Mr. Justice Scholfield
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The first and principal question arising upon this record is, did Mary Oakley knowingly and voluntarily execute the deed of trust to Elliott Callender ? It is contended by counsel for appellants that she was ignorant of the contents of the deed when she signed it, and also that she signed it under duress.
The deed was the joint production of Messrs. Loucks and Hopkins, the first draft being prepared by Loucks and submitted to Hopkins, (who was the attorney of Mary Oakley,) when he made emendations, and then Loucks re-transcribed it. After it was thus perfected, (Loucks testified,) he read it all over to Mrs. Oakley, “and she expressed herself satisfied with it, and that it was just the thing she long wanted. * * * I then left the deed of trust with her, in accordance with my understanding with Mr. Hopkins that he would go there and take the acknowledgment.” Again he said: “Mrs. Oakley fully understood and knew the contents of the deed at the time I read it to her. I read it very distinctly and slowly, and explained its bearings, and what the trustee would have a right to do, and after my explanation she said she was perfectly satisfied.”
Hopkins, who took the acknowledgment of the deed, says: “She sat down near me, and I read the deed to her, explaining its provisions as I went along. She asked questions from time to time, and occasionally wanted a passage re-read, so as to get a more clear idea of it. I went over the deed, and all its provisions, and made explanations with much more than my usual care and particularity, for two reasons : first, because I knew, from my long acquaintance with her,-that she was unstable-minded, and apt to be dissatisfied with what she had done concerning her property, after it was done; second, because the relatives, questioning her sanity, might thereafter question the validity of the deed. After I had read it to her, and explained to her the meaning and effect of portions of it, and before she signed it, I asked her distinctly whether she understood it all, and she said she did. During the whole transaction I saw nothing to indicate or suggest to my mind that she failed to understand everything there was in the deed, and the effect of it. At this time, however, she was undecided whether to execute the deed or not, and asked my advice. I told her to act on her judgment. * * * I then told her the deed would have no force until delivered, and that she could retain it until she had made up her mind whether she wanted to have it go into force or not, and I left it with her, and left it until the next morning for her to decide, but that same evening she came to my house with the deed, handed it to me, said she had sufficiently considered it, and had determined to execute it. I then took her acknowledgment, and she left it with me, with directions to deliver it to Callender, which I did. ”
'It is only in the rarest instances where such ample proof of care taken to avoid misapprehension, and to insure a thorough understanding of the terms and effect of the instrument executed, is made. These witnesses, too, are men of high standing in the profession as attorneys at law, both for professional learning and integrity, and there is not the slightest suspicion of a motive for bias or unfairness in their evidence shown by anything before us. The appellant Mrs. Brown, and her daughter, Mrs. Harris, are inclined to contradict, in some respects, the evidence of Hopkins; but they were not in the room, nor even in the house, where Hopkins and Mrs. Oakley were when he read and explained to her the deed of trust. It is true they were in an adjoining house, and near by, but they heard under difficulties, and their surroundings were all unfavorable. Mrs. Brown was then on unfriendly terms with Mrs. Oakley. She and her daughter, Mrs. Harris, were not invited to be present,—they only knew by guess the purpose of Hopkins’ visit. They were, perhaps not unnaturally, in that state of excited feeling where there is great liability to the creation of impressions, purely imaginary, which can not subsequently be separated from those based on facts. Moreover, Mrs. Brown’s . subsequent interest to -have the facts different from those testified to by Hopkins, is to be taken into account. The subsequent declarations made by Mrs.- Oakley are incompetent as evidence to prove what she then did. They could, at most, but prove her forgetfulness.
There is no established principle of law which, under the evidence before us, would sanction our holding that the evidence established that Mrs. Oakley did not, knowingly, execute the deed of trust,—assuming, of course, that she was, mentally, capable of comprehending the nature and effect of such an instrument.
