THOMPSON, Justice,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The first point presented for the consideration and decision of the Court, is, the propriety of the judgment of the Circuit Court, in overruling the plea of the statute of limitations, of five years, pleaded by the plaintiff in error, in that Court.
The provision of the act of limitations, of Nov. 10, 1828, which is claimed to be applicable to this case, and on which the plea is based, is in the following terms, that “ all ac- “ tions of assumpsit, or debt, grounded upon any lending “ or contract without specialty, &c., shall be commenced *c and sued within the time and limitation of five years [85]*85and the present action was brought against the plaintiff in error, for a devastavit, alleged to have been committed by her intestate, in the administration of the estate of one Simpson, of which he was the executor. This provision of our statute is identical with that of the British statute of 21 Jac., 1 c. ib., under which it has been correctly held, that such cases only are within the provision thereof, as are grounded upon a contract in fact, and without specialty. Hodsden vs. Harridge, 2 Wms. Saund. R., 65-67.
In the case cited, which whs an action of debt upon an award of arbitrators, the Court held, that it was not founded upon any lending or contract, but was a debt ex quasi contractu, according to the civilians, for which the law gives an action of debt, although there is no contract between the parties. See also Pease vs. Howard, 14 Johns. R., 479.
It is urged with some earnestness, that the evidence of a contract is to be found in the oath required by law, of executors, on obtaining letters testamentary, faithfully to administer the estate committed to their charge, and to pay the debts thereof, so far as the assets will extend ; and that this is to be considered as having been made with all the creditors of such estate. It must, however, be obvious, that although by this oath, the executor assumes an obligation, under the most solemn sanction, to apply the assets of his testator, in a due course of administration, yet highly artificial must be the reasoning which can deduce this to be a contract, within the letter or spirit of the statute, if, indeed, it be possible to do so, without wresting the language of the statute, from its fair and legitimate meaning. In the case of Hodsden vs. Harridge, before cited, where the parties had by express agreement, each with the other, submitted the matters in difference between 'them to the award of an arbitrator, yet an action of debt [86]*86Upon tbe award was not considered within the statute, the debt being simply quasi ex contractu. The existence of a ‘contract in fact, in the case cited, might have been contended for with much mote show of reason than in the case before the Court.
The citation of Bathurst’s case, 2 Vent. R., 40, and other authorities to the same effect, do not-decide that a devastavit is a simple contract debt, in point of fact, but merely that it is in the nature of a simple contract debt; and that in the order of payment of debts of a decedent, its grade or rank is not of any higher dignity. But if it were capable of perfect demonstration, that the action was founded Upon a contract in fact, and therefore within the class to which the limitation is to be applied, yet it would not avail 'the plaintiff in error, Unless it was without specialty, fo£ specialties are in terms excepted from the operation of the statute. As in debt for arrearages of rent, if upon a parol demise, it is barred by the limitation of five years ; but if it is reserved by deed, which is a specialty, it is not. See 2 Wms. Saund. R., 64; 2 Keb. R., 464.
Conceding that in the present action, the judgment declared on, is but matter of inducement, and that the devastavit alleged, is the foundation of the action, yet the action is grounded on a specialty, vizstatute law. By the rules of the common law, a devastavit committed by an executor or administrator, was a personal tort, and came within the maxim of actio personalis moritur cum persona, and the creditor was without remedy. But by the statute 30 Car., 2 c. 7, explained and made perpetual by the 4 & 5 Wm. & Mary, c. 24, § 12, the executors and administrators, whether rightful, or of their own wrong, who shall waste or •convert to their own use, the estate of their testator or intestate, shall be liable and chargeable, in the same manner ’as their testator or intestate would have been, if they had [87]*87been living. Tims, this action is grounded upon statute law, which is a specialty, and so excepted by the express terms of the statute of limitations.
This view of the case, is in perfect analogy with that of the action of debt for an escape. At common law, the remedy for an escape out of execution, was an action on the case, in which the creditor recovered such damages as a jury might be inclined to give. But the statutes Westm, 2, c. 11, and 1 Ric. 2, c. 12, gave an action of debt against the sheriff or gaoler, to recover at once the sum for which the prisoner was charged in execution. In Jones vs. Pope, 1 Wms. Saund. R., 87, (which was an action of debt for guch an escape out of execution, upon the plea of the statute of limitations,) it was held, that the statute giving the action was a specialty, upon which the action is grounded, and therefore, clearly out of the words and intention of the statute of limitations.
The same principle of decision was applied by Judge Story to an action of debt against a stockholder of a bank, under the provision of the charter imposing a personal responsibility upon the shareholders for the bills or notes of the corporation, in case they should be dishonored. Upon the plea of the statute of limitations, he held that the New Hampshire act, (which in this respect, like that of Florida, is a transcript of the 21 Jac., 1 c. 16) did not apply as a bar to an action of debt upon such statptable provision ; for it is not'a lending or contract, and only by the utmost straining, can it be asserted that it is a case arising quasi ex contractu. He further held, that the action was founded on a statute, which the law deems for this purpose a specialty, and for this reason also, the plea was bad. Bullard vs. Bell, 1 Mason’s Rep., 288-9.
The only reported case found, after a careful examination, in which the -question, whether an executor or admin[88]*88istrator can set up the statute of limitations as a defence to an action against liim for a devastavit, lias been directly presented and decided, is that of Williams vs. Freeman, in 7 Watt & Serg. R., 359. The statute of Pennsylvania, like that of Florida, is in this particular, a transcript from the British statute of 21 Jac. 1 c. 16, and in the case cited, it was determined that there was no bar, because the ac-. tion was not grounded upon any lending or contract, and because it was founded on the judgment, which ivas aspecialty. The action, however, was against the administrator, for his own waste, and upon a judgment against him for assets in his hand.
This Court is satisfied that the fourth plea of the plaintiff in error, and the matters and things therein contained, presented no sufficient bar to the action of the plaintiff below, and that the judgment of the Circuit Court thereon was correct.
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THOMPSON, Justice,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The first point presented for the consideration and decision of the Court, is, the propriety of the judgment of the Circuit Court, in overruling the plea of the statute of limitations, of five years, pleaded by the plaintiff in error, in that Court.
The provision of the act of limitations, of Nov. 10, 1828, which is claimed to be applicable to this case, and on which the plea is based, is in the following terms, that “ all ac- “ tions of assumpsit, or debt, grounded upon any lending “ or contract without specialty, &c., shall be commenced *c and sued within the time and limitation of five years [85]*85and the present action was brought against the plaintiff in error, for a devastavit, alleged to have been committed by her intestate, in the administration of the estate of one Simpson, of which he was the executor. This provision of our statute is identical with that of the British statute of 21 Jac., 1 c. ib., under which it has been correctly held, that such cases only are within the provision thereof, as are grounded upon a contract in fact, and without specialty. Hodsden vs. Harridge, 2 Wms. Saund. R., 65-67.
In the case cited, which whs an action of debt upon an award of arbitrators, the Court held, that it was not founded upon any lending or contract, but was a debt ex quasi contractu, according to the civilians, for which the law gives an action of debt, although there is no contract between the parties. See also Pease vs. Howard, 14 Johns. R., 479.
It is urged with some earnestness, that the evidence of a contract is to be found in the oath required by law, of executors, on obtaining letters testamentary, faithfully to administer the estate committed to their charge, and to pay the debts thereof, so far as the assets will extend ; and that this is to be considered as having been made with all the creditors of such estate. It must, however, be obvious, that although by this oath, the executor assumes an obligation, under the most solemn sanction, to apply the assets of his testator, in a due course of administration, yet highly artificial must be the reasoning which can deduce this to be a contract, within the letter or spirit of the statute, if, indeed, it be possible to do so, without wresting the language of the statute, from its fair and legitimate meaning. In the case of Hodsden vs. Harridge, before cited, where the parties had by express agreement, each with the other, submitted the matters in difference between 'them to the award of an arbitrator, yet an action of debt [86]*86Upon tbe award was not considered within the statute, the debt being simply quasi ex contractu. The existence of a ‘contract in fact, in the case cited, might have been contended for with much mote show of reason than in the case before the Court.
The citation of Bathurst’s case, 2 Vent. R., 40, and other authorities to the same effect, do not-decide that a devastavit is a simple contract debt, in point of fact, but merely that it is in the nature of a simple contract debt; and that in the order of payment of debts of a decedent, its grade or rank is not of any higher dignity. But if it were capable of perfect demonstration, that the action was founded Upon a contract in fact, and therefore within the class to which the limitation is to be applied, yet it would not avail 'the plaintiff in error, Unless it was without specialty, fo£ specialties are in terms excepted from the operation of the statute. As in debt for arrearages of rent, if upon a parol demise, it is barred by the limitation of five years ; but if it is reserved by deed, which is a specialty, it is not. See 2 Wms. Saund. R., 64; 2 Keb. R., 464.
Conceding that in the present action, the judgment declared on, is but matter of inducement, and that the devastavit alleged, is the foundation of the action, yet the action is grounded on a specialty, vizstatute law. By the rules of the common law, a devastavit committed by an executor or administrator, was a personal tort, and came within the maxim of actio personalis moritur cum persona, and the creditor was without remedy. But by the statute 30 Car., 2 c. 7, explained and made perpetual by the 4 & 5 Wm. & Mary, c. 24, § 12, the executors and administrators, whether rightful, or of their own wrong, who shall waste or •convert to their own use, the estate of their testator or intestate, shall be liable and chargeable, in the same manner ’as their testator or intestate would have been, if they had [87]*87been living. Tims, this action is grounded upon statute law, which is a specialty, and so excepted by the express terms of the statute of limitations.
This view of the case, is in perfect analogy with that of the action of debt for an escape. At common law, the remedy for an escape out of execution, was an action on the case, in which the creditor recovered such damages as a jury might be inclined to give. But the statutes Westm, 2, c. 11, and 1 Ric. 2, c. 12, gave an action of debt against the sheriff or gaoler, to recover at once the sum for which the prisoner was charged in execution. In Jones vs. Pope, 1 Wms. Saund. R., 87, (which was an action of debt for guch an escape out of execution, upon the plea of the statute of limitations,) it was held, that the statute giving the action was a specialty, upon which the action is grounded, and therefore, clearly out of the words and intention of the statute of limitations.
The same principle of decision was applied by Judge Story to an action of debt against a stockholder of a bank, under the provision of the charter imposing a personal responsibility upon the shareholders for the bills or notes of the corporation, in case they should be dishonored. Upon the plea of the statute of limitations, he held that the New Hampshire act, (which in this respect, like that of Florida, is a transcript of the 21 Jac., 1 c. 16) did not apply as a bar to an action of debt upon such statptable provision ; for it is not'a lending or contract, and only by the utmost straining, can it be asserted that it is a case arising quasi ex contractu. He further held, that the action was founded on a statute, which the law deems for this purpose a specialty, and for this reason also, the plea was bad. Bullard vs. Bell, 1 Mason’s Rep., 288-9.
The only reported case found, after a careful examination, in which the -question, whether an executor or admin[88]*88istrator can set up the statute of limitations as a defence to an action against liim for a devastavit, lias been directly presented and decided, is that of Williams vs. Freeman, in 7 Watt & Serg. R., 359. The statute of Pennsylvania, like that of Florida, is in this particular, a transcript from the British statute of 21 Jac. 1 c. 16, and in the case cited, it was determined that there was no bar, because the ac-. tion was not grounded upon any lending or contract, and because it was founded on the judgment, which ivas aspecialty. The action, however, was against the administrator, for his own waste, and upon a judgment against him for assets in his hand.
This Court is satisfied that the fourth plea of the plaintiff in error, and the matters and things therein contained, presented no sufficient bar to the action of the plaintiff below, and that the judgment of the Circuit Court thereon was correct.
Upon the question made and argued at the bar, whether the judgment set forth in the declaration, is one ascertaining assets in the hands of the executor of Simpson, or is a judgment for assets in futuro, the Court does not in this case, find it necessary to decide. The judgment entry declares that the sum recovered is “ to be levied of the goods and chattels, lands and tenements of said deceased, that may or have eome¡ into the hands of the said executor to be administered;” and to say the least, is sadly deficient in that certainty and precision which should characterize a common law judgment. It would seem as if it were designed to amalgamate and embody into one judgment, the effect of two distinct legal judgments upon the same cause of action; — to secure the assets in hand, and at the same time to reach over and cover those which may be acquired in futuro. This may be done where the assets in hand are not co-extensive with the debt recovered, the [89]*89amount in hand, being previously ascertained, and a judgment for that sum awarded, and for the residue quando aooiderint; hut in, this entry, there is no precise sum ascertained, and if it is to he regarded as a judgment of assets, it must cover the amount of the debt recovered, while at the same time, and to the same extent, it claims to look to assets thereafter to he received, which it is considered pres ents an incongruity.
There-is a very wide distinction between the legal effect of these two classes.of judgments ; in the one case, it is conclusive evidence of assets in possession to satisfy the amount of the sum recovered; and in the other case, it is equally conclusive upon the creditor, that the executor or the administrator has, up to the time of the judgment, fully administered the estate in his hands. The parties have, however, by common consent, it seems, considered it as a judgment for future assets; the plaintiff below has substantially, so counted upon it in the declaration, and the defendant pleaded thereto, that her intestate, in his lifetime, had fully administered the estate of Simpson, on which issue was joined, and submitted to the jury ; — a jilea which would have been altogether inadmissible, if the judgment had been one for assets in hand, and so counted upon. 2 Wms. on Ex’rs., 1224, (Phil. Ed., 1832.) Notwithstanding any.doubt which might exist in satisfactorily ascertaining the character of this judgment, if the question had been material to the decision of this case, the Court would have been strongly inclined to adopt the interpretation put upon it by the parties, as exjiressed in the pleadings, and held it to he a judgment of assets qtiando aooiderint / for, to consider it otherwise, might he productive of great injustice in cutting off the inquiry as to the administration of the assets of‘the estate of the first testator, and thus tend to fix a devastavit upon the executor conclusively, when it [90]*90is questionable if the judgment entry was designed to have such effect; and because this action arises ex maleficio, the proof to convict the party should be at least free from doubt.
If the action had been against Mr. Brodkenbrongh, the executor of Simpson, in his lifetime, for a devastavit committed by himself, then the question of the character of this judgment would have been most material; the action could not have been sustained, unless the judgment had ascertained assets in his hands ; and the cause of action laid in the'declaration, would have been fatally defective unless such a judgment should have been alleged. But in an action against the executor, or administrator of an executor or administrator, under the statute of 30 Car., 2 c. 7, as explained and made perpetual by the 4 Wm. & Mary, c. 24, § 12, for a devastavit committed by the first executor or administrator, such as this is, such allegation and proof is wholly unnecessary. The distinctions between these two actions are thus summed up by Scrg. Williams, in his note (8) to the case of Wheatley vs. Lane, 1 Wms. Saund. R., 219 e: “ By what has been said, it appears that there are “these distinctions between an action against the executor “ himself upon a judgment suggesting a devastavit by him, “ and one against the executor of an executor, suggesting “ a devastavit by the former executor. I. In the former “ case, the action is in the debet et detinet, and the judg- “ mont is de bonis propriis, but in the other, the action is in “ the detinet only, and the judgment is de bonis testatoris. “ 2. The former action can only be brought upon a judg- “ ment previously obtained agaiust the executor de bonis “ testatoris, or where he is made a party to a judgment “ against a testator by scire facias ; but in the other, an “ action may be brought in every case, where the oxecu- “ tor, in his lifetime, was in any way guilty of any act [91]*91“ which amounts in law to a devastavit, such as exhausting “ the assets by payment of debts of an inferior degree be- “ fore those of a superior, or the like. And lastly, in the “ former case, the executor cannot plead administra- “ vit, but in the latter case, -such plea is proper.” See also, opinion of this Court, in Gregory vs. Harrison, 4 Florida Rep., 78-79; Sibley vs. Williams, 3 Gill & John. R., 52. In this case, therefore, the character-of the judgment was only important as evidence; as a judgment of assets in hand, it wras evidence that the executor of Simpson had assets at the .time, which could not be contradicted ; as a judgment of assets in futuro, it was evidence only of the debt due by the estate of Simpson, and that there was then nothing in hand to pay and discharge it. As there was a plea that the executor of Simpson had fully administered that estate in his lifetime, and an issue thereon submitted to the jury, and no bill of exceptions showing what evidence was offered under such issue, we must pre* sume that the verdict thereon wras founded on sufficient and proper evidence.
Another ground of error has been assigned, viz : that the declaration is defective, but as no specific error has been pointed out, and the Court,- upon examination, has not been able to discover any, we conclude it is sufficient. There is no error in the record of the judgment and proceedings of the Circuit Court, and the judgment therein must be affirmed with costs.
.Judgment affirmed.