DCPS’s Program of Indirect Services[,] [and]
. . . that the defendants denied [plaintiff] the benefits of an appropriate academic placement
4 ‘solely by reason of her disability’ . . . more than enough to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted” under Title II of the ADA).
Plaintiff faults defendant mostly for organizational and managerial deficiencies that are
not proscribed by the federal anti-discrimination statutes, see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 4-24, but he also
alleges facts suggesting that because of his disability, RSA refused to provide certain
programmatic services to him for which he qualified. He alleges that a counselor took “liberties
with facts pertaining to Plaintiff’s disability” when she “draft[ed] a letter falsely asserting that
Plaintiff ‘understands oral communication better than written communication,’ a
misrepresentation that later interfer[ed] with Plaintiff’s rights under the ADA,” Am. Compl. ¶¶
13-14, and that RSA administrators denied his request “to receive services related to legal studies
. . . by asserting that Plaintiff’s disability precludes [his] studying law,” Am. Compl. ¶ 129.
Plaintiff also suggests that he was denied a requested “modification” to pursue legal studies
because of his disability, see id. ¶¶ 133-37, or perceived disability, see id. ¶ 130 (alleging that a
counselor “demean[ed]” him by “informing Plaintiff that unless information is spoken that [he]
might ‘misunderstand or misinterpret the meaning’ ”).
Accepting plaintiff’s allegations as true and drawing all inferences in his favor, the Court
finds that plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to survive defendant’s motion to dismiss. To the
extent that defendant has legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for the challenged actions, it
may assert them on summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.
Accordingly, it is
ORDERED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [Dkt. # 10] is DENIED; it is further
5 ORDERED that pursuant to Local Civil Rule 16.3, the parties shall confer and file a
written report and proposed order in accordance with subsection (d) by October 23, 2017.
SIGNED: EMMET G. SULLIVAN UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE DATE: September 18, 2017