In order to clearly understand the question of whether Mrs. Oakley was acting under duress in executing the deed of trust, it is necessary to explain her relationship to the parties to this record, and the circumstances under which she executed the deed of trust, a little more fully than . appears from the statement of the case. , She had been twice married, and both husbands were long since dead. By her first husband, who was named Brower, she had two children, Peter A. Brower and Margaret B. Brown, these appellants. By her last husband, who was named Oakley, she had, living at the time, three children, Maria Hall- and Mareellus Oakley, appellees here, and Charles Oakley, who died since that time, but before the death of Mrs. Oakley. Mrs. Oakley was well advanced in years, (being, as alleged in her bill, eighty years of age,) and of infirm health. Charles was blind, and was rapidly approaching his death from a pulmonary affection, commonly called consumption. His care and support were objects of deep solicitude to Mrs. Oakley, and professedly so to all the other parties to the record. Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Hall, professing to be alarmed lest Peter A. Brower, who was, as we have seen, the brother of the one and the half brother of the other, should, by his influence with their mother, Mrs. Oakley, procure her to convey her property to him, and thus leave her, in her old age, and the blind and invalid Charles, without the means of support, employed Mr. Loucks to institute proceedings to have a conservator appointed to take charge of the estate of Mrs. Oakley, and accordingly, on the 19th of June, 1877, they signed a petition for that purpose, which was then filed in the office of the clerk of the county court of Peoria county, and a summons was thereupon issued, returnable to the July term of that court, which was served upon Mrs. Oakley on the same day that it was issued, viz., the 19th of June. She executed the deed of trust to Callender on the 22d day of July, 1877, and on the next day, the 23d day of July, the petition filed by Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Hall was dismissed, at their costs.
We think it quite apparent, from the evidence, that the trust deed would not have been executed when it was, if ever, had not the proceedings to appoint a conservator been instituted. But we also think it equally apparent that its execution was the result of Mrs. Oakley’s own deliberate and voluntary judgment and choice,—not only as a means of stopping that proceeding, but also of allaying jealousies among her children, and of relieving her of a care in regard to her property that she was physically disqualified to take. The idea of executing the deed of trust seems to have originated with Mrs. Oakley herself. Loucks says: “A few days after Mrs. Oakley had been served with notice, Mr.
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Mr. Justice Scholfield
delivered the opinion of the Court:
The first and principal question arising upon this record is, did Mary Oakley knowingly and voluntarily execute the deed of trust to Elliott Callender ? It is contended by counsel for appellants that she was ignorant of the contents of the deed when she signed it, and also that she signed it under duress.
The deed was the joint production of Messrs. Loucks and Hopkins, the first draft being prepared by Loucks and submitted to Hopkins, (who was the attorney of Mary Oakley,) when he made emendations, and then Loucks re-transcribed it. After it was thus perfected, (Loucks testified,) he read it all over to Mrs. Oakley, “and she expressed herself satisfied with it, and that it was just the thing she long wanted. * * * I then left the deed of trust with her, in accordance with my understanding with Mr. Hopkins that he would go there and take the acknowledgment.” Again he said: “Mrs. Oakley fully understood and knew the contents of the deed at the time I read it to her. I read it very distinctly and slowly, and explained its bearings, and what the trustee would have a right to do, and after my explanation she said she was perfectly satisfied.”
Hopkins, who took the acknowledgment of the deed, says: “She sat down near me, and I read the deed to her, explaining its provisions as I went along. She asked questions from time to time, and occasionally wanted a passage re-read, so as to get a more clear idea of it. I went over the deed, and all its provisions, and made explanations with much more than my usual care and particularity, for two reasons : first, because I knew, from my long acquaintance with her,-that she was unstable-minded, and apt to be dissatisfied with what she had done concerning her property, after it was done; second, because the relatives, questioning her sanity, might thereafter question the validity of the deed. After I had read it to her, and explained to her the meaning and effect of portions of it, and before she signed it, I asked her distinctly whether she understood it all, and she said she did. During the whole transaction I saw nothing to indicate or suggest to my mind that she failed to understand everything there was in the deed, and the effect of it. At this time, however, she was undecided whether to execute the deed or not, and asked my advice. I told her to act on her judgment. * * * I then told her the deed would have no force until delivered, and that she could retain it until she had made up her mind whether she wanted to have it go into force or not, and I left it with her, and left it until the next morning for her to decide, but that same evening she came to my house with the deed, handed it to me, said she had sufficiently considered it, and had determined to execute it. I then took her acknowledgment, and she left it with me, with directions to deliver it to Callender, which I did. ”
'It is only in the rarest instances where such ample proof of care taken to avoid misapprehension, and to insure a thorough understanding of the terms and effect of the instrument executed, is made. These witnesses, too, are men of high standing in the profession as attorneys at law, both for professional learning and integrity, and there is not the slightest suspicion of a motive for bias or unfairness in their evidence shown by anything before us. The appellant Mrs. Brown, and her daughter, Mrs. Harris, are inclined to contradict, in some respects, the evidence of Hopkins; but they were not in the room, nor even in the house, where Hopkins and Mrs. Oakley were when he read and explained to her the deed of trust. It is true they were in an adjoining house, and near by, but they heard under difficulties, and their surroundings were all unfavorable. Mrs. Brown was then on unfriendly terms with Mrs. Oakley. She and her daughter, Mrs. Harris, were not invited to be present,—they only knew by guess the purpose of Hopkins’ visit. They were, perhaps not unnaturally, in that state of excited feeling where there is great liability to the creation of impressions, purely imaginary, which can not subsequently be separated from those based on facts. Moreover, Mrs. Brown’s . subsequent interest to -have the facts different from those testified to by Hopkins, is to be taken into account. The subsequent declarations made by Mrs.- Oakley are incompetent as evidence to prove what she then did. They could, at most, but prove her forgetfulness.
There is no established principle of law which, under the evidence before us, would sanction our holding that the evidence established that Mrs. Oakley did not, knowingly, execute the deed of trust,—assuming, of course, that she was, mentally, capable of comprehending the nature and effect of such an instrument.
In order to clearly understand the question of whether Mrs. Oakley was acting under duress in executing the deed of trust, it is necessary to explain her relationship to the parties to this record, and the circumstances under which she executed the deed of trust, a little more fully than . appears from the statement of the case. , She had been twice married, and both husbands were long since dead. By her first husband, who was named Brower, she had two children, Peter A. Brower and Margaret B. Brown, these appellants. By her last husband, who was named Oakley, she had, living at the time, three children, Maria Hall- and Mareellus Oakley, appellees here, and Charles Oakley, who died since that time, but before the death of Mrs. Oakley. Mrs. Oakley was well advanced in years, (being, as alleged in her bill, eighty years of age,) and of infirm health. Charles was blind, and was rapidly approaching his death from a pulmonary affection, commonly called consumption. His care and support were objects of deep solicitude to Mrs. Oakley, and professedly so to all the other parties to the record. Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Hall, professing to be alarmed lest Peter A. Brower, who was, as we have seen, the brother of the one and the half brother of the other, should, by his influence with their mother, Mrs. Oakley, procure her to convey her property to him, and thus leave her, in her old age, and the blind and invalid Charles, without the means of support, employed Mr. Loucks to institute proceedings to have a conservator appointed to take charge of the estate of Mrs. Oakley, and accordingly, on the 19th of June, 1877, they signed a petition for that purpose, which was then filed in the office of the clerk of the county court of Peoria county, and a summons was thereupon issued, returnable to the July term of that court, which was served upon Mrs. Oakley on the same day that it was issued, viz., the 19th of June. She executed the deed of trust to Callender on the 22d day of July, 1877, and on the next day, the 23d day of July, the petition filed by Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Hall was dismissed, at their costs.
We think it quite apparent, from the evidence, that the trust deed would not have been executed when it was, if ever, had not the proceedings to appoint a conservator been instituted. But we also think it equally apparent that its execution was the result of Mrs. Oakley’s own deliberate and voluntary judgment and choice,—not only as a means of stopping that proceeding, but also of allaying jealousies among her children, and of relieving her of a care in regard to her property that she was physically disqualified to take. The idea of executing the deed of trust seems to have originated with Mrs. Oakley herself. Loucks says: “A few days after Mrs. Oakley had been served with notice, Mr. Brower, her son, who was then staying with the old lady, and taking care of- her and Charles, came to my office, and told me that Mrs. Oakley would like to see me for the purpose of having the proceedings for the appointment of a conservator stopped, and have a trustee appointed instead, and told me that the old lady was perfectly willing to .have a trustee appointed. * * * . I then went to see Mrs. Oakley. Upon conversing with her, I found her mind to be in a competent condition to know what she was doing. I then asked her what she wished to see me for. She said, to see if a trustee could not be appointed instead of a conservator. She said she had a trustee once before, during her first husband’s lifetime, who managed all her property and business, and she was anxious to have a trustee appointed to take charge of her property, as she began to feel weak and old, and it was a trouble to look after her rents and property, and it worried her to do so; that she had often thought of having a trustee appointed, so that she would be relieved from the burden and care of her property. ”
That there was no ground, in fact, for appointing a conservator, is conceded on all hands, and, in our opinion, there was no reason why Mrs. Oakley should have seriously believed a conservator would be appointed, nor do we think the proof shows that she did so believe. She consulted her. friend, Mr. Puterbaugh, an eminent attorney at law, and told him her troubles. He advised her, in regard to the execution of the trust deed, to do as her counsel thought best. He told her, also, “that if they went ahead with the proceedings for the appointment of a conservator, and Judge Hopkins should not appear for her, to let" him know, and he would appear for her and defend her rights. He says : “She seemed anxious to, avoid the proceedings, but, at the same time, she * * * insisted that she was as capable as ever to take care of her own business.”. Hopkins says: “Was employed to defend that proceeding. I looked up witnesses with a' view of showing her capacity and sanity, and advised her that I believed the proof was entirely sufficient for that purpose. ” At another time, he says, he told her that' if she refused to execute the deed they could not get a conservator appointed. Again he said, on cross-examination: “Mrs. Oakley' frequently expressed to me a great deal of solicitude in regard to the proceedings for the appointment of a conservator. She was somewhat nervous upon the subject, and had a good deal of anxiety about it. She never expressed to me an unwillingness to go before the court upon the hearing, but desired that the hearing might be prevented. ”
There is, undoubtedly, plenty of evidence that Mrs. Oakley was fretted and worried by this proceeding; but this, we think, from a fair consideration of the evidence, was not merely because of the proceeding itself, but because of the conduct of her children in instituting it, and as otherwise manifested. Puterbaugh says: “She stated that the proceedings were instituted by some of her children, and complained bitterly of the treatment she was receiving from them.” Mrs. Brown shows, herself, that Mrs. Oakley had, just before that time, refused to live with her, and wanted to be with strangers. She also says: “Up to this time she had managed her own affairs, and it always worried her that she could not do it in her lifetime. Her feelings were very bitter. She did not like it, as she thought her children had done wrong.” Hopkins says: “She talked with me about the policy of making the deed. Said that some of her children desired to have the conservator appointed because they were afraid that she would give her property to P. A. Brower, or give him some advantage over the rest; but she did not intend to do that, as he had cost her a great deal already, and went on to specify several instances in which she had to pay money for him, or that he had got her property or obligations in such a way that, she had to pay, and she did not intend to do it any more. ”
After the trust deed had been agreed upon, and before signing, Loucks says Mrs. Oakley “expressed herself perfectly satisfied with it, and that it was just tlie thing she long wanted, -and that she had no doubt that Mr. Callender, who had been fixed upon by herself and Judge Hopkins as trustee, would do well by her, as he was handy to her and the property, and now she would be relieved of a great deal of , trouble. ” He adds, moreover: “Mrs. Oakley first suggested to me the ultimate disposition that should be made of her real estate after the termination of the life estate of Mrs. Oakley and Charles, and it was provided for at her instance.”
Without undertaking to define with precision what will and what will not constitute such duress as justifies the setting aside of a deed knowingly executed and acknowledged in due form, we are clear the evidence here does not establish such duress. Mere vexation and annoyance are not sufficient for that purpose, unless, indeed, it be shown that the mind was in that condition that by reason of such vexation and annoyance a state of insanity was produced, which existed at the time of the executing and acknowledging of the deed. Without disregarding the evidence of Loueks, which we can not do, the trust deed was a result finally reached by Mrs. Oakley, that met with the approval of her judgment on grounds of personal convenience, as well as on oflier grounds. It was not the product of her fears,—the result of a paralyzed will,— but of a deliberate and voluntary judgment.
It is not contended that there is anything inequitable in the deed of trust. Assuming, what the proof shows, that by reason of the physical infirmities of Mrs. Oakley some one other than herself was needed to take charge of and manage the property, and in view of its limited capacity for production, it is not perceived why the trusts are not wisely conceived and carefully guarded. The support and care of Mrs. Oakley and of Charles were assured,—not in a stinted or limited manner, but with reasonable liberality; and the disposition of the remainder, after the death of Mrs. Oakley and Charles, was that which the law itself would have provided,—equality to all of the children.
It is to be noted' and considered as of some, though perhaps slight, significance, that this litigation would have died with Mrs. Oakley but for the fact that Mrs. Oakley, in her last sickness, made a will making specific legacies of certain property, conveyed by the deed of trust, in favor of Peter A. Brower and Margaret B. Brown, whom she appointed executor and executrix of such will. This, it is claimed, is based upon a sort of moral equity, originating in the fact that such property was purchased by money belonging to their father. Although not material, it is not clear that this is the fact. Peter A. Brower says certain property was, settled upon his mother by an ante-nuptial contract with his father, and that the property willed to him' and Mrs. Brown is the proceeds of that property. He does not say whether this property belonged to his father, originally, or whether his mother inherited it or otherwise derived it from some other source, and his father simply, by the ante-nuptial contract, surrendered the right which, at common law, he would, upon marriage, have had to it or to its possession. But, in either event, the property thenceforth was hers. She enjoyed it and preserved it, and it belonged to her as completely as, after she became a widow, her earnings did. She might, it is true, justify herself upon that ground in giving it all to Brower’s children; but there was no legal claim in that regard, and the moral claim was rather Shadowy and fanciful.
But, we think, under this evidence it does not lie in Margaret B. Brown and Peter A. Brower to say the deed of trust was executed under duress. If the proceedings to appoint a conservator caused duress, who more than Margaret B. Brown is responsible therefor? She joined in the employment of an attorney to institute the proceedings. She joined in signing the petition therefor, and her attorney (Loucks) testified that she furnished the data on which the charge of insanity was preferred, and she joined in agreeing that when the trust deed was executed the petition should 'be dismissed. It is true she claims in her evideúce to 'have beeh misled by Mrs. Hall and Marcellus Galdey, but she is not'borne out in this by her attorney, and the attendant circumstances, as'in proof, do not bear her out. Mrs. Hall and Marcellus Oakley both resided in Pekin, while she resided in Peoria, where, also, resided Mrs. Oakley, and until quite recently Mrs. Oakley "had been residing with her. While, therefore, they must learn from her or others the condition of Mrs. Oakley’s mind, she, of her own knowledge, knew what it was. Instead of their being able to inform her, she should have informed them. Loucks says: “I learned 'most of the facts on which I based my petition for "appointment of a 'conservator, from Mrs. Brown.” Again: “I notified Mrs. Hall, Mrs. Brown and Mr. Oakley of the proposition Mrs. Oakley had made, i. e., to make a deed of trust. They told me that their only object was to have the old lady and Charles properly cared for, if it took all the property to do so; that if it could be done just as well by the appointment of. a trustee as a conservator, they would be perfectly satisfied.” And again: “Mrs. Brown was perfectly satisfied in having the deed executed.” Peter A. Brower was then with Mrs. Oakley, taking care of her. His position,:—that of son and chosen protector,—was one demanding of him as a solemn duty to see that she was protected in every respect. He knew her condition, mentally and physically, and her necessities, and' means óf supplying them, thoroughly; yet he was the bearer of the proposition from her to the attorney of Mrs. Brown and Mrs. Hall to have this deed of trust executed, which he now says was executed under duress, and he gave it his unqualified approval "until after it was finally agreed upon and it came to designating the property to go into the deed, and then, for the first time, he objected,—not, however, because she was being coerced or wronged, but because she was including property he claimed she ought to give to him.
Loucks says, after mentioning that Brower came to him with this proposition from his mother: “As I was leaving the house Mr. Brower followed me out, and wanted to know what we had done. I told him what she wanted in regard to the appointment of a trustee, and that she wanted me to be appointed, and he urged me to take the appointment,—that that would be satisfactory to all. ” In his evidence before this, while reciting the communication conveyed to him from Mrs. Oakley by Brower, Loucks likewise said, that Brower said “he (Brower) also was perfectly willing that a trustee should be appointed. ” This witness also shows that when he went to Mrs. Oakley to get a description of the property for the trust deed, Brower assisted in procuring title papers, etc., to obtain the necessary description,- until he and his mother got into a dispute about a piece of property in Pekin, which he claimed she should give to him. He demanded a deed for it then, and upon her refusing to make the deed he angrily informed her that he would go back to Pekin, and left the house. If there was duress then, he knew it, and should have prevented it. By his conduct and words he encouraged and aided in the execution of the deed of trust, and it would be inequitable to now allow him to make profit to himself by repudiating and disavowing what he then did.
Some merit is claimed for these appellants on the ground of personal care and attention rendered by them for Mrs. Oakley; but the report of the trustee, and other evidence, shows this was all for a consideration charged and paid, and if, therefore, the amount was not sufficient, the remedy is not through this proceeding.
Upon the point made in the bill that the trustee failed to perform his duty, we deem it sufficient to say the proofs do not sustain the charge. That Mrs. Oakley made frequent and serious complaints, towards the latter part of her life, is certainly clearly proved, but it is about as well proved that it was not possible to satisfy her. She first could not live with Mrs. Brown, then must go in a strange family, then could not stay there but must go back to Mrs. Brown’s, then must go to Brower’s, at Pekin, and then, after the novelty of being there wore off, she wanted to be back again at Peoria. Disease that was fast consuming her vitals, made her restless, irritable and suspicious. With the means he had, we see no cause to complain of the conduct of the trustee. But if the trust were valid, the remedy for a breach of trust, or a failure to perform his duty by the trustee, would be simply the removal of the old trustee and the appointing of a new one,—not the setting aside of the deed of trust.
There is evidence' given by Brower and by Mrs. Brown, and to some extent by Mrs. Harris, (Mrs. Brown’s daughter,) and it may be, also, by others, not in harmony with the conclusions we have expressed. To have quoted .and commented on that evidence fully, would have extended this opinion, already much too long, to an unreasonable length. All the evidence has been carefully considered, but that not in harmony with the conclusions we have expressed was not thought to overcome the evidence to which we have alluded.
We see no cause to disturb the decree below, and it is therefore affirmed.
Decree affirmed